豆科牧草种子硬实特性及其破除方法

为了解豆科牧草种子的硬实特性及其破除方法,以30份豆科牧草种子为材料,研究硬实特性及划破种皮、浓硫酸处理、热水浸泡3种处理方法对种子硬实率、发芽率和发芽指数的影响。结果表明,30份豆科牧草种子的硬实率为0.00%~96.67%,平均为50.18%,不同豆科牧草种子间的硬实率存在较大差异,且与发芽率呈显著负相关关系(P0.05)。对于大部分豆科牧草种子,浓硫酸和热水的最佳处理时间与硬实率呈正相关关系,当硬实率大于70%时,浓硫酸和热水的最佳处理时间分别为15~30和7~15 min,而当硬实率小于30%时,浓硫酸和热水的最佳处理时间分别为5~10和1~3 min;浓硫酸处理和划破种皮对种子硬实的破除效果较好,热水处理效果较差,但经热水处理后的乳豆(Galactia elliptifoliola)和猪屎豆(Crotalaria pallida)种子发芽率要高于浓硫酸处理。因此,对于不同物种的种子,要选择不同的处理方法,并根据其硬实率大小预测不同处理时间。     

施用豆科绿肥对砖红壤有效磷含量的影响

土壤缺磷是热带和亚热带地区作物生产的主要限制因子之一。本研究分析了14份热带、亚热带豆科绿肥施入土壤后对砖红壤有效磷含量影响的时间动态变化。结果表明,施用绿肥后不同时段能不同程度地提高土壤有效磷的含量,且施用绿肥后的土壤有效磷含量显著高于不施用绿肥土壤,其中木蓝（Magnolia lotungensis）对砖红壤有效磷含量增量变幅高达339%。此外,施用不同的绿肥对土壤有效磷含量的影响不同,但对土壤有效磷含量影响的基本规律一致。施用绿肥时砖红壤有效磷含量提高较大的最佳埋田时间为1个月。     

国家牧草种质中期库豆科植物种子监测和扩繁时间的判定

以38种1 153份豆科植物种子为研究对象,测定了其在中期库储存4~7年后种子发芽率的变化状况,判断是否需要继续监测或直接扩繁。结果表明:5年后无需监测直接扩繁的种子有饭豆、柱花草、田菁、小豆和银合欢等5种(同一草种,发芽率降低超过20%的份数占总数的百分比小于5%且发芽率升高的份数占总数的百分比大于70%);无需监测无需扩繁的种子有白三叶、杂三叶、黄花苜蓿、黄芪、野大豆等9种(发芽率降低超过20%的份数占总数的百分比大于60%);需要监测的种子有紫花苜蓿、沙打旺、草木樨、岩黄芪、红豆草等24种(发芽率变化在以上2个范围之外,则需要继续监测)。     

Dietary carbohydrates and fat influence radiographic bone mineral content of growing foals

Hydrolyzable carbohydrate intake in horse diets may become excessive when rapidly growing pastures are supplemented with grain-based concentrates. The substitution of fat and fiber for hydrolyzable carbohydrate in concentrates has been explored in exercising horses but not in young, growing horses. Our objective was to compare bone development in foals that were fed pasture and concentrates rich in sugar and starch (corn, molasses) or fat and fiber (corn oil, beet pulp, soybean hulls, oat straw). Forty foals were examined, 20 each in 1994 and 1995. In each year, 10 mares and their foals were fed a corn and molasses supplement (SS) and 10 others were fed a corn oil and fiber supplement (FF). The concentrates were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous, and mineral content was balanced to complement the pastures and meet or exceed NRC requirements. Dorsopalmar radiographs were taken of the left third metacarpal monthly from birth to weaning and then every other month until 1 yr of age. Bone density was estimated using imaging software and an aluminum stepwedge. Radiographic examination indicated differences in medial, lateral, and central bone mineral content of the metacarpal III. Bone mineral content increased with age, and a plateau was observed during winter. Bone mineral content was lower in weanlings and yearlings fed the FF supplement than in those fed SS. Subjective clinical leg evaluations indicated differences in physitis, joint effusion, and angular and flexural limb deformities in response to age, and possibly to season. Regression analysis indicated positive relationships between bone mineral content and body weight, age, and body measurements. Nutrient and chemical interactions, such as the binding of calcium by fat and fiber, may alter the availability of elements necessary for bone development.     

样品前处理方法对蛋氨酸铬及其预混剂中铬含量测定结果的影响

<正>近年来,随着全社会环保和节约资源意识的不断提高,有机微量元素产品的开发和研究工作发展非常迅速,并且有很多品种已经被列入农业部1126号公告《饲料添加剂品种目录(2008)》中,蛋氨酸铬就是其     

Determination of the elastic properties of the compact bone in the femur of dogs

Total hip endoprotheses are a good possibility for treatment degenerative wear and pathologic damage of the hip joint in man as well as in dogs. However, aseptic loosening of the protheses, especially in the area of the shaft, is still a problem in conventional total hip endoprotheses. The purpose of the present study was to use the finite-element-analysis (FEA), to enhance endoprothetic design and to prevent loosening of protheses. In order to simulate the femur of the dog for numerical analysis, a material law for the compacta in the femur of the dog was developed. The elastic properties of the compacta were experimentally determined by using compression tests of bone samples of euthanised dogs. The results show constant denseness and a constant axial elastic modul in the compacta.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of bone marrow in the pelvis and femur of young dogs

The purpose of this study was to determine the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics of bone marrow in the pelvis and femur of normal, young dogs. Six greyhounds were imaged at 4, 8, 12, and 16 months of age. Sagittal images of the femur and dorsal images of the pelvis were obtained with T1-weighted, fast spin echo (FSE) T2-weighted, and short tau (T1) inversion recovery (STIR) sequences. On T1-weighted images areas with high signal intensity, similar to fat, included the femoral heads, mid-diaphysis of the femur, femoral condyles, and the body of the ilium. T2-weighted images were characterized by uniform intermediate signal intensity (less than fat, but greater than muscle) in the femoral head, high signal intensity, similar to fat, in the mid-diaphysis of the femur and ilial body, and intermediate to high signal intensity in the femoral condyle. By 16 months high signal intensity was seen in the diaphysis and distal metaphysis on both T1- and T2-weighted images. On STIR images the femoral head had intermediate to low signal intensity, compared with muscle. The mid-diaphysis of the femur was of low signal intensity, similar to fat, and the body of the ilium had mixed signal intensity at all ages. The femoral condyle had inhomogenous, intermediate to low signal intensity at 4 months, but was of uniform low signal intensity at 8-16 months.     

含有菊粉但不含羽扇豆的饲粮有助预防实验诱导的猪痢疾

<正>猪痢疾是一种传染性黏膜出血的腹泻疾病,由定植于肠道的猪痢疾短螺旋体引起,能够诱发盲肠和结肠发炎。据报道饲料中添加菊苣根和甜羽扇豆可预防猪痢疾。本试验旨在验证是菊苣根中的菊粉     

Results of treatment of subchondral bone cysts in the medial condyle of the equine femur with an autogenous cancellous bone graft

The results of surgical treatment of 10 subchondral bone cysts, all located in the medial femoral condyle, are presented. A cancellous bone graft was used in nine cases and a two component acrylic bone cement was used in the case of an extremely large cyst. Eight out of the 10 cases made a satisfactory clinical recovery.     

Alterations in bone remodeling in the femur after medullary reaming and cemented hip arthroplasty in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether medullary reaming alone, or followed by cemented hemiarthroplasty, influenced porosity, vascularity, and new bone formation in the proximal portion of the femur in dogs. ANIMALS: 12 adult mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURE: Unilateral femoral head and neck excisions were performed, followed by femoral medullary reaming in 6 dogs and femoral medullary reaming and cemented hemiarthroplasty in 6 dogs; the contralateral femur was used as a control. All dogs were euthanatized 28 days after surgery, and femurs were harvested. Vascularity, porosity, and new bone formation were quantified for all femurs of dogs from both groups at 3 proximal-to-distal levels, 3 regions (periosteal, midcortical, and endosteal), and 4 quadrants (cranial, caudal, medial, and lateral) of the femur. RESULTS: Medullary reamed and cemented hemiarthroplasty femurs had significant increases in vascularity and porosity at all levels and in new bone formation at levels 2 and 3. Porosity was increased significantly in the periosteal region of the cemented hemiarthroplasty (9.7+/-0.7%), compared with control (2.3+/-0.2%) and medullary reamed (8.4+/-0.7%) femurs. Porosity was increased in the caudal and medial quadrants in the medullary reamed and cemented hemiarthroplasty femurs; vascularity results were similar. CONCLUSION: Increased porosity, vascularity, and new bone formation in reamed and cemented hemiarthroplasty-treated femurs supports the theory that surgical trauma associated with medullary reaming is an important factor in early cortical bone loss after hip arthroplasty. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Femoral remodeling associated with reaming and broaching is appreciable but may be only a temporary response, whereas other factors may be responsible for chronic cortical bone loss.     

Evaluation of the proximal portion of the femur as an autogenous cancellous bone donor site in dogs.

The proximal portion of the femur was evaluated as a source of autogenous cancellous bone in dogs. Bilateral oval cortical defects were created in the lateral subtrochanteric area of the femur in 16 dogs. Cancellous bone was removed and the weight recorded. Cancellous bone was similarly harvested from the proximal portion of the humerus in 7 of these dogs. Subtrochanteric femoral defects in 11 dogs were randomly assigned to receive cancellous bone graft obtained from the femur (n = 4) or the humerus (n = 7). Subtrochanteric defects in 5 dogs were not grafted. Radiographic assessment of subtrochanteric defects was performed at 4-week intervals, and histologic assessment at 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks after surgery. Nongrafted donor sites healed by ingrowth of trabecular bone during the first 12 weeks after surgery. By week 24, the lateral cortical wall had reformed, but remodeling was incomplete. Donor sites grafted with cancellous bone healed similarly, but with more rapid healing and more complete remodeling evident by week 24. Although the mean weight of cancellous bone harvested from the proximal portion of the femur (0.82 +/- 0.22 g) was significantly (P less than 0.05) less than that harvested from the proximal portion of the humerus (1.38 +/- 0.29 g), there was no qualitative histologic or radiographic difference in bony healing of grafted defects. We determined that the proximal portion of the femur can be safely used to provide moderate amounts of cancellous bone, and that a second bone graft can be collected from the same subtrochanteric donor site after 12 weeks.     

Single photon absorptiometry for the measurement of bone mineral content in horses

A safe, non-invasive method for the accurate measurement of bone mineral content in the third metacarpal bone of the horse is described. The technique involves scanning the bone with a single photon beam from an Americium-241 source. Data were obtained from the excised metacarpal bones from both forelimbs of 50 normal and seven lame horses. Measurements were made in vivo on eight normal and seven lame horses and on one experimental horse with osteopenia induced by partial weightlessness in a flotation tank. In the normal horses bone mineral content altered with age, particularly in the first six months of life. There were also differences according to the site of scanning on the metacarpus. The contribution of the splint bones to the total bone mineral content was less than 2 per cent distal to the mid-point of the metacarpus, but in the proximal shaft it increased to 12 per cent. No significant differences were noted either between right and left limbs, or between male and female animals. A reduction in bone mineral content was demonstrated in the affected leg of horses with chronic lameness and with osteopenia induced by weightlessness. The bone mineral content (g/cm) correlated well with the ash content (mg/100 mg dry bone weight), the specific gravity and the apparent transverse velocity of ultrasound (m/sec) through the bone. A measure of bone mineral density (g/cm3) was calculated from the bone mineral content and cross sectional area of the bone to overcome the individual differences in size of the metacarpus.     

Effect of prepubertal ovariohysterectomy on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in puppies

In this study, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed on the calcaneus (CAL) and accessory carpal bone (ACB) of early-age neutered (n = 11) and sham-operated puppies (n = 10) to investigate changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) over time. Prepubertal ovariohysterectomy and sham surgery were performed at 10 weeks, while BMD and BMC were measured at 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks of age. BMD and BMC of CAL and ACB of ovariohysterectomised puppies were found to be higher. The differences between the groups were statistically unimportant; however, the fourth measurement of the ACB showed a significant (P < 0.05) difference. Sexually intact puppies weighed less than gonadectomised puppies in all measurements. Because of the positive correlations between body weight and bone mineral density, BMD and BMC of early-age neutered puppies were found to be higher. These results suggest that BMD and BMC are not affected by prepubertal ovariohysterectomy until six months of age in mixed-breed puppies.     

施肥对杂交狼尾草植株硝酸盐含量的影响

采用裂区试验设计,以4个有机肥施用水平为主区、3个无机氮施用水平为副区,研究了4个刈次杂交狼尾草Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum植株硝酸盐含量的变化规律,结果表明:有机肥、无机氮对植株硝酸盐含量的影响均显著,互作效应亦显著.施用有机肥羊粪45 000 kg/hm2 无机氮529.5 kg/hm2和施用有机肥22 500 kg/hm2 无机氮259.5 kg/hm2时, 8-10月3个刈次植株硝酸盐含量均低于0.25%,饲喂家畜无硝酸盐中毒的风险,为试验中最佳的施肥方案.杂交狼尾草生长后期,低温和霜冻后刈割的植株硝酸盐含量均较高,无机氮总施用水平较高时(0.5%～1.5%的危险限),饲喂家畜要特别小心.     

Experimental anaphylaxis in pigs. The influence of the vitamin E content in the feed

An anaphylactic reaction was provoked in pigs by two intravenous injections of chicken egg albumin given approx. 2 weeks apart; some of the animals were in a state of vitamin E deficiency. The second injection of albumin was followed by vomiting, forced respiration, severe cyanosis and distinct edema in the stomach, larynx and gall bladder. These pathomorphological changes are in accordance with those regarded as typical for edema disease. Both the clinical symptoms and the pathomorphological alterations were most evident in animals with vitamin E supplementation, whereas vitamin E deficient animals showed a more moderate response. The anaphylactic reaction was not accompanied by evident changes resembling Mulberry heart disease, either in normal pigs or in vitamin E deficient animals.