葡多酚对肉鸡生产性能和免疫机能的影响

试验旨在探讨日粮中葡多酚对肉鸡生产性能和免疫机能的影响。选用1日龄健康爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡公雏鸡240只,随机分配到对照组及试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组4个处理组中,空白对照组饲喂基础日粮(不含葡多酚),试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在基础日粮中添加葡多酚7.5、15、22.5 mg/kg,试验期42 d。结果表明,在0~3周龄,试验Ⅲ组采食量最高,生长速度较快;在3~6和0~6周龄,试验Ⅰ组日增重和饲料效率最佳,而试验Ⅱ组略低于对照组。葡多酚对肉仔鸡的免疫器官发育无显著影响,7.5 mg/kg葡多酚有增加肉仔鸡外周血中CD3⁺、CD8⁺、αβ和γδ T细胞数量的潜力。因此,肉仔鸡日粮中添加适量葡多酚可促进生长,调节免疫机能。     

粗酶制剂添加于大麦日粮中对鸡生长和血液生化值的影响

选择７日龄蛋用雏鸡和１日龄肉用仔鸡,研究大麦日粮中添加粗酶制剂对鸡生长和血液生化值的影响。结果表明：（１）添加粗酶制剂于大麦日粮可明显提高鸡的增重（Ｐ＜０．０５）和饲料转化率;（２）大麦日粮添加粗酶制剂可提高鸡血清总蛋白水平（Ｐ＜０．０５）,同时可提高肉用仔鸡血清甘油三酯水平（Ｐ＜０．０１）;（３）大麦日粮,添加酶制剂使蛋用雏鸡尿酸水平明显提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,却使肉用仔鸡尿酸水平明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。此结果提示,粗酶制剂可提高鸡对大麦日粮的营养吸收能力,促进鸡的生长,但蛋用雏鸡和肉用仔鸡对蛋白质或氨基酸的利用率不同。     

Characterisation of colony-stimulating activity in the avian T cell-derived factor, Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokine

This investigation was designed to characterise the specific cytokine activity from the conditioned medium of concanavalin A-stimulated avian T cells derived from Salmonella enteritidis-immune chickens, S enteritidis-immune lymphokine (ILK). Studies were designed to determine first, whether colony-stimulating activity was present in ILK, second, the type(s) of colonies from the bone marrow that were supported in vitro by the potential colony-stimulating factors in ILK and, third, whether colony-stimulating activity was present in serum from chicks treated with ILK and challenged with S enteritidis, and to use physicochemical treatment as a means of identifying the potential colony-stimulating factor(s) in ILK. Both ILK alone and serum from chicks treated with ILK and challenged with S enteritidis caused significant increases in the number of colony-forming units (CFU) from the bone marrow in vitro. After 10 days of incubation, ILK alone supported the in vitro growth of granulocytic bone marrow colonies. The colony-stimulating activity from serum derived from chicks treated with ILK and challenged with S enteritidis peaked two hours after the challenge. When ILK was either heated at 100°C or treated with trypsin or acid and then injected into chicks, all the chicks responded with significant increases in circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNS). However, when assayed for in vitro colony-stimulating activity, only trypsinisation destroyed the activity in ILK. The results indicate that a colony-stimulating factor which preferentially supported the growth of granulocytic bone marrow colonies was present in ILK and that the factor was stable to heat and acid but sensitive to trypsin.     

卵黄免疫球蛋白对雏鸡生长性能和免疫机能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加卵黄免疫球蛋白(IgY)对雏鸡生长性能和免疫机能的影响。选取同一批出雏、体重相近的1日龄罗曼褐蛋鸡公雏240只,随机分为2组(对照组和试验组),每组6个重复,每个重复20只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在对照组饲粮基础上添加0.1%的IgY。试验期5周。分别于1、3、5周龄,每个重复选取接近该重复平均体重的试验鸡2只,称重、采血并用于血清免疫指标测定,然后取免疫器官、空肠食糜用于相关指标测定。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验组1、3、5周龄雏鸡平均日增重有增大的趋势(0.05P0.10)。2)试验组1、5周龄雏鸡胸腺相对重和1周龄脾脏相对重显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验组1、5周龄雏鸡法氏囊、脾脏、胸腺中IgY含量与对照组差异均不显著(P0.05)。3)试验组1周龄雏鸡血清球蛋白、α-干扰素、白细胞介素-2含量和溶菌酶活性,3周龄雏鸡血清总蛋白、球蛋白和白细胞介素-2含量,5周龄雏鸡血液淋巴细胞数量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。4)试验组1周龄雏鸡肠道食糜中分泌型免疫球蛋白A含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。由此可知,雏鸡饲粮中添加IgY可以促进雏鸡1~5周龄生长性能和免疫机能的提高,但从提高免疫机能的角度看,育雏前期(1~3周龄)的作用效果更为明显。     

Effects of somatostatin immunoneutralization on growth and endocrine parameters in chickens

The effects of somatostatin immunoneutralization on growth rate, growth hormone (GH) secretion and circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations were investigated in chickens through the use of passive and active immunization techniques. Intravenous bolus injection of goat-antisomatostatin stimulated a significant (P less than .05) increase in plasma GH levels for one hour post-injection in four and six week old male broiler chickens. The GH response to an intravenous bolus injection of hGRF44NH2 was similar in the antisomatostatin treated chicks and normal goat serum treated controls. Despite the presence of circulating somatostatin antisera after 28 hours, plasma GH levels were not different between control and antisomatostatin-treated chicks at that time. Continuous administration of somatostatin antisera by Alzet pump over a two-week period resulted in significant (P less than .05) elevations in plasma GH levels at one week post-implantation and in circulating IGF-I concentrations after two weeks of administration. Chicks which developed antibodies against somatostatin following active immunization exhibited a 7.1% increase in growth rate which was associated with a significant decrease in abdominal fat. However, neither GH nor IGF-I concentrations were elevated in the chicks which developed somatostatin antibodies. Thus, the benefits gained from somatostatin immunoneutralization may be exerted through mechanisms other than GH.     

内源性NO在雏鸡球虫感染中的作用

以腹腔注射途径给予感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫 (E.tenella)雏鸡细菌脂多糖 (L PS)和地塞米松 (Dex) ,用铜离子活化镉还原法检测血清 NO- 2 水平 ,并通过测定 NBT阳性细胞百分率、雏鸡增重、免疫器官的脏器系数、OPG值以及盲肠病变记分等指标 ,探讨了 NO在雏鸡感染球虫过程中的作用。试验结果表明 ,与空白对照组相比 ,给予 L PS可使 NBT阳性细胞百分率明显升高 (P<0 .0 1) ,并使盲肠病变及球虫感染引起的增重下降有所减轻 ,这提示 L PS对雏鸡具一定的保护作用 ;而给予 Dex不仅降低了感染雏鸡血清 NO- 2 的水平、NBT阳性细胞百分率、增重和胸腺的脏器系数 ,还增加了 OPG值和盲肠病变记分 ,说明在雏鸡感染球虫过程中 ,Dex会减少 NO的生成 ,并使雏鸡抗球虫免疫力下降。     

Development of immunocompetence of broiler chickens

Subpopulations of T-cells, B-cells, macrophages and ellipsoid-associated reticular cells (EARC) could be demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining early in the development of chicken spleen. However, the typical structures of the spleen, such as the peri-arteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) and the ellipsoids with their surrounding ring of macrophages, were only formed around embryonic day (ED) 20. These structures and especially the B-cell compartment, i.e., the peri-ellipsoid lymphoid sheath (PELS) gradually matured during the first week posthatch.

Therefore, we analysed at what age broiler chickens could generate a humoral response against the thymus-dependent antigen bovine serum albumin (BSA). Chickens were immunised in ovo (ED16 and ED18) and at 1, 7 and 12 days of age and subsequent BSA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG responses were measured up to 10 days postimmunisation (DPI). No major differences were observed in the relative growth rates, while hatchability was only slightly reduced. Only in chicks immunised on 12 days of age, IgM and IgG responses were high with a normal kinetic pattern. In chicks immunised on 7 days of age, responses were just detectable, but they were absent in chicks immunised in ovo and on the day of hatching (Day 1).

In a subsequent experiment, 1-, 7- and 12-day-old chicks were BSA-immunised and Ig responses were measured for a longer period up to the age of 28 days. The IgG response of chicks immunised at 1 day of age was lower and occurred later (from 28 DPI) than the response of chicks immunised at 7 and 14 days of age (from 14 DPI). It was not increased by a booster immunisation on 29 days of age, in contrast to the response of chicks immunised at 7 and 14 days of age. These findings indicate that vaccination at 1 day of age does not activate the B-cell response resulting in antibody production and support the idea that the immune function of the late embryonic and neonatal chickens is not entirely developed due to the incomplete structural organisation of their secondary immune organs.     

一株鸡源地衣芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其益生作用的初步研究

试验从健康AA肉鸡肠道分离出一株芽孢杆菌,对该菌株进行了培养特性观察、生化鉴定、16S rRNA序列分析,并研究了该菌株的安全性及其对鸡免疫器官的影响。结果表明,该菌株为地衣芽孢杆菌,命名为BL-C;该菌株对AA肉鸡不具有致病性,可显著加快雏鸡的生长、促进免疫器官的发育,为其进一步应用于畜禽养殖提供理论依据。     

B cell and macrophage response in chicks after oral administration of Salmonella typhimurium strains

Despite the fact that, in a number of countries, vaccination programmes are extensively used to control Salmonella infection in poultry, information on the immune mechanisms, especially the cellular response, is still needed. The aim of the study was to characterise the B cell and macrophage response in caecum (IgA+, IgM+, IgG+ cells, macrophages), bursa of Fabricius (IgM+ cells, macrophages), and spleen (IgM+ cells) of chicks after oral administration of a non-attenuated Salmonella (S.) typhimurium wild-type strain (infection) or an attenuated commercial live S. typhimurium vaccine strain (immunisation) to day-old chicks as compared to non-treated control birds using immunohistochemistry and image analysis. In caecum, higher counts of IgM-secreting cells were detected in infected animals compared with the controls from day 5 until day 12 of age. In contrast, in treated groups, IgA-secreting cells were found in higher numbers only between day 8 and 12 of age. Infected birds showed a higher number of IgA+ cells in spleen and bursa of Fabricius compared to the controls. In the bursa of Fabricius of immunised and infected birds, a depletion of strongly stained IgM+ cells and macrophages was established between day 5 and 9 indicating a possibly special and independent role of this organ during the immunological reaction against Salmonella organisms. The results suggest that IgM- and IgA-secreting cells are of importance in the caecal immune response of chickens against Salmonella strains. Immunised chickens always showed a weaker immune reaction compared to infected animals. Present findings regarding the B cell reaction within avian caeca prove a participation of both humoral and cellular immunity in defence against Salmonella strains. Immunohistochemical examination of the cellular response (B cells and macrophages) in relevant organs of chickens may be an important tool to evaluate the immunogenic characteristics of potential Salmonella live vaccine candidates.     

Oral antibiotics enhance antibody responses to keyhole limpet hemocyanin in orally but not muscularly immunized chickens

Recent studies have emphasized the crucial role of gut microbiota in triggering and modulating immune response. We aimed to determine whether the modification of gut microbiota by oral co‐administration of two antibiotics, ampicillin and neomycin, would lead to changes in the antibody response to antigens in chickens. Neonatal chickens were given or not given ampicillin and neomycin (0.25 and 0.5 g/L, respectively) in drinking water. At 2 weeks of age, the chicks were muscularly or orally immunized with antigenic keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), and then serum anti‐KLH antibody levels were examined by ELISA. In orally immunized chicks, oral antibiotics treatment enhanced antibody responses (IgM, IgA, IgY) by 2–3‐fold compared with the antibiotics‐free control, while the antibiotics did not enhance antibody responses in the muscularly immunized chicks. Concomitant with their enhancement of antibody responses, the oral antibiotics also lowered the Lactobacillus species in feces. Low doses of antibiotics (10‐fold and 100‐fold lower than the initial trial), which failed to change the fecal Lactobacillus population, did not modify any antibody responses when chicks were orally immunized with KLH. In conclusion, oral antibiotics treatment enhanced the antibody response to orally exposed antigens in chickens. This enhancement of antibody response was associated with a modification of the fecal Lactobacillus content, suggesting a possible link between gut microbiota and antibody response in chickens.     

鸡贫血病—法氏囊病联合免疫母鸡后子代雏鸡免疫器官T细胞和抗体生成细胞数量的动态变化

对鸡传染性贫血病（CIA）－传染性法氏囊病（IBD）联合免疫母鸡后的子代雏鸡免疫器官的免疫学化变化进行了研究。结果发现,混合感染CIAV、IBDV雏鸡免疫器官T细胞和IgG,IgM,IgA抗体生成细胞数量在27日龄内明显未免疫对照组、联合免疫组和联合免疫攻毒组,表明感染CIAV、IBDV的雏鸡全身免疫功能显著下降,CAI－IBD联合免疫母鸡后,子代雏鸡T细胞胞和IgG,IgM,IgA抗体生成细胞数量在27日龄内,较未免疫对照组明显增加,表明CIA－IBD联合免疫母鸡可使子代雏鸡免疫器官的免疫功能增强,能抵御强毒攻击。     

霉变饲料中添加有机改性蒙脱石对蛋雏鸡生长性能和免疫功能的影响

【目的】 探讨在霉变饲料中添加葡甘露聚糖改性蒙脱石和壳聚糖改性蒙脱石对蛋雏鸡生长性能和免疫功能的影响。【方法】 将252只8日龄雌性蛋雏鸡随机分为7组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只鸡。第1组饲喂基础饲粮,第2组饲喂霉变饲粮,第3~7组分别饲喂添加0.15%葡甘露聚糖改性蒙脱石、0.15%壳聚糖改性蒙脱石、0.15%高纯纳米蒙脱石、0.15%葡甘露聚糖和0.15%壳聚糖的霉变饲粮,试验期42 d。试验结束后检测各组蛋鸡的生长性能、免疫器官脏器指数、血浆中免疫球蛋白和免疫因子以及脾脏中免疫因子的含量。【结果】 与饲喂基础饲粮组相比,仅饲喂霉变饲粮的蛋雏鸡的平均日增重、血浆和脾脏中白细胞介素-2（IL-2）、白细胞介素-4（IL-4）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）含量以及血浆中免疫球蛋白A （IgA）、免疫球蛋白G （IgG）、免疫球蛋白M （IgM）含量均显著降低（P<0.05）;与饲喂霉变饲粮的蛋雏鸡相比,在霉变饲粮中添加葡甘露聚糖改性蒙脱石和壳聚糖改性蒙脱石均显著提高了蛋雏鸡的平均日增重,降低了料重比（F/G）和免疫器官脏器指数（P<0.05）;显著提升了蛋雏鸡血浆和脾脏中IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IFN-γ以及血浆中IgA、IgG、IgM含量（P<0.05）。【结论】 霉变饲料能导致蛋雏鸡免疫功能下降,而在霉变饲料中添加葡甘露聚糖改性蒙脱石或壳聚糖改性蒙脱石均能缓解霉菌毒素对家禽的毒性作用,提高蛋雏鸡生长性能和增强免疫功能。     

Immune complex vaccines for chicken infectious anemia virus

Infection of maternal, antibody-negative chickens with chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) can cause clinical disease, while infection after maternal antibodies wane often results in subclinical infection and immunosuppression. Currently, vaccines are not available for vaccination in ovo or in newly hatched chickens. Development of CIAV vaccines for in ovo use depends on the ability to generate vaccines that do not cause lesions in newly hatched chicks and that can induce an immune response regardless of maternal immunity. Immune complex (IC) vaccines have been successfully used for control of infectious bursal disease, and we used a similar approach to determine if an IC vaccine is feasible for CIAV. Immune complexes were prepared that consisted of 0.1 ml containing 10(5.4) tissue culture infective dose 50% of CIA-1 and 0.1 ml containing 10 to 160 neutralizing units (IC Positive [ICP]10 to ICP160), in which one neutralizing unit is the reciprocal of the serum dilution required to protect 50% of CU147 cells from the cytopathic effects caused by CIA-1. Virus replication was delayed comparing ICP80 and ICP160 with combinations using negative serum (IC Negative [ICN]80 or ICN160). In addition, the number of birds with hematocrit values <28% were decreased with ICP80 or ICP160 compared to ICN80 or ICN160. Seroconversion was delayed in ICP80 and ICP160 groups. To determine if ICP80 or ICN 160 protected against challenge, we vaccinated maternal, antibody-free birds at 1 day of age and challenged at 2 wk or 3 wk of age with the 01-4201 strain. Both ICP80 and ICP160 protected against replication of the challenge virus, which was measured using differential quantitative PCR with primers distinguishing between the two isolates. Thus, in principle, immune complex vaccines may offer a method to protect newly hatched chicks against challenge with field virus. However, additional studies using maternal, antibody-positive chicks in combination with in ovo vaccination will be needed to determine if immune complex vaccines will be useful to protect commercial chickens.     

不同来源禽网状内皮增生病病毒株的致病性比较

本研究旨在探讨不同来源的禽网状内皮增生病病毒(REV)对1日龄SPF鸡的致病性.用包括分子克隆化病毒REV-C99在内的不同来源的6个REV株人工感染1日龄SPF鸡,以禽流感病毒灭活疫苗(H9-AIV、H5-AIV)与新城疫病毒灭活疫苗(NDV)免疫后HI抗体滴度的测定结果为指标,比较不同REV株的致病性.结果表明,分别用3000TCID_(50)·只~(-1)的剂量人工感染1日龄SPF鸡,6个REV感染组与对照组相比,H9-AIV、H5-AIV与NDV免疫后4、5与6周的HI抗体水平均极显著降低(P<0.01).但6个REV感染组之间差异不显著(P>0.05).研究结果显示,不同来源REV株感染1日龄SPF鸡后均造成生长迟缓,并对体液免疫反应有明显的抑制作用,同时,这也揭示出REV感染可能是免疫失败的重要原因之一.     

Experimentally induced synovitis of chickens with Mycoplasma synoviae: effects of dexamethasone treatment.

Specific - pathogen - free chickens were inoculated in the right tibiometatarsal joint with a synovitis-derived Mycoplasma synoviae strain before or during dexamethasone treatment. Development of synovitis in chickens inoculated during the drug treatment was apparently delayed in comparison with development of synovitis in non-treated chickens. Severity of clinical synovitis in chickens inoculated before the drug was given was apparently less than that in chickens not treated or in chickens treated with dexamethasone. Histopathologic changes in the early stage of the infection (1 to 2 weeks) were not modified by dexamethasone treatment, although those changes in the succeeding stage (6 to 7 weeks) were greatly lessened. A relationship was observed between the dosage of dexamethasone and the severity of synovitis, as well as the kinds of cells that infiltrated into the joint lesions. Although serum antibody titers in chickens treated with an excessive dose of dexamethasone were markedly lower, clinical, bacteriologic, and histopathologic observations in chickens treated with dexamethasone were similar to those previously found in surgically thymectomized chickens. These results may support the theory that multiple synovitis of chickens caused by M synoviae infection develops mainly because of an immune response, especially by thymus-dependent functions.     

口服BSA免疫对鸡盲肠扁桃体组织结构变化的影响

为了观察T细胞依赖性抗原对鸡盲肠扁桃体组织结构变化的影响,将雏鸡分为免疫组和对照组,每组50只,免疫组雏鸡定时进行空腹口服免疫1mL浓度为10mg/mL牛血清白蛋白(BSA),连续口服免疫6d。在最后一次免疫后的1、4、7、10、13、16、19、22、25、28d分别随机选取4只鸡,取其盲肠扁桃体。对照组也在各免疫组取材相同的日龄时取相同部位的组织,用HE染色法结合图像分析软件和数据统计软件对其进行观察。结果显示,免疫组鸡的盲肠扁桃体的肠绒毛长度、皱褶高度、肠腺深度﹑生发中心的数量和直径均比对照组鸡盲肠扁桃体的肠绒毛长、皱褶高﹑肠腺深﹑生发中心的数量多和直径大。说明口服免疫T细胞依赖性抗原对鸡盲肠扁桃体组织结构变化存在影响。     

Enhancement of phagocytosis and bacterial killing by heterophils from neonatal chicks after administration of Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines

During the first week post-hatch, chickens demonstrate an increased susceptibility to infection by bacteria such as Salmonella. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of immune lymphokines on phagocytosis and killing activities of heterophils in chicks during the first 1-7 days of life. Lymphokines isolated from chicken splenic T-cells harvested from Salmonella enteriditis (SE)-hyperimmunized hens (SE-ILK), have in past experiments, demonstrated augmentation of heterophil activity in day-of-hatch chicks resulting in protection from SE organ invasion. The present experiments reveal significant increases (p<0.05) in heterophil phagocytosis and killing when comparing chicks treated with SE-ILK to control groups in vitro. In SE-ILK-treated groups, a two-fold or greater increase is noted in heterophil phagocytosis within I h of incubation as compared to controls. Heterophils isolated from 1-day-old and 4-day-old chicks treated with SE-ILK killed significantly greater numbers (p<0.05) of SE than heterophils isolated from control groups. By Day 7 post-hatch, significance is not noted in the killing activity of heterophils from treated groups when compared to control groups. However, heterophils from SE-ILK groups continue to kill greater numbers of SE than control groups. These data support SE-ILK augmentation results in an enhanced heterophil function in chicks during the greatest period of susceptibility to Salmonella invasion.     

马立克氏病疫苗免疫后鸡免疫器官组织抗体生成细胞的变化

本实验分别用马立克氏病（ＭＤ）三价苗和ＨＶＴ疫苗肌肉注射免疫１日龄雏鸡，在１０、２０、４０、６０和９０日龄以兔抗鸡ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ重链抗血清为一抗，用彩色免疫金银染色法检测法氏囊、脾脏、盲肠扁桃体和哈德尔腺的ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞的动态变化。结果发现：雏鸡ＭＤ疫苗免疫后，法氏囊和脾脏的ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞较对照鸡显著增多，盲肠扁桃体以ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞为主、哈德尔腺以ＩｇＧ抗体生成细胞居多的三种抗体生成细胞数量均明显升高；三价苗免疫鸡的抗体生成细胞显著多于ＨＶＴ疫苗免疫鸡。说明ＭＤ疫苗免疫鸡全身免疫器官、呼吸道和消化道相关局部免疫组织的体液免疫反应显著增强，三价苗免疫鸡的体液免疫应答水平明显高于ＨＶＴ疫苗免疫鸡。     

The role of bursa-dependent responses in immunity to infectious laryngotracheitis.

The effect of combined day-old surgical bursectomy and cyclophosphamide therapy on the response of young chicks to Brucella abortus antigen and cloacal vaccination against infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) was examined. The combined treatment effectively prevented the development of serum antibody to both B abortus and ILTV, yet when these chickens were challenged with virulent ILTV, they were found to be immune. It is suggested that immunity to ILTV may depend on the development of a cell mediated immune response.     

A comparison of the gland of Harder response and head-associated lymphoid tissue (HALT) morphology in chickens and turkeys.

The immunofunctional response of the gland of Harder (GH) was compared in chickens and turkeys using an in vivo assay previously developed for use in chickens. The GH were surgically removed (GHx) from leghorn chicks at 1 day of age and from poults at 2 days of age. Intact birds of each species served as controls. During the fourth week of age, both GH-intact and GHx chicks were exposed to killed Brucella abortus antigen by the ocular or intraperitoneal route. One week later, serum and tears were collected and assayed for antibodies to B. abortus. In addition, all birds were killed at the end of the trial period, and the heads were fixed and processed for histologic examination. Various components of the head-associated lymphoid tissue (HALT) including the GH, nasal glands, lacrimal glands, lacrimal ducts, eyelid conjunctiva, and nasal cavity mucosa/submucosa, were evaluated microscopically using a scoring system to estimate quantity and degree of development of immune tissue in those sites. Results of all analyses indicate that functional response and morphology of the HALT are comparable in turkeys and chickens.