竹炭对水溶液中苯酚的吸附性能研究

研究了竹炭颗粒对水溶液中苯酚的吸附性能,考察了竹炭用量、竹炭粒径、吸附时间、苯酚溶液pH值和苯酚初始浓度等因素对吸附效果的影响,测定了苯酚吸附等温线.结果表明吸附率随着竹炭用量的增加而增大,随竹炭粒径的减小而增大;竹炭对苯酚的吸附速度较快,粒径0.074 mm竹炭对苯酚的吸附主要发生在前30 min,2 h后吸附率增加缓慢;酸性条件有利于竹炭对苯酚的吸附;苯酚初始浓度的增大,苯酚吸附率减小,但吸附量增大;苯酚在竹炭上的吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程.     

竹炭对溶液中对硝基苯酚的吸附性能

研究对硝基苯酚在竹炭上的吸附能力以及粒径、吸附pH值、吸附平衡时间、竹炭投加量、吸附温度等因素对竹炭吸附对硝基苯酚的影响.结果表明:10°C下,20.0 g平均粒径为0.106-0.090 mm的竹炭振荡吸附处理1 L初始浓度为50 Mg·L-1的对硝基苯酚水样120 min后,对硝基苯酚最大吸附率可达82.5%,最大吸附量为2.06mg·g-1;竹炭粒径、竹炭投加量、吸附时间等因素对竹炭吸附能力有明显影响;酸性条件下对硝基苯酚的吸附率明显高于中性和碱性条件;升高温度不利于对硝基苯酚在竹炭上的吸附;Freundlich模型能较好地描述对硝基苯酚在竹炭上的吸附过程.     

-光组合降解苯酚的研究

研究了竹炭-TiO2-光组合体系,即吸附-催化-光氧化协同降解苯酚的特性,探索了竹炭C HEN Q ing-song用量、竹炭粒度、苯酚溶液pH值及其初始浓度对苯酚去除率的影响。结果表明:竹炭用量1 g/L时,光氧化效果最好;粒度越小,苯酚去除效果越差,粒径以0.520~0.246 mm为宜;酸性条件有利苯酚的去除,当pH值为3.0时,效果最好;苯酚的起始浓度升高,其去除率降低,但平均反应速率增大。     

竹炭对水溶液中苯酚的吸附作用

以高温下炭化的竹炭为原料,探讨了接触时间、起始浓度、温度等因素对竹炭吸附苯酚的影响。结果表明,随着温度的升高,竹炭对苯酚的吸附量呈现下降的趋势;随着苯酚起始浓度的增加,竹炭对苯酚的吸附量呈现不断上升的趋势,而吸附率呈现下降趋势;通过准一级和准二级速率方程对其吸附过程的动力学进行拟合,得知竹炭对苯酚的吸附符合准二级速率方程。     

吸附Cr（Ⅵ）低温竹炭的研制

研究了低温竹炭的粒径、用量、Cr（VI）初始浓度与吸附时间对Cr（VI）离子吸附性能的影响,采用正交试验法对最佳吸附条件进行优化。结果表明,低温竹炭对Cr（VI）离子的吸附最佳条件是：竹炭粒度80～100目,吸附时间120 min,Cr溶液初始浓度10 mg/L,竹炭用量0.9 mg。     

低温竹炭对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能的研究

研究了低温竹炭的粒径、用量、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度与吸附时间对Cr(Ⅵ)离子附性能的影响,采用正交试验法对最佳吸附条件进行优化.结果表明,低温竹炭对Cr(Ⅵ)离子的吸附最佳条件是:竹炭粒度80～100目,吸附时间120 min,Cr溶液初始浓度10 mg/L,竹炭用量0.9 mg.     

竹炭对水溶液中Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附

在NaAc-HAc缓冲体系中研究竹炭对Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附规律.结果表明:介质pH、粒径大小、初始浓度、反应时间、反应温度对吸附存有影响,在298 K、pH =3.0、初始浓度C0=0.113 mg·mL-1、反应时间为24 h、竹炭粒径为0.2 ～0.4 mm等条件下,每克竹炭的静态饱和吸附量为55.57 mg;与一级动力学相比,竹炭的动态吸附过程更符合二级吸附动力学方程,吸附平衡时间为100 min;竹炭对Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附更好地符合Langmuir吸附等温线,竹炭粒径越小,吸附量越大.吸附热力学参数为:△H =8.19 kJ·mol-1,△S =78.12 J·mol-1K-1,△G298k=-15.08 kJ·mo1-1.此外,还采用红外光谱方法探讨了吸附前后相关化学官能团的变化.研究表明,竹炭可用于去除废水中Ni(Ⅱ)离子.     

改性竹炭对甲醛的吸附性能研究

采用高锰酸钾与硫酸锰联合对竹炭进行改性,并将改性前后的竹炭对甲醛的吸附性能进行探讨。分析了甲醛溶液的初始浓度、改性前后竹炭的用量、温度、时间等条件对吸附的影响;通过扫描电镜、比表面积和红外光谱表征了竹炭改性前后的表面构型、比表面积与官能团变化。研究结果表明,甲醛溶液浓度42 mg/m L,改性竹炭用量17 mg/m L、温度313 K,吸附时间5 h的条件下,甲醛的吸附效果最好,达到了50.25 mg/g;扫描电镜、比表面积和红外光谱等手段的分析表明,竹炭经改性后微孔结构增多、比表面积增大、表面含氧官能团增多,改性竹炭比未改性竹炭具有更为良好的吸附性能。     

竹炭对水中余氯吸附性能的研究

通过对竹炭吸附水中余氯影响因素的考察,系统研究了竹炭对水中余氯的吸附性能。结果表明:竹炭对水中余氯有较好的去除效果,用炭化温度400℃、粒径<0.112mm的竹炭2.0g,在20℃条件下振荡吸附2h,处理浓度为25mg/L余氯水溶液350mL时,竹炭对余氯的去除率达95.50%。根据Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模型对试验数据进行了拟合,结果表明,当余氯浓度在10~30mg/L范围内时,竹炭对水中余氯的吸附符合Freundlich等温线方程。     

竹炭对水中余氯吸附性能的研究

通过对竹炭吸附水中余氯影响因素的调察,系统研究了竹炭对水中余氯的吸附性能,结果表明:竹炭对水中余氯有较好的去除效果,用炭化温度400℃、粒径小于0.112 mm的竹炭2.0 g,在20℃条件下振荡吸附2 h,处理浓度为25 mg/L余氯水溶液350 mL时,竹炭对余氯的去除率达95.50%。根据Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模型对实验数据进行了拟合,结果表明,当余氯浓度在10~30 mg/L范围内,竹炭对水中余氯的吸附符合Freundlich等温线方程。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.