盐胁迫对将军菊苣生长及离子吸收的影响

旨在了解盐胁迫对将军菊苣的生长及Na+、K+、Ca2+吸收和分配的影响。用Hoagland溶液配制不同浓度的NaCl (70、140、210、280 mmol/L)并处理将军菊苣幼苗15天,测定其生物量、生长速率、新生叶参数和矿物质离子。结果表明：与对照组相比,随着盐浓度升高,菊苣生长速率明显减缓(P<0.05);叶长、宽和面积以及鲜重均显著下降,而70 mmol/L组植株根系干重显著增高(P<0.05);处理组根和叶的Na+含量均明显升高而K+含量降低,其中根部显著降低(P<0.05),Ca2+含量变化不明显;根和叶的K+/Na+以及叶的Ca2+/Na+比值均显著降低。这说明盐胁迫造成菊苣植株的离子失衡,促使K+和Ca2+的选择性吸收而耗能,从而使植株生长受到抑制。     

NaCl胁迫对马齿苋离子吸收及荧光特性的影响

以马齿苋为材料采用温室盆栽法,研究了NaCl胁迫处理对其生长发育、品质积累、离子分布和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,马齿苋种子发芽率、幼苗的鲜质量和株高在25～50 mmol/L NaCl胁迫时比对照略有下降,但其随着NaCl浓度的继续增加均显著降低。0～75 mmol/L NaCl处理浓度可提高马齿苋幼苗维生素C含量。盐胁迫影响植物组织的离子分布,Na+浓度持续增加,K+、Ca2+和Mg2+浓度下降。NaCl胁迫下,马齿苋幼苗叶片的初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)和PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)均降低。但在0～50 mmol/LNaCl浓度下,各荧光参数与对照差异不显著。可见,NaCl胁迫下,马齿苋产生了光合作用的光抑制伤害。低浓度下,植株能够较多地将光能用于光化学反应,光抑制程度较低,保持了较高的净光合速率,最终明显减轻盐胁迫对植株生长的影响。     

盐胁迫对不同基因型黄秋葵苗期生长及生理生态特征的影响

为揭示盐害下不同黄秋葵品种苗期生长的差异,以2个黄秋葵品种皇星五角(HXWJ,耐盐型)和绿新五角(LXWJ,盐敏感型)为试验材料,采用盆栽法研究不同浓度Na Cl(0,80,160 mmol/L)、不同胁迫时间(25,50 d)对黄秋葵植株苗期生长及生理生态指标的影响。结果表明:随着Na Cl浓度的提高、胁迫天数的增加,黄秋葵幼苗的株高、根长、植株鲜干质量、细胞膜稳定指数(CMSI)、K+含量,K+/Na+比呈下降的趋势;而叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量,Na+含量逐步升高;盐胁迫下黄秋葵幼苗鲜质量下降的幅度大于干质量,茎叶下降的幅度大于根系;胁迫至25 d,黄秋葵叶片和根中SOD、POD活性随Na Cl浓度增加逐步升高,胁迫至50 d,2个酶活性随Na Cl浓度增加先升高后降低;整个胁迫过程中,幼苗的株高、根长、植株鲜干质量、CMSI、K+含量,K+/Na+比含量的降幅及MDA含量的增幅均为HXWJLXWJ,表明苗期较高的干物质积累、细胞膜稳定性及K+含量是耐盐性黄秋葵品种的基本特征。     

外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下大麦幼苗体内多胺和离子含量的影响

外源甜菜碱对200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下大麦幼苗的伤害有显著的缓解效应,0.5～10.0 mmol/L的甜菜碱均可以有效抑制盐胁迫导致的叶片中MDA含量的上升,增加根系含水量与幼苗鲜重,降低植株体内Na+/K+比,尤以1 mmol/L甜菜碱的效应最明显。甜菜碱可以显著地提高盐胁迫下大麦幼苗根系多胺含量,促进叶片内腐胺与亚精胺向精胺的转化     

盐渍条件下丛枝菌根真菌对番茄营养吸收及离子毒害的影响

为探究盐渍条件下丛枝菌根真菌对番茄营养吸收及离子毒害的作用,采用盆栽试验研究了不同浓度NaCl(0.5％和1％)胁迫下,接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae-2对番茄营养吸收的影响.结果表明:在盐胁迫下,番茄接种Glomus mosseae-2,显著提高了地上部及根系N、P、K+和Ca2的含量,显著降低Na+含量,对Cl-含量虽有减少但无显著影响.接种后还显著影响盐胁迫下植株的营养吸收及平衡,增加地上部及根系K+/Na+、P/Na+、Ca2+/Na+及根系P/Cl-值.这些比值与植株总干质量均呈显著正相关,其中与K+/Na+、P/Na+、Ca2 +/Na+相关性最大.接菌番茄耐盐性提高与AMF改善植株营养状况尤其是提高K、P含量,保持较高K+/Na+、P/Na+、Ca2 +/Na+比值、降低植株Na+含量从而降低Na+对植株的毒害作用有关.     

两个小麦新品种的耐盐性分析

为了研究不同浓度NaCl胁迫对小麦生理特性及TaNHX1基因表达的影响,以鲁原502和青麦6号2个小麦新品种为试验材料,50,100,150,200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下测定2个小麦品种种子发芽率、幼苗鲜质量、根系活力、质膜透性、MDA含量、Na~+含量等生理指标,并通过荧光定量PCR方法对小麦耐盐基因TaNHX1在根部和茎基部的表达量进行了比较。结果表明,100 mmol/L以上浓度NaCl胁迫下青麦6号种子发芽率显著高于鲁原502;低浓度NaCl胁迫对青麦6号幼苗生长具有显著促进效应,150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下青麦6号幼苗鲜质量显著降低,而鲁原502幼苗鲜质量在100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下就开始显著降低;高浓度NaCl胁迫下鲁原502根系活力下降幅度显著大于青麦6号;相同浓度NaCl胁迫下鲁原502叶片质膜透性和MDA含量均显著高于青麦6号,说明NaCl胁迫对青麦6号叶片细胞质膜伤害较小;高浓度NaCl胁迫下青麦6号根部和茎基部Na+含量均显著高于鲁原502,说明青麦6号根部和茎基部的拒Na+能力显著大于鲁原502,可以有效限制Na+向地上部运输;鲁原502和青麦6号的TaNHX1基因分别在100,150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下达到最高表达量。以上结果说明青麦6号比鲁原502更耐盐,鲁原502的最高耐盐浓度为100 mmol/L,青麦6号的最高耐盐浓度为150 mmol/L。     

盐胁迫对番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长的效应

研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫对番茄种子发芽、幼苗生长及其离子吸收、分布的效应。结果表明,25~100mmol/L NaCl胁迫对番茄的影响主要表现为推迟发芽,但最终并不影响发芽率,而随着NaCl浓度的进一步增加,番茄发芽率明显降低,250~300 mmol/L NaCl处理,发芽率为0。25~300 mmol/L NaCl处理均显著抑制幼苗生长,使干物质积累下降。Na 主要积累在茎秆、根部,叶片中较少,而Cl-主要积累于茎秆。盐胁迫下叶片中K 含量显著增加,根系吸收SK,Na、叶片运输SK,Na均显著上升,表明番茄在离子吸收和向叶片运输过程中,对K 具有较强的选择性。这是番茄具有一定耐盐性的主要原因。     

NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫对菊芋幼苗生物量的影响

采用无土盆栽方式,以菊芋为材料研究不同浓度的NaCl,Na2CO3胁迫下菊芋幼苗总鲜重、根、茎、叶鲜重、干重、叶绿素含量等生物量变化。结果表明：低浓度25mmol．L-1的NaCl促进幼苗的生长,与对照相比生物量略增;当NaCl浓度为100mmol.L-1～200mmol.L-1时幼苗的生长受到抑制,生物量、叶绿素含量呈降低趋势,处理之间差异不显著;当NaCl浓度＞200mmol.L-1 生物量突增。低浓度的Na2CO3促进幼苗的生长,当Na2CO3浓度＞20mmol.L-1幼苗的生长受到抑制,随浓度的递增生物量呈下降趋势,叶绿素含量也呈下降趋势。菊芋幼苗受碱胁迫比受盐胁迫强烈,说明菊芋幼苗具有很强的耐盐性。     

不同盐度胁迫对芦荟生长和离子吸收分配的影响

为探索芦荟对微咸水灌溉栽培的适应性,研究了不同盐浓度对其生长和离子吸收分配的影响。结果表明,长期（120天）以含盐溶液灌溉栽培,盐浓度达200 mmol/L NaCl显著抑制芦荟生长,100 mmol/L NaCl对芦荟生长的抑制作用显著减轻,50 mmol/L NaCl不抑制芦荟生长。同时,以50 mmol/L NaCl溶液灌溉对芦荟盐分离子吸收分配影响轻微,但盐浓度达100 mmol/L NaCl对芦荟影响显著：根、茎、叶中K+含量显著下降,Na+ 、Cl-含量显著增大,K+/Na+大幅减小。X-射线能谱分析结果进一步表明,叶片贮水组织是芦荟积累盐分离子的重要部位,但100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下芦荟根尖和叶片细胞中的离子平衡受到显著干扰。结果说明,芦荟适于用微咸水灌溉栽培,叶片贮水组织在缓解其盐胁迫中可起重要作用。     

乙酰化葡萄糖对碱胁迫下小麦幼苗生长的影响

为研究乙酰化葡萄糖(Ac-G)对碱胁迫下小麦幼苗生长的影响,揭示其对碱胁迫下小麦幼苗生长的影响机制,以小麦品种山农129为材料,设置7个处理:W(蒸馏水)、CK(碱胁迫液)、T1(碱胁迫液+1 mmol/L Ac-G)、T2(碱胁迫液+2 mmol/L Ac-G)、T3(碱胁迫液+3 mmol/L Ac-G)、T4(碱胁迫液+4 mmol/L Ac-G)、T5(碱胁迫液+5 mmol/L Ac-G),测定了小麦幼苗的生理生态指标。结果表明,缓解胁迫的最适剂量为4 mmol/L乙酰化葡萄糖,碱胁迫液的p H值可降至7.44;随着乙酰葡萄糖剂量的增加,小麦幼苗株高、根长、根冠比、幼苗生物量、叶绿素a含量和叶绿素a/b呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势,在T4处理时达到最大值;随着乙酰化葡萄糖剂量的增加,幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖的含量逐渐增加,最后趋于稳定;叶片中SOD和POD活性逐渐增强;在T4处理下,幼苗叶片的丙二醛含量和电导率达最小值。结果可为今后盐碱地改良提供重要的理论依据。     

Interference between red kidneybean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)

Field experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the competitive ability of bush type red kidneybean (RKB) (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars against redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Three cultivars of RKB (Akhtar, Sayyad and D81083) and five A. retroflexus densities (0, 4, 8, 16 and 32 plants m⁻²) were established in a factorial arrangement. A. retroflexus had a greater plant height and growth rate (GR) but a lower leaf area index (LAI) than RKB cultivars in almost all treatments. Higher densities of A. retroflexus increased LAI and GR but decreased yield of RKB cultivars. The cv. Sayyad and D81083 had the greatest and lowest LAI and GR, respectively, in competition with A. retroflexus. The maximum intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at noon by A. retroflexus was 90.4 and 66.0% in competition with cv. D81083 and Sayyad, respectively. The seed yield and pod number per plant of RKB cultivars decreased severely with increasing A. retroflexus density. A. retroflexus seed number m⁻² was the highest and lowest in competition with cv. D81083 and Sayyad, respectively. The competitive ability of RKB cultivars was compared using parameters estimated through two-parameter yield loss-relative leaf area model. The relative ranking of the RKB cultivars examined for their competitiveness, supported by modeling results, was Sayyad > Akhtar > D81083.     

The domestication and improvement of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

Summary Physiological and morphological characteristics of the two wild and three domesticated subspecies of cowpeas are compared. The wild accessions are alike in having small, hard seeds borne in dehiscent pods, but differ in other characteristics. We suggest that the wild subsp. dekindtiana, from the seasonally-arid tropics, is more likely to have been the progenitor of modern cowpeas than the other wild subspecies (subsp. mensensis), but that subsp. dekindtiana was first cultivated in the humid tropics where its pods are slow to dehisce. Domestication has been associated with changes in the structure of pod valves and seed coats which reduce pod dehiscence and seed hardness. Pods and seeds have increased in size, mainly by increases in the rate of dry weight accumulation, and their increase has been only partly paralleled by increase in the area of subtending leaves. There has been no increase in the maximum photosynthetic rate of leaves, but the duration of their photosynthetic activity has increased. Domesticates are less sensitive than are wild plants to some environmental controls, such as in the response of germination to temperature, but in their flowering responses to daylength both wild and cultivated forms retain sensitivity under conditions where this is of adaptive value.     

Wide hybridization between wheat (Triticum L.) and lymegrass (Leymus Hochst.)

A total of 240 F₁ hybrids was made beween wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. (2n = 6x = 42) and T. carthlicum Nevski (2n = 4x = 28)) and perennial lymegrass (North European Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst. (2n = 8x = 56) and North American L. mollis (Trin.) Pilger (2n = 4x = 28)). The wide crosses yielded embryos in 20% of caryopses and 96% of the embryos developed into normal hybrid plants. The hybrids were vegetatively vigorous, with evidence of the Leymus rhizomatous habit. Those deriving from L. arenarius survived overwintering in Iceland, but the hybrids L. mollis did not, whereas in a milder environment, both showed perenniality. Cytogenetic analysis of root tip cells before the plants were treated with colchicine showed that 21 out of 28 hybrids investigated had chromosome mosaics, with a population of both amphihaploid and amphidiploid cells. This spontaneous doubling of somatic chromosomes occurred in all cross combinations, with the highest average frequency of diploid cells (28%) in T. carthlicum × L. arenarius crosses. A few selfed seeds have been obtained from a T. aestivum × L. arenarius hybrid. All the hybrids were treated twice with colchicine, but the treatment appeared to have little or no effect on the frequency of chromosome doubling in the hybrids deriving from T. aestivum. The frequency of diploid cells, however, increased significantly (e.g. to 80%) in the hybrids deriving from the T. carthlicum parent. Genomic in situ hybridization confirmed the hybridity of the plants and showed that the hybrids were amphiploids containing genomes of both wheat and lymegrass. In situ hybridization using ribosomal DNA probe differentiated chromosomes of L. mollis, L. arenarius from those of wheat. The hybrids are being backcrossed with lymegrass pollen, aiming to domesticate the wild, perennial species. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Competition between Canada Thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] and Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)

This study was conducted to investigate whether density, above-ground biomass and nitrogen (N) concentration of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. cause serious reductions in faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) yield. A 2-year field experiment (1991–93) with four Cirsium densities (0, 4, 16, 64 plants m^–2) was carried out. Statistical analysis showed a significant effect of Cirsium density on faba bean yield. Multiple regression analysis showed that the main factors causing faba bean yield losses were the density and above-ground biomass of Cirsium . The results of this study demonstrate that Cirsium competition reduces faba bean yield. The mean faba bean yield losses over the 2 years were 10, 12 and 8% for above-ground biomass, seed and stem, respectively, for a Cirsium density of 16 plants m^–2.     

Interspecific hybridization between Vicia faba (L.) and Vicia narbonensis (L.): Early pod growth and embryo-sac development

Summary Fertilized embryo-sac development and pod growth was studied in one Vicia faba cultivar, one Vicia narbonensis population and their reciprocal crosses. The initial development of endosperm and embryo was at least four days faster in V. narbonensis than in V. faba. Pods and ovules developed also faster in V. narbonensis than in V. faba. The growth rate of the hybrid pods followed the growth rate of the mother species, but was slower than that of the pods from selfed flowers. In the cross V. narbonensis × V. faba the ovules stopped growing 9 days after pollination, while in the reciprocal cross they stopped growing 15 days after pollination. Hybrid embryo-sacs from V. faba × V. narbonensis were aborted before they reached the stage of 256 endosperm nuclei or 200 embryo cells. Selfed V. faba embryo-sacs reached this stage in less than 9 days after pollination. In the reciprocal cross the embryo-sacs were aborted before they reached the stage of 128 endosperm nuclei or 80 embryo cells. Selfed V. narbonensis embryo-sacs reached this stage at the 4th day after pollination. Given that at these stages the embryo has less than 200 cells it was concluded that an in-ovule embryo culture technique should be developed to obtain hybrid plants.     

Hybridization of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) through a flower-culture method

Summary Hybridization between radish and oilseed rape has been cumbersome, requiring elaborate embryo rescue techniques. With a modified flower culture method, we have achieved successful hybridization between radish and (transgenic) oilseed rape without the laborious and technically demandingin vitro ovule or embryo rescue techniques.The hybrid nature of the intergeneric hybrids was demonstrated using morphological traits, and DNA analyses. The described method will facilitate the generation ofRaphanobrassica hybrids useful for biosafety studies of the potential for transgenes to spread in weedyCruciferae as well as for breeding programs aimed at introducing useful radish genes, e.g. nematode resistance genes, into oilseed rape.     

Total phenolics and condensed tannins in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.)

Seed samples of seventeen field pea cultivars grown at five locations, and nine grass pea lines grown at two locations, in western Canada during 1993 and 1994 were analysed for total phenolics and condensed tannins. Each location in each year was considered as one environment. Total phenolics in field pea differed significantly among cultivars, ranging from 162 mg/kg DM (dry matter) (CE, catechin equivalents) for AC Tamor to 325 mg/kg DM (CE) for Richmond. Field pea had barely detectable levels of condensed tannins. Total phenolics in grass pea ranged from 868 mg/kg DM (CE) for L880388 to 2059 mg/kg DM (CE) for LS89110. Condensed tannins in grass pea ranged from 0.89 g/kg DM (CE) for L880388 to 5.18 g/kg DM (CE) for LS89125. Cultivar had a larger relative contribution to total phenolic levels in field pea and to total phenolic and condensed tannin levels in grass pea than environment. Total phenolic and condensed tannin levels were not correlated with seed yield and seed protein content in field pea or grass pea. Levels of total phenolics and condensed tannins were positively correlated in grass pea. Grass pea seeds with darker seed coat colour contained higher levels of condensed tannins. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Intra species variation in Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Benth., a wild relative of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)

Summary Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Benth., a wild relative of pigeonpea, possesses several useful genes which can be utilized for pigeonpea improvement. In the present study, 33 accessions of A. scarabaeoides were evaluated at ICRISAT Center during the 1987 rainy season for variation in some useful traits to identify parents for inter-generic hybridization. A large variation was observed for leaf components, seed size, pod length, seeds/pod, days to flowering, seed protein, sulphur amino acids, resistance to cyst nematode, phytophthora blight, sterility mosaic, fusarium wilt, pod borer, pod fly, and pod wasp. Only four accessions were found to have more than 28% protein content. Methionine and cystine contents were marginally higher than in pigeonpea but the variation was not large enough to utilize them in the breeding program. In A. scarabaeoides. accessions resistant to fusarium wilt, phytophthora blight, sterility mosaic, and cyst nematode were detected. Compared to pigeonpea, the A. scarabaeoides accessions were less susceptible to lepidopteran borer and were immune to pod fly damage. Accessions ICPW 89 and ICPW 111 in short- (100–120 days), and ICPW 94 and ICPW 118 in medium-duration (140–180 days) were identified as potential parents for use in inter-generic hybridization.ICRISAT Journal Article No. 967     

Adaptation and competition in mixtures of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

Summary Six pure lines and four mixtures were grown in six environments throughout lowland Papua New Guinea. There were no significant transgressive increases in the grain yield of mixtures above their pure line components, and mixture yields were adequately predicted by the mean of components. In yield stability it was found that the individual buffering of pure lines was of more importance than population buffering, and that the magnitude of population buffering varied with the particular combination of components. Competitive effects in all the mixtures were of the compensating type. Dramatic changes in mixture composition resulting from natural selection precluded their use in local agriculture. The outcome of competition in mixtures was strongly influenced by the growing environment, such that selective index was correlated to general fertility.     

甘薯天蛾的生物学特性

通过室内饲养及野外调查,研究了温度对甘薯天蛾Herse convolvuli (L.)生长发育的影响、发育起点温度、有效积温、年生活史以及幼虫取食量、幼虫体色分化、成虫产卵前期和产卵量等生物学特性。结果表明,甘薯天蛾在长沙地区每年发生4代;幼虫共5龄;各虫态的发育起点温度分别为卵10.8℃、1龄幼虫20.7℃、2龄幼虫13.6℃、3龄幼虫14.3℃、4龄幼虫13.1℃、5龄幼虫12.9℃、蛹7.8℃,有效积温分别为45.1日&#1776;度、11.2 日&#1776;度、32.7日&#1776;度、32.8 日&#1776;度、36.6 日&#1776;度、111.3 日&#1776;度、252.1 日&#1776;度;每雌产卵量43～665粒,平均276粒;产卵期2～6 d,产卵前期2～5 d;适宜交配和产卵的温度是23～30℃。光照强度是导致幼虫体色分化的主要原因。