移动式太阳能增氧机的增氧性能评价

为改善池塘养殖环境,设计了一种移动式太阳能增氧机,由光伏供电装置和水面行走装置搭载涌浪机而成,能在水面沿钢丝绳移动并利用涌浪机的波浪增氧和水层交换作用,大范围扰动水体并为池塘增氧。该研究的目的是通过机械增氧效率检测、提水能力测定和池塘增氧能力测定3个试验,评估太阳能增氧机的机械增氧性能、水层交换性能和实际应用效果,以期全面了解移动增氧机增氧能力。结果表明,该移动式太阳能增氧机最大机械增氧能力为1.24 kg/h,动力效率2.59 kg/(k W·h);最大提水能力1 254.4 m3/h,提水动力效率2 613.3 m3/(k W·h);并在晴好天气白天(09:00—19:00),在对照组底层溶氧为3.1~3.8 mg/L时,大幅度提升池塘底层溶氧水平,最高时达7.8 mg/L,维持池塘上下溶氧均匀度72%~84%,极大改善了底层溶氧环境。数据表明移动式太阳能增氧机具有良好的机械增氧和水层交换性能,因而能有效改善池塘底层溶氧环境,提高上下水体溶氧均匀度。该研究结果可为太阳能增氧机的进一步推广应用提供数据支撑。     

菜-鱼复合设施种养系统构建与运行试验分析

针对工厂化循环水养殖废弃物资源化利用难题，该研究将传统鱼菜共生技术进行改进，提出并构建一种菜-鱼复合设施种养模式。通过设计3路水循环工艺流程，将工厂化循环水养殖、蔬菜无土栽培(即鱼菜共生系统)与传统土壤种植结合，以促进水产养殖固液废弃物全循环利用。基于质量平衡原理，根据投饲量和养殖尾水排放量提出鱼菜生物量配比和发酵装置体积计算方式，以提高系统营养物质利用效率。建立一套中试系统，使用该系统同时养殖大口黑鲈、种植水培生菜和番茄160 d，结果显示：鱼类生长良好，最终养成密度为41.6 kg/m³，特定生长率为0.42%，存活率99.95%，饵料系数为1.4；蔬菜长势良好，收获水培生菜1 205 kg，收获番茄果实2 400 kg。水质情况总体稳定：总氨氮平均浓度为(0.83±1.46)mg/L、亚硝酸盐平均浓度为(0.035±0.062)mg/L、硝酸盐平均浓度为(25.1±8.06) mg/L、溶解氧浓度范围为4.25～7.16 mg/L、p H值平均为6.8；水产养殖废弃物发酵后，可使水体中总磷含量提高141%，钾离子含量提高7%；系统经济效益和生态效益较好：年利...     

Design and experiments of automatic feeding system for indoor industrialization aquaculture

为了提高室内工厂化水产养殖自动投饲系统定时、定量精度,并减少养殖过程中的饲料浪费,降低劳动强度,运用轨道传动、滑轨供电、超声波定位、无线通讯和计算机软件等技术开发了新型轨道式自动投饲系统。计算分析得,当选用HW100×100型钢制作轨道,以直径为0.06 m的T型锻钢轨道轮、减速比为20∶1的2级传动齿轮组和24 V直流电机驱动系统行走时,电机功率需0.2 kW以上,转速为2 000 r/min,输出扭矩要求0.58 N·m以上。应用Solidworks软件设计了轨道式自动投饲系统样机,并进行了投饲量精度和定位误差性能测试试验,结果表明：该系统可以顺利完成自动启停与运行控制,其行走速度达到19 m/min,定位误差在58～118 mm范围内,料仓储料量20 kg,投饲能力3 kg/min,投饲量误差在0.5%～2.2%范围内。研究结果可为轨道式自动投饲系统设计与后续研究提供参考。     

基于无线传感器网络的节能型水产养殖自动监控系统

水产养殖的规模化发展和人力成本的不断上升迫切需要建立水质参数的无人值守自动监控系统。该文提出了一种基于改进型低能耗分层分群协议（LEACH）的Zigbee无线传感网络的水质监测和基于西门子PLC的变频增氧控制系统。在LEACH-C通信协议中,由基站根据各节点剩余能量的估算值选定簇首,达到各节点供电电池剩余能量的均衡,同时从系统的实际控制精度出发,当节点测量到的溶解氧浓度值与上次发送值误差在0.02 mg/L范围内时,不向簇首发送数据,达到节约供电电池能量的目的,经试验发现采用优化后的LEACH-C协议,比采用常规的LEACH协议网络有效寿命延长33.33%。适合鲈鱼生长的水体溶解氧质量浓度大于4.5 mg/L,但随着浓度的上升增氧效率将逐步降低,因此设定应急增氧的区间为4.5～5.5 mg/L。控制系统根据无线传感网络测量的溶解氧质量浓度值,采用PI-PID控制水体溶解氧浓度。保证了水体溶解氧质量浓度始终适合鱼类生长。通过试验验证,与人工粗略控制相比,这种控制方法大幅降低了人力成本和节约了51%的电能。该文可为水产养殖自动控制研究提供参考。     

移动式太阳能增氧机的研制

为提高池塘养殖的机械增氧效率,应用Solidworks软件设计了移动式太阳能能增氧机,该设备由太阳能动力组件、水面行走机构、增氧装置和运动控制系统等组成。移动式太阳能增氧机可在水面自主行走,产生波浪和实现上下水层交换。性能测试表明,移动式太阳能增氧机的光照启动强度为17 000 lx,空载噪声为75.3 d B,水面行走机构的行走速度在0.027~0.041 m/s之间波动,无线遥控距离为44.2 m,在增氧装置位置的最大浪高为0.44 m。随着光照强度的增强,增氧装置增氧效率和扰动水体能力增强,最大机械增氧能力为1.24 kg/h,动力效率2.59 kg/(k W·h);最大扰动水体1 254.4 m3/h,扰水动力效率2 613.3 m3/(k W·h)。移动式太阳能增氧机利用太阳能作为能源,在池塘水体中运行面积大、运行时间长,强化了池塘自身的自净能力,具有生态调控的功能,有利于池塘物质循环和水质改善。     

生态工程化循环水池塘养殖系统

为研究解决池塘养殖污染、水资源浪费和水产品安全等问题,针对传统淡水鱼类池塘养殖特点,设计了一种生态工程化循环水池塘养殖系统,系统由生态沟渠、生态塘、潜流湿地和养殖池塘组成,面积比为1︰5︰3︰30,系统中池塘呈串联结构排列,池塘对角方向建设有水层交换过水设施,系统利用1级动力提升形成循环水流。在池塘养殖密度0.20～0.82 kg/m3和系统水体日交换量10%～15%的情况下,水质检测结果表明,池塘养殖水体中的铵氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮、总氮、总磷、化学需氧量（COD）等水质指标分别低于1.89、0.20、1     

超高密度全封闭循环水养殖系统设计及运行效果分析

为进一步研究循环水养殖系统在高密度养殖生产过程中的水质变化情况、鱼类生长情况及应用推广价值,该文构建了一套超高密度全封闭循环水养殖系统,设计3条水处理环路,集成了鱼池双排水、竖流沉淀、转鼓式微滤机、移动床生物过滤、多腔喷淋式纯氧混合装置、二氧化碳脱气等高效水处理技术和装备。提出一种基于投饲量的循环水养殖系统设计计算方法,重点考虑氨氮、溶解氧和总悬浮颗粒物3个水质指标。使用该系统养殖吉富罗非鱼6个月,试验研究结果显示:鱼类生长情况良好,最高养殖密度104.2kg/m3。饵料系数1.4,成活率92.2%。水质检测结果显示:氨氮浓度维持在平均(1.09±0.55)mg/L;溶解氧维持在4～9mg/L范围内;pH值6.45～7.41。经济性分析研究结果表明,系统养殖运行成本约为25元/kg,略高于市场价格。但是,从环境成本考虑,系统的节水效果显著,日耗水仅为0.3～0.5m3。通过适当的精简并挑选合适的养殖品种,完全可以实现规模化的生产。     

室内工厂化水产养殖自动投饲系统设计与试验

为了提高室内工厂化水产养殖自动投饲系统定时、定量精度,并减少养殖过程中的饲料浪费,降低劳动强度,运用轨道传动、滑轨供电、超声波定位、无线通讯和计算机软件等技术开发了新型轨道式自动投饲系统。计算分析得,当选用HW100×100型钢制作轨道,以直径为0.06m的T型锻钢轨道轮、减速比为20:1的2级传动齿轮组和24V直流电机驱动系统行走时,电机功率需0.2kW以上,转速为2000r/min,输出扭矩要求0.58N.m以上。应用Solidworks软件设计了轨道式自动投饲系统样机,并进行了投饲量精度和定位误差性能测试试验,结果表明:该系统可以顺利完成自动启停与运行控制,其行走速度达到19m/min,定位误差在58～118mm范围内,料仓储料量20kg,投饲能力3kg/min,投饲量误差在0.5%～2.2%范围内。研究结果可为轨道式自动投饲系统设计与后续研究提供参考。     

多层抽屉式循环水幼鲍养殖系统及养殖效果

为了提高皱纹盘鲍的养殖效果,该文设计了多层抽屉式循环水养殖幼鲍系统,分析了养殖期间系统的水质指标和耗能量,及不同养殖密度下幼鲍的生长率和成活率。结果表明,该系统适宜的幼鲍养殖密度为150个/屉(70cm×40cm×10cm/屉),为流水式养鲍密度的6～9倍。试验过程中水温、溶解氧、pH值、盐度、NH4+-N和NO2-N指标均达到幼鲍生长条件,NH4+-N和NO2-N体积质量基本稳定在0.023～0.065mg/L和0.014～0.041mg/L范围内。试验期间总耗电量为688.88kW·h,其中海水加热占总耗电量19.62%,相当于每天1.287kW·h耗电量,大约是流水式养殖加热耗能的1/7。该研究表明,多层抽屉式循环水养鲍系统是一种安全、高效、节能减排的养殖模式。该系统可供选择养鲍设施时参考。     

几种机械增氧方式在池塘养殖中的增氧性能比较

为评价池塘养殖中主要机械增氧方式的性能优劣,该文通过增氧清水试验和水产养殖池塘中实地试验,研究了几种机械增氧方式在清水试验中的增氧能力,动力效率和实际池塘中的溶解氧变化。结果表明,在清水中,叶轮增氧机增氧能力分别高出水车和螺旋桨增氧机4%和264%,动力效率分别高出12.7%和259%;在池塘中,叶轮增氧机对池塘水层的混合均匀时间要比水车和螺旋桨增氧机快40%,对溶解氧的增加值分别高115%和293%。叶轮增氧机综合增氧性能要高于水车和螺旋桨增氧机,螺旋桨增氧机综合增氧性能最差。该研究为在池塘养殖中合理运用机械增氧方式提供了有益的借鉴。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.