大黄鱼结节病病原菌—诺卡氏菌的鉴定及其系统发育分析

一株分离自浙江台州、舟山海水网箱养殖患结节病大黄鱼（Larimichthys crocea）的病原菌,经生理生化试验及形态结构观察显示,该菌株革兰氏阳性,好氧,具有弱抗酸性,菌体呈长或短杆状,或细长分枝状,过氧化氢酶阳性、氧化酶阴性,还原硝酸盐,不水解酪素、黄嘌呤、酪氨酸、淀粉和明胶,能以柠檬酸盐为唯一碳源生长.对其16S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增、测序和系统发育分析,结果表明,该菌株与诺卡氏菌属的菌株亲缘关系最近,与（鱼师）鱼诺卡氏菌（Nocardia seriolea JCM 3360^T）的16S rRNA基因序列相似性达99.9%.据此鉴定结果认为,该菌株为（鱼师）鱼诺卡氏菌（Nocardia seriolea）.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：410-414]     

鰤鱼诺卡氏菌培养条件及培养基的优化

对鰤鱼诺卡氏菌（Nocardia seriolea）ZJ0503的增菌培养基和生长条件进行优化。研究了温度、盐度、初始pH对鰤鱼诺卡氏菌生长的影响,并通过单因素试验对培养基的碳源、氮源和无机盐成分进行了筛选,采用正交实验法对培养基各主要成分的添加量进行了优化。结果表明,鰤鱼诺卡氏菌最适宜生长条件为温度25 ℃、盐度5、pH 6.5±0.2;经筛选,鰤鱼诺卡氏菌培养基中最佳碳源是葡萄糖,最佳氮源是酵母粉,促生长作用最强的2种无机盐是磷酸氢二钾（K2HPO4）和氯化钙（CaCl2）;确立了培养基优化配方为葡萄糖20 g·L-1,酵母粉15 g·L-1,K2HPO4 0.75 g·L-1,CaCl 20.2 g·L-1（单独灭菌）,氯化钠（NaCl2）5 g·L-1,pH 6.5±0.2。     

中华鳖弗氏柠檬酸杆菌的分离、鉴定及药物敏感性试验

从患病中华鳖（Trionyx sinensis）内脏中分离到一株细菌（LCJY-002）。ATBExpression型微生物鉴定系统艋示：该菌为弗氏柠檬峻杆菌（Citrobcwter fundii）。16SrDNA分析得到1条长度为1456bp的核甘=酸序列（genBank登录号为KC691177）;Blast分析显示：该分离株与弗氏柠檬酸杆菌的同源性达99％,在系统发育树上与C．frgulldii聚为一支。鉴定结果确认：菌株LCJY-002为弗氏柠檬酸杆菌。人工回归感染试验证文：该菌具有敛病性,PCR检测表明：分离的弗氏柠檬酸杆菌具有c屈毒力因子。药敏试验结果显爪：该菌对16种抗菌药物中的庆大霉素等7种药物敏感。     

鱼类诺卡氏菌病的研究进展

诺卡氏菌广泛分布于自然界的水源中,是一种条件致病菌。引起鱼类诺卡氏菌病的细菌主要有星形诺卡氏菌(Nocardia asteroides)、鱼诺卡氏菌(Nocardia seriolae)和杀鲑诺卡氏菌(Nocardia salmonicida)。鱼类诺卡氏菌病在每年的4-11月皆可发生,发病高峰主要集中在6-10月,在水温25~28℃时发病最为严重,死亡率最高。     

乌鳢致病诺卡氏菌的鉴定及其系统发育分析

2006年6月,浙江萧山养殖乌鳢(Ophiocephalus argus Cantor)暴发一种类似细菌性的结节病,从患典型症状乌鳢肝脏和肾脏中分离到纯度一致的菌株W060622.形态结构观察显示,菌株W060622革兰氏阳性,好氧,具有弱抗酸性,菌体呈长或短杆状,或细长分枝状.常规生理生化试验表明,该菌株具有诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia)的基本特性.对其16S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增、测序及系统发育分析,结果表明,该菌株与诺卡氏菌属的菌株亲缘关系最近,与鰤鱼诺卡氏菌(Nocardia seriolea JCM 3360T)的16S rRNA基因序列相似性达99.9%.据此鉴定菌株W060622为鰤鱼诺卡氏菌(Nocardia seriolea).     

一种(鱼师)鱼诺卡氏菌酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酶基因的克隆及功能初步研究

這鱼诺卡氏菌是鱼类诺卡氏菌病的主要病原,可导致鱼类慢性系统性肉芽肿疾病.這鱼诺卡氏菌全基因组序列分析发现了一个酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酶(protein tyrosine phosphtase,PTP)基因,生物信息学分析显示该基因很可能编码一个靶向定位于宿主细胞线粒体的分泌蛋白.本实验对這鱼诺卡氏菌PTP进行了基因克隆、分泌蛋白鉴定、亚细胞定位、过表达和线粒体膜电位检测,结果显示,在這鱼诺卡氏菌胞外产物中质谱鉴定到了PTP肽段,证实其为分泌蛋白.亚细胞定位研究观察到PTP-GFP融合蛋白均匀地分布在FHM细胞中,与线粒体分布不重合,说明這鱼诺卡氏菌PTP蛋白并未靶向定位于线粒体.亚细胞定位和过表达研究都显示PTP蛋白在FHM细胞中表达后,细胞核出现固缩浓染、凋亡小体等明显的细胞凋亡特征.通过线粒体膜电位检测表明,在pcDNA-PTP转染后48 h,线粒体跨膜电位被明显破坏,说明這鱼诺卡氏菌PTP很可能是一种可诱导细胞凋亡的细菌蛋白.通过对這鱼诺卡氏菌PTP开展基因克隆和功能初步研究,为进一步揭示该基因的功能和深入了解這鱼诺卡氏菌的分子致病机理奠定了基础.     

一种鰑鱼诺卡氏菌酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酶基因的克隆及功能初步研究

這鱼诺卡氏菌是鱼类诺卡氏菌病的主要病原,可导致鱼类慢性系统性肉芽肿疾病。這鱼诺卡氏菌全基因组序列分析发现了一个酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酶(protein tyrosine phosphtase,PTP)基因,生物信息学分析显示该基因很可能编码一个靶向定位于宿主细胞线粒体的分泌蛋白。本实验对這鱼诺卡氏菌PTP进行了基因克隆、分泌蛋白鉴定、亚细胞定位、过表达和线粒体膜电位检测,结果显示,在這鱼诺卡氏菌胞外产物中质谱鉴定到了PTP肽段,证实其为分泌蛋白。亚细胞定位研究观察到PTP-GFP融合蛋白均匀地分布在FHM细胞中,与线粒体分布不重合,说明這鱼诺卡氏菌PTP蛋白并未靶向定位于线粒体。亚细胞定位和过表达研究都显示PTP蛋白在FHM细胞中表达后,细胞核出现固缩浓染、凋亡小体等明显的细胞凋亡特征。通过线粒体膜电位检测表明,在pcDNA-PTP转染后48 h,线粒体跨膜电位被明显破坏,说明這鱼诺卡氏菌PTP很可能是一种可诱导细胞凋亡的细菌蛋白。通过对這鱼诺卡氏菌PTP开展基因克隆和功能初步研究,为进一步揭示该基因的功能和深入了解這鱼诺卡氏菌的分子致病机理奠定了基础。     

发病鲆鲽类分离菌株的16S rRNA基因测序分析

细菌性疾病是中国海水养殖鲆鲽类的主要病害,为全面了解病原菌种类,本研究对1999~2012年从山东、江苏、河北、天津等沿海地区养殖场发病鲆鲽鱼类中分离得到的124株优势菌株进行了16S rRNA基因测序和系统发育学分析。将基因序列与GenBank核酸序列数据库进行相似度比对分析,结果显示,有83株与弧菌属(Vibriosp.)细菌相似度最高,11株与气单胞菌属(Aeromonas sp.)细菌相似度最高,4株与爱德华氏菌属(Edwardsiella sp.)细菌相似度最高,26株为其他15种属的细菌。根据系统发育学分析结果,进一步将66株菌鉴定为16个种,优势种为溶藻弧菌(V.alginolyticus)、哈氏弧菌(V.harveyi)、鳗弧菌(V.anguillarum)、杀鲑气单胞菌(A.salmonicida)和迟缓爱德华氏菌(E.tarda)。选择其中的9株鳗弧菌和4株迟缓爱德华氏菌进行人工感染实验,结果显示,其中7株鳗弧菌和3株迟缓爱德华氏菌对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)有较强的致病性。研究结果可为阐明中国海水养殖鲆鲽类的流行病发生历史、病原种类、病原监测及疾病控制提供重要参考。     

鱼诺卡氏菌动力蛋白调节蛋白robl/LC7的亚细胞定位和功能初步研究

鱼类诺卡氏菌病是一种慢性系统性肉芽肿疾病,鱼诺卡氏菌是其主要病原。鱼诺卡氏菌全基因组生物信息学分析,发现了一个可能靶向定位于宿主细胞线粒体的分泌蛋白——动力蛋白调节蛋白robl/LC7。为了对鱼诺卡氏菌robl/LC7的亚细胞定位和功能进行初步研究,实验对鱼诺卡氏菌robl/LC7进行了基因克隆、真核表达重组质粒构建、分泌蛋白鉴定、亚细胞定位、过表达和凋亡检测。结果显示,成功克隆了鱼诺卡氏菌robl/LC7基因并构建了其真核表达质粒p EGFP-robl/LC7和pc DNA-robl/LC7;鱼诺卡氏菌分泌蛋白质谱鉴定证实robl/LC7为分泌蛋白;亚细胞定位研究显示robl/LC7-GFP融合蛋白呈全细胞分布,不与线粒体共定位;凋亡检测发现robl/LC7过表达能诱导FHM细胞凋亡。研究表明,鱼诺卡氏菌robl/LC7是一个不与线粒体共定位的分泌蛋白,其可能通过参与细胞凋亡调控,协助鱼诺卡氏菌在宿主体内生存和免疫逃避,并在鱼诺卡氏菌的致病过程中具有重要作用。     

乌鳢诺卡氏菌病致病菌的分离、鉴定及组织病理学观察

为研究乌鳢诺卡氏菌的致病机理,本实验通过病原分离鉴定、组织病理学和基因表达水平分析对病原菌的致病性、药物敏感性及乌鳢的免疫抗性进行了研究。结果显示,患病乌鳢主要感染了命名为SDAT 0011病原菌,通过菌落形态观察、革兰氏染色鉴定、生理生化鉴定、16S rRNA鉴定及诺卡氏菌特异序列扩增鉴定,结果均显示该病原菌为诺卡氏菌。将分离的SDAT 0011感染健康乌鳢后,1×105～1×108 CFU/mL注射组的死亡率均为100%,感染乌鳢出现明显的诺卡氏菌病症状,如内脏出血,肝脏、脾脏和肾脏中有大量大小不等的结节,组织病理切片进一步检测发现,结节分界清晰,结节中有大量的淋巴细胞、受损或死亡的组织细胞。药物敏感性实验发现,诺卡氏菌对利福平等抗生素较为敏感,对青霉素等具有较强的抗性。基因表达分析显示,在感染初期(48 h)及中后期,Toll样受体2基因(TLR2)和Toll样受体13基因(TLR13)在脾脏和头肾的表达水平显著上调,而趋化因子受体9基因(CCR9)在脾脏和头肾中显著下调,这表明乌鳢Toll样受体和趋化因子受体信号通路可能在其抵抗诺卡氏菌感染中起重要作用。本实验为乌鳢诺卡氏菌病的...     

蓝鳃太阳鱼诺卡氏菌的分离鉴定及药敏分析

为探明患结节病蓝鳃太阳鱼的病因,从蓝鳃太阳鱼(Lepomis macrochirus)脾脏结节处分离获得一病原菌SD1810。通过菌落形态、细菌生理生化鉴定和16S rRNA基因序列分析,确定所得菌株为鰤鱼诺卡氏菌(Nocardia seriolae)。人工回归感染试验结果显示,注射浓度为2.8×107 CFU/mL的菌液能使蓝鳃太阳鱼患病致死,发病症状与原感染鱼相似。从死亡太阳鱼体内可重新分离到与SD1810形态特征、生理生化指标相一致的病菌。对分离获得的鰤鱼诺卡氏菌进行药敏试验分析,结果表明,鰤鱼诺卡氏菌SD1810对红霉素、利福平、庆大霉素、氯霉素、阿米卡星、氟苯尼考等10种抗生素极其敏感,对头孢唑啉,诺氟沙星,青霉素、氨苄青霉素和阿莫西林等6种抗生素具有耐药性。     

Genetic and phenotypic comparison of Nocardia seriolae isolated from fish in Japan

The phenotypic and genetic characterizations of 58 isolates of the fish pathogen Nocardia seriolae , from amberjack, Seriolae dumerili , yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata , Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus , and chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus, in Japan from 1970–2005, were examined to investigate the epidemiological relationship between isolates. The phenotypic and genetic characterizations were determined by α-glucosidase activity and biased sinusoidal field gel electrophoresis (BSFGE) analysis, respectively. There was no α-glucosidase activity in strains isolated from 2000–05 ( n  = 50) with a few exceptions ( n  = 3), while all strains isolated from 1970–90 ( n  = 8) were positive. In BSFGE analysis, digestions with restriction enzymes Xba  I and Ase  I produced 15 and 16 restriction patterns, respectively. All restriction patterns obtained from 50 strains isolated during 2000–05 were unrelated to those obtained from eight strains isolated during 1970–90, with the exception of two strains isolated during recent outbreaks. Based on the phenotypic and genetic characterizations, recent outbreaks of nocardiosis in Japan are suggested to be epidemiologically unrelated to earlier outbreaks in Japan. Although a low genetic relationship was observed in the restriction pattern between recent and earlier isolates, identity was confirmed between these groups of isolates because five representative strains showed 99.9% homology with N. seriolae ATCC43993^T in the 16S rRNA sequence.     

Nocardiosis in large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea (Richardson)

An epizootic in seawater-cage reared large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea, in China was caused by a Nocardia sp. from August to October 2003. The cumulative mortality rate was 15% and the diseased fish were 16 months old with individual length varying from 25 to 30 cm. Multiple, white nodules, 0.1-0.2 cm in diameter, were scattered on the heart, spleen and kidney. The morphology of isolated bacteria from Lowenstein-Jensen medium and tryptic soy agar was bead-like or long, slender, filamentous rods. Experimental infection indicated that the isolated bacterium was the pathogen responsible for the mortalities. A partial sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of the organism and the type strain of Nocardia seriolae JCM 3360T (Z36925) formed a monophyletic clade with a high sequence similarity of 99.9%. Based on the morphological, physiological, biological properties and the phylogenetic analysis, the pathogenic organism was identified as N. seriolae. This is the first report on N. seriolae-infected large yellow croaker in aquaculture.     

鰤鱼诺卡氏菌SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立与应用

根据GenBank中蛳鱼诺卡氏菌16S-23S rRNA基因序列设计并合成一对特异性引物,经反应体系优化后建立了检测蛳鱼诺卡氏菌的SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR方法。结果显示,该方法线性关系良好,标准曲线的相关系数为0.998;溶解曲线分析显示产物为单一的特异峰;检测灵敏度可达10 6μg/μL的DNA含量,与嗜水气单胞菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血弧菌、麦氏弧菌不发生交叉反应,具有良好的特异性。应用建立的方法在蛳鱼诺卡氏菌病爆发时期,对16份鱼体组织、养殖水体、饲料等样品进行了检测,结果 7份为阳性,与细菌分离、培养检查结果 100%相符。既能检测发病鱼,又能检出未发病且已感染的病鱼,对病害的早期防控体现应用价值。结果表明,建立的实时荧光定量PCR方法具有特异、敏感、快速、定量等优点,可用于蛳鱼类致病鱼诺卡氏菌的快速检测。     

灭活鰤鱼诺卡氏菌对乌醴非特异性免疫指标的影响

应用浓度为108CFU/ml的0.4%甲醛灭活鰤鱼诺卡氏菌Nocardia seriolea,经超声波破碎后对乌鳢进行腹腔注射,剂量为0.5 ml/尾,对照组同法等量注射灭菌生理盐水。分别于实验第0、3、6、9、12、15、18、21天抽取乌鳢血液,测定其血细胞数、血清总蛋白含量及血清碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶活性。结果显示,注射灭活鱼师鱼诺卡氏菌后,乌鳢血细胞数呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,在实验第12天时注射组血细胞数显著高于对照组;血清总蛋白含量在实验第9天后均高于对照组;血清碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶和溶菌酶等活性在实验时间内均发生了显著的变化。研究结果表明,灭活菌苗的刺激能引起乌醴血细胞的增殖以及血清中各非特异性免疫指标的变化,从而提高机体自身的免疫保护力。     

Molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of Flavobacterium psychrophilum isolates derived from Japanese fish

Sixty-four isolates of Flavobacterium psychrophilum from ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel), and other fish (n=16) in Japan and the type strain (NCIMB 1947(T)) were typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with endonuclease BlnI and XhoI. These isolates were classified into 20 clusters and 42 genotypes by PFGE analysis. The most predominant cluster of isolates from ayu was cluster XII (n=20), followed by clusters XVII, XVI, XX, XI, IX, X, XIII and XV; the remaining 17 isolates from other fish were divided into clusters I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, XIV, XVIII and XIX. The PFGE genotype of isolates from ayu clearly differed from those of other fish. The isolates from ayu in Gunma Prefecture belonged to clusters XII, XVI, XVII and XX, and the strains of three of these clusters (XII, XVII and XX) were isolated from ayu in 15 of 19 prefectures. PFGE typing enabled more accurate classification of isolates into clusters than previously achieved by analysing the restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR products. These results suggest that F. psychrophilum isolated from ayu and other fish are genetically different and strains with several PFGE types have spread within Japan.     

Effects of temperature, salinity, desiccation and chemical treatments on egg embryonation and hatching success of Benedenia seriolae (Monogenea: Capsalidae), a parasite of farmed Seriola spp

The effects of temperature and salinity on the embryonation period and hatching success of eggs of Benedenia seriolae were investigated. Temperature strongly influenced embryonation period; eggs first hatched 5 days after laying at 28 degrees C and 16 days after laying at 14 degrees C. The relationship between temperature and embryonation period is described by quadratic regression equations for time to first and last hatching. Hatching success was >70% for B. seriolae eggs incubated at temperatures from 14 to 28 degrees C. However, no B. seriolae eggs embryonated and hatched at 30 degrees C and <2% of eggs hatched when incubated at 24 degrees C after transfer to 30 degrees C for 48 h. Embryonation period was similar for eggs incubated in sea water at 25, 30 and 35 per thousand salinity, but increased for eggs incubated at higher or lower salinities. When incubated at salinities ranging from 25 to 45 per thousand, more than 70% of B. seriolae eggs embryonated and hatched. Hatching success was lower at 20 and 50 per thousand salinity and few or no eggs hatched at 10 and 15 per thousand. Hatching of B. seriolae eggs can be prevented by desiccation for 3 min, by immersion in water at 50 degrees C for 30 s or by treatment with 25% ethanol for 3 min.     

[鱼师]诺卡菌特异性PCR快速检测方法的建立

[鱼师]诺卡菌（Nocardia seriolae）是危害中国南方大口黑鲈（Micropterus salmoides）养殖业的主要病原之一,由于该菌在培养基上生长缓慢,对其分离鉴定造成诸多不便。文章根据[鱼师]诺卡菌16S-23S转录间隔区（ITS）序列设计特异性引物建立了[鱼师]诺卡菌特异性PCR快速检测方法。试验结果表明,利用设计的特异性PCR引物只能扩增出[鱼师]诺卡菌特异性片段,检出限为5pg模板DNA。在此基础上研制了PCR快速检测试剂盒并对[鱼师]诺卡菌人工感染的大口黑鲈组织进行了检测,结果显示该试剂盒能从未出现明显发病症状的大口黑鲈组织中检出阳性片段,阳性率为100％,比传统细菌分离鉴定方法更加灵敏、快速且高效,具有较好的应用前景。