不同赤眼蜂品系对桃蛀螟卵的寄生功能反应和干扰效应

赤眼蜂是农林业生产中应用最广的一类重要卵寄生性天敌昆虫。为评估其对桃蛀螟卵的寄生潜能,在实验室条件下研究了不同赤眼蜂品系对桃蛀螟卵的功能反应以及自身的干扰反应。结果表明：供试的松毛虫赤眼蜂（TD-SD和TD-XJ）和玉米螟赤眼蜂（TO-SD和TO-JL）对桃蛀螟卵的寄生功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型模型,对桃蛀螟卵均有一定寄生能力。其中TD-XJ品系的a/T_h值最大,为19.22,对桃蛀螟卵的寄生能力最强。从功能反应参数的比较中发现,TO-SD、TD-SD、TO-JL和TD-XJ品系赤眼蜂对桃蛀螟卵的寄生上限分别为25.4粒、35.3粒、24.6粒和35.0粒。4个赤眼蜂品系在寄生桃蛀螟卵的过程中均存在自身密度干扰效应。随赤眼蜂密度的增加,其对桃蛀螟卵的寄生率在不断上升,但其对寄主的寻找效应却在不断下降。其中TD-XJ品系对桃蛀螟卵的寻找参数最大,为0.2931。由此可看出,供试的松毛虫赤眼蜂TD-XJ品系对桃蛀螟卵的控制潜能最高。     

桃蛀螟成虫触角超微结构观察及对玉米花丝挥发物的电生理反应

为了明确桃蛀螟［Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée)］成虫触角感器类型及形态特征,利用扫描电镜对桃蛀螟成虫触角感器进行观察,并利用触角电位仪分析桃蛀螟触角对5种玉米花丝气味挥发物的反应。发现桃蛀螟触角感器绝大部分位于触角的腹面及侧面,鞭节表皮上有连续的网纹结构,而柄节和梗节上没有。桃蛀螟触角上有7种感器,分别为毛形感器（Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型）、刺形感器、耳形感器、钟形感器、锥形感器、腔锥形感器、栓锥形感器（Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型）。桃蛀螟雌雄成虫对花丝气味挥发物产生明显的触角电位反应,雌性桃蛀螟触角对1-己醇、1-庚醇、β-蒎烯和β紫罗酮反应明显,且随浓度的增加,反应强度增加迅速,尤其对1-己醇的反应尤为明显。雄性桃蛀螟触角对于1-庚醇和1-己醇反应非常明显,反应强度明显弱于雌虫。     

桃蛀螟幼虫在板栗上的空间分布型研究

通过对不同板栗园桃蛀螟Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guenee幼虫的调查,用昆虫分布型的4种常用理论公式分别进行配合适度的χ2检验,再用6种空间分布型聚集度指标、Taylor幂法则及Iwao回归法对桃蛀螟幼虫的空间分布型进行测定。结果表明:桃蛀螟幼虫种群在板栗园中全部呈聚集分布,而且均符合负二项分布,其聚集原因是由该虫习性与环境因素共同造成的。此外,还利用了分布型参数确定了桃蛀螟幼虫的理论抽样数。     

桃蛀螟细胞色素P450基因CYP4G113时空表达及功能研究

CYP家族基因是昆虫体内重要的解毒酶基因,本研究拟明确桃蛀螟体内解毒酶基因CYP4G113的基本序列特征、表达模式及其在桃蛀螟适应性进化中的功能.基于桃蛀螟转录组数据信息,克隆获得桃蛀螟CYP4G113的开放阅读框;利用实时荧光定量PCR(Quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)技术,测定...     

桃蛀螟性诱剂的筛选及其在黄淮海夏玉米区种群动态监测中的应用

桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis(Guenée)是我国黄淮海夏玉米区的主要玉米穗部害虫,幼虫取食玉米果穗不但直接影响玉米产量,而且严重降低玉米品质.为了更好地利用性诱剂监测玉米田桃蛀螟种群动态和有效防控桃蛀螟为害,比较了桃蛀螟性信息素成分顺-10-十六碳烯醛-(Z)-10-hexadecenal,...     

桃蛀螟在新疆的适生区预测

为确定桃蛀螟在新疆的检疫重要性,运用Desktop GARP软件预测了该虫在我国新疆的适生区.结果表明,桃蛀螟在新疆北部和西部有较大的适生区域,主要位于阿勒泰、塔城、昌吉三地的交界区域和阿克苏、喀什一带.桃蛀螟有从内地传入新疆地区并定殖扩散的风险,具有检疫意义.     

糖醋酒液对桃园和苹果园中桃蛀螟的诱捕效果分析

为研究桃园和苹果园中桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis成虫的发生动态,探讨糖醋酒液对桃蛀螟的诱捕效果,于2015—2016年利用糖醋酒液和性信息素对泰安市郊区桃园和苹果园中桃蛀螟成虫的全年发生动态进行监测,并比较糖醋酒液诱捕器在不同悬挂高度0、1.0、1.5、2.0和2.5 m下对桃蛀螟雌、雄成虫的诱捕效果。结果显示,2015—2016年,泰安市郊区桃园和苹果园中桃蛀螟成虫田间始发期为4月下旬至5月中旬,发生末期均为10月上旬。糖醋酒液和性信息素诱捕器监测结果均显示,桃蛀螟成虫群体数量发生高峰期为9月上旬—10月上旬,且在此期间二者的诱捕量无显著差异。糖醋酒液能够同时诱捕桃蛀螟雌、雄成虫,且以雄成虫为主,在桃园和苹果园中,2016年的雄成虫诱捕量分别占总诱捕量的87.62%和88.29%。糖醋酒液诱捕器在地上0～2.5 m悬挂高度均能诱捕到桃蛀螟成虫,其中诱捕器悬挂于地上2.5 m高度时诱捕量最多,显著高于其它悬挂高度处理。表明糖醋酒液可以通过有效诱捕桃蛀螟成虫来准确监测其群体发生动态。     

广东桃蛀螟发生分布与种群动态

桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis(Guenée)是一种多食性的蛀果害虫,近年来其发生危害日趋加重。本研究通过田间调查,探究了桃蛀螟在广东的发生情况、分布及其种群动态。结果表明,广东桃蛀螟发生主要集中在粤东地区的河源市以及粤北地区的清远和韶关市,并在上述地区的板栗和鹰嘴蜜桃上发生严重危害,该虫在珠三角地区零星发生,在粤西、梅州和潮汕地区则尚未发生危害。除板栗和鹰嘴蜜桃外,受桃蛀螟为害的作物还有三华李、水晶梨、荔枝、龙眼、杨桃、向日葵和甜玉米,但受害较轻。桃蛀螟成蛾在广东河源一年有5个发生高峰,并以幼虫于11月下旬至翌年3月上旬越冬。     

不同品系赤眼蜂对桃蛀螟卵的寄生选择性

近年来,桃蛀螟已成为黄淮海夏玉米穗期的主要害虫之一。其幼虫的为害直接降低了玉米产量和品质,对玉米安全生产构成严重威胁。由于其幼虫钻蛀为害的特性以及化学防治的弊端使其防治难度增加。为了更好的开展利用赤眼蜂防治桃蛀螟,我们对广泛用于鳞翅目害虫生物防治的松毛虫赤眼蜂、螟黄赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂的11个品系对桃蛀螟卵的寄主选择性进行了比较,以期筛选出对桃蛀螟卵寄生效果好的赤眼蜂品系。结果表明,寄生24 h后,松毛虫赤眼蜂Sd和Xd品系和玉米螟赤眼蜂So和Zo品系单头雌蜂在选择性试验中对桃蛀螟卵的寄生卵粒数分别为14.35、15.05、14.65和13.45粒,非选择试验中为15.8、16.1、13.8和13.1粒,均对桃蛀螟卵均有较好的寄生能力;各品系赤眼蜂后代的羽化率保持在93.64%~98.37%,雌性比也表现较好,在73.10%~89.39%,后代出蜂数介于13.18~18.40。综合来看,玉米螟赤眼蜂So和Zo品系和松毛虫赤眼蜂Sd和Xd品系可以作为防治桃蛀螟的候选赤眼蜂用于进一步的田间防治试验。     

腾冲红花油茶果实桃蛀螟的空间分布及抽样技术

为明确桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis幼虫在腾冲红花油茶Camellia reticulata果实上的为害、空间分布和理论抽样技术,对云南省腾冲市9块不同腾冲红花油茶林的桃蛀螟幼虫发生量进行标准地调查,应用聚集度指标法、Iwao回归分析法和Taylor幂法则,分析桃蛀螟幼虫的空间分布型,应用Iwao理论抽样和序贯抽样技术,建立最适腾冲红花油茶桃蛀螟幼虫田间调查的抽样模型和抽样数。结果表明,桃蛀螟对腾冲红花油茶果实的为害率为3.07%～99.27%,适生栽培区植株平均受害率达34.74%,林间平均虫口密度0.07～2.49头/果。桃蛀螟幼虫在腾冲红花油茶林内总体呈均匀分布,虫口密度越高分布越均匀,分布的基本成分是个体群,且个体间相互吸引;而虫口密度相对较低时呈聚集分布,聚集原因主要是某些环境因素。进一步分析提出了不同种群密度下桃蛀螟幼虫的理论抽样模型和基于防治指标的序贯抽样技术,可为科学开展林间桃蛀螟虫口调查和防治工作提供技术支撑。     

小麦抗旱性生理生化机制及QTL研究进展

根据现有文献资料,综述了小麦抗旱性的鉴定方法和抗旱小麦的外部形态特征,并对小麦胚芽鞘长度、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光动力、渗透调节、水分利用效率、碳稳定同位素等抗旱性鉴定评价指标和抗旱性产量评价方法、干旱胁迫下特异蛋白代谢及抗旱性状的数量性状位点(QTL)等方面的研究进展进行总结,对目前小麦抗旱性研究存在的问题和发展趋势进行了探讨。认为,抗旱性研究仍是农业研究的热点领域,但在不同的生态区要有所侧重,同时选择与产量相关性高的指标进行深入研究;应加强干旱胁迫下根系形态结构及生理代谢的研究;随着分子生物学研究的不断发展,抗旱性研究也应从分子水平阐明干旱胁迫引起作物生理生化变化的原因,并借助基因工程手段进行抗旱基因重组,进而创制、培育综合性状优良的抗旱小麦品种。     

加强基础研究,提升农业鼠害防治的科技水平

鼠害是制约农业可持续发展的生物灾害之一。为了发展无公害、可持续控制农业鼠害的新方法、新途径,迫切需要加强有关鼠害防治的基础研究,提升鼠害防治的科技水平。本文基于我国农业害鼠发生状况与学科发展趋势,从3个方面探讨了农业鼠害需要加强的研究方向,即基础生物学、鼠害成灾规律及鼠害防治技术。     

甘肃历史时期干旱、饥荒和虫害相关性研究及应对策略建议

根据中国甘肃省近3000年干旱、饥荒、虫害的历史资料,系统研究了甘肃省干旱的历史发生规律及其产生的影响。结果显示:甘肃省历史时期旱灾频繁且有愈演愈烈的趋势,干旱与饥荒存在较为明显的正相关,干旱引发的虫害也会加重饥荒,同时,由干旱引发的一系列问题会导致社会秩序的不稳定,在古代就表现为朝代的更替及战争。作者建议,随着全球气候变暖,甘肃省的生计将受到更加严重的影响,气候变化导致的贫困问题会进一步加剧,社区应对气候变化的政策措施需要决策机构给予尽早关注。     

Weed Control Research by the Biological Section,Department of Lands,at the Alan Fletcher Research Station

Abstract

Full-time research on weed control is carried out by the Biological Section of the Department of Lands at the Alan Fletcher Research Station at Sherwood, near Brisbane. This research is generally confined to weeds of pasture land, reserves, stock routes, roads and waste places. (Weeds of arable land in Queensland are dealt with by the Department of Primary Industries). The scope of this station's work is reviewed.     

小麦抗旱节水生理遗传育种研究进展

以国内外近20年来80余篇参考文献为基础,从抗旱小麦品种演变,抗旱节水生理遗传育种机理的历史和最新研究进展,包括抗旱性和节水性的生理生化机制以及抗旱节水遗传等方面,对小麦抗旱节水生理遗传育种的研究进展做了综述。认为随着小麦抗旱高产育种研究的不断深入,旱地育种研究逐渐从抗旱性生理遗传育种研究发展到现在的抗旱节水性生理遗传育种研究,通过育种手段提高小麦水分利用效率成为节水农业一个重要研究方向。     

新疆鸟类环志简报

环志是研究鸟类季节性迁徙的重要手段之一 ,同时也是研究鸟类区系、生态学、形态分类学等的有效方法。2 0 0 3年 6月 1 1日～ 7月 1 0日和 8月 1 9～ 2 0日 ,笔者在新疆阿勒泰、吐鲁番、塔里木河流域、昆仑山、帕米尔高原、天山、古尔班通古特沙漠等地 1 7个环志点进行了夏季鸟类环志工作 ,这是新疆境内规模较大的一次环志活动。目的是寻找最佳环志地点 ,并进行鸟类迁徙研究。此次环志鸟类 340只 ,约 5 3种。非雀形目 6种 (占 1 1 .3% ) ,雀形目4 7种 (占 88.7% )。所使用的铝镁合金鸟环均由全国鸟类环志中心 (NBBC)提供。     

Transdisciplinary research for supporting the integration of ecosystem services into land and water management in the Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang,China

There is a growing need for both science and practice domains to collaboratively and systematically seek knowledge-based strategies for sustainable development.In recent years,transdisciplinary research has emerged as a new approach that enables joint problem solving among scientists and stakeholders in various fields. In this paper,we aim to introduce transdisciplinary research for supporting the integration of the concept of ecosystem services into land and water management in the Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang,Northwest China.While a large number of ecosystem service studies have helped to raise the awareness for the value of nature in China,a number of challenges remain,including an improved understanding of the relationships between ecosystem structure, functions and services,and the interaction of the various ecosystem services.A meaningful valuation of ecosystem services also requires the consideration of their strong spatial heterogeneity.In addition,ways to introduce the concept of ecosystem services into decision-making in China need to be explored.Thus,successful integration of the concept of ecosystem services into actual land and water management requires a broad knowledge base that only a number of scientific disciplines and stakeholders can provide jointly,via a transdisciplinary research process.We regard transdisciplinary research as a recursive process to support adaptive management that includes joint knowledge generation and integration among scientists and stakeholders.System,target,and transformation knowledge are generated and integrated during the process of(1)problem(re)definition,(2)problem analysis and strategy development,and(3)evaluation of the impact of the derived strategy.Methods to support transdisciplinary research comprise participatory modelling(actor-based modelling and Bayesian Networks modelling)and participatory scenario development.Actor-based modelling is a semi-quantitative method that is based on the analysis of problem perspectives of individual stakeholders as depicted in perception graphs.With Bayesian Networks,complex problem fields are modelled probabilistically in a simplified manner,using both quantitative data and qualitative expert judgments.These participatory methods serve to integrate diverse scientific and stakeholder knowledge and to support the generation of actually implementable management strategies for sustainable development.For the purpose of integrating ecosystem services in land and water management in the Tarim River Basin through transdisciplinary research,collaboration among scientists and institutional stakeholders from different sectors including water,agriculture,forestry,and nature conservation is required.The challenge is to adapt methods of transdisciplinary research to socio-cultural conditions in China,particularly regarding ways of communication and decision-making.     

Reviewing research priorities in weed ecology,evolution and management: a horizon scan

Weedy plants pose a major threat to food security, biodiversity, ecosystem services and consequently to human health and wellbeing. However, many currently used weed management approaches are increasingly unsustainable. To address this knowledge and practice gap, in June 2014, 35 weed and invasion ecologists, weed scientists, evolutionary biologists and social scientists convened a workshop to explore current and future perspectives and approaches in weed ecology and management. A horizon scanning exercise ranked a list of 124 pre‐submitted questions to identify a priority list of 30 questions. These questions are discussed under seven themed headings that represent areas for renewed and emerging focus for the disciplines of weed research and practice. The themed areas considered the need for transdisciplinarity, increased adoption of integrated weed management and agroecological approaches, better understanding of weed evolution, climate change, weed invasiveness and finally, disciplinary challenges for weed science. Almost all the challenges identified rested on the need for continued efforts to diversify and integrate agroecological, socio‐economic and technological approaches in weed management. These challenges are not newly conceived, though their continued prominence as research priorities highlights an ongoing intransigence that must be addressed through a more system‐oriented and transdisciplinary research agenda that seeks an embedded integration of public and private research approaches. This horizon scanning exercise thus set out the building blocks needed for future weed management research and practice; however, the challenge ahead is to identify effective ways in which sufficient research and implementation efforts can be directed towards these needs.     

Pests,Predators, and Parasites

Abstract

The development of resistance to insecticides and the hazards inherent in their use present ever-increasing problems in insect control today. The difficulties and dangers have given impetus to research on other means of combating pests. Australia has always been prominent in the field of biological control, and the CSIRO Division of Entomology is an important centre, keenly seeking controls for both insects and weeds. Progress in the search for and establishment of parasites of Sirex, the pine pest, was described in Rural Research 64. This article reviews six other projects of particular interest, namely those involving potato moth, buffalo fly, white wax scale, green vegetable bug, lantana, and skeleton-weed.     

兰州市表层土壤Cu、Zn、Pb污染评价及成因分析

本文通过调查研究分析 ,对兰州市表层土壤重金属 (Cu、Zn、Pb)含量的空间变化及污染程度进行了评价 ,探讨分析了交通、工业活动以及绿化带对城市重金属污染的影响。结果表明 ,兰州市表层土壤除个别点外均已受到重金属污染 ,其污染程度取决于交通所产生的汽车尾气、扬尘 ;另外 ,工业活动和绿化带对重金属污染的影响也是相当明显的