栽培模式与密度对大豆冠层结构及产量的影响

为探讨栽培模式与密度对大豆冠层结构和产量的影响,2007～2008年于内蒙古民族大学试验农场,以垦丰16为试材,采取两因素随机区组设计,研究了栽培模式与密度对叶面积指数、荚数和荚干重在冠层中垂直分布及产量差异.结果表明:在不同的栽培模式下,垄上三行窄沟密植栽培叶面积指数、荚数和荚干重最高,垂直分布最合理,产量也最高,不同栽培模式之间产量差异达到极显著水平.不同密度条件下,叶面积指数随着密度的增加而增加,在密度为30万株·hm-2到36万株·hm-2之间,产量、荚数和荚干重随密度的增加而增加,但当密度为39万株·hm-2时,产量、荚数和荚干重都有所降低,即在36万株·hm-2的栽培密度下产量最高.     

马铃薯小整薯高密栽培及控制株高技术研究

对马铃薯新品种青薯2号采取小整薯高密栽培方法,同时在开花前期喷施矮壮素,其目的是为了提高繁殖系数,降低植株高度,抑制地上部生长,防止倒伏,减轻病害的发生,减少用种量,进而提高产量,试验结果表明:高密栽培的密度为9000～13000株/667m2,在高密栽培的条件下对其进行喷施矮壮素,有明显降低植株高度的作用,喷施浓度以75mg/L产量水平较高。     

马铃薯种植密度与追肥效应分析

马铃薯稀植时,密度是影响产量的重要因素,随着密度增加追肥效应明显提高,资源代替曲率扩大。当密度达到一定范围时,增施追肥用量不再增产。只有二者配合效应达到最佳时,才能实现目标产量。     

群体密度控制以及打顶对脱毒马铃薯生长的影响

为研究马铃薯主茎数量以及打顶对马铃薯生长的影响,以丽薯7号为材料,通过盆栽试验研究人工控制主茎数量以及打顶的物理方法对马铃薯生长的影响。研究表明:每穴3茎是较好的群体密度调控,能够提高马铃薯产量。打顶有利于控制马铃薯株型,削弱其顶端优势,减少地上部茎叶对地下块茎的抑制,增加了马铃薯产量。     

品种、空间布局及种植密度对春玉米冠层结构、物质生产及产量的影响

试验以农华101、先玉335及郑单958为材料,通过空间布局及种植密度塑造不同的冠层结构,分析其对玉米物质生产、转运及产量的影响。结果表明,不同品种的叶面积指数(LAI)及冠层透光率(DIFN)差异显著,以郑单958表现较好,常规种植与簇生种植的LAI差异不显著,冠层透光率以常规种植较好;随着密度增加LAI升高,冠层透光率随之降低。不同品种成熟期干物质生产以先玉335较高,空间布局差异不显著,随密度增加干物质生产能力提高;花后物质生产以先玉335较高,簇生种植高于常规种植,随密度增加花后物质生产能力升高;叶茎转运量以郑单958较大,常规种植转运量较多,随密度增加叶茎转运量提高。品种间产量差异显著,郑单958显著高于其他品种;常规种植与簇生种植产量无显著差异;各密度处理产量差异显著,高密度中密度低密度处理。     

浅谈达州市马铃薯生产与发展

分析了达州市马铃薯生产在自然环境,生态区域,科技支撑,良繁基地和扩种面积等方面的优势,但存在着种薯质量差,管理粗放,疫病为害重,脱毒薯推广慢,加工利用率低等问题;而马铃薯因增产潜力大,比较效益高,种植简便,用途广泛而在达州的发展前景广阔;建议通过调整规划,加强技术创新,推动脱毒薯应用,发展加工与销售,加大支持力度等途径,促进达州市马铃薯生产发展。     

不同灌溉方式在马铃薯生产上的应用效果

在田间试验条件下,研究了滴灌技术与传统喷灌技术对马铃薯大薯率和产量的影响,并进行了经济效益分析。试验设3个处理:滴灌区为处理A,常规喷灌区为处理B,不灌溉区(对照)为处理C。结果表明:滴灌区处理能增加马铃薯的大薯率,显著提高马铃薯块茎产量,增幅达46.7%,经济效益提高显著。该研究对滴灌技术在马铃薯生产上的推广和应用具有重要的意义。     

N、K肥料与密度对整薯播种马铃薯产量的影响

采用m=3的D饱和最优试验设计方法,研究了肥料(N/K)、密度对加工型马铃薯品种大西洋和极早熟菜用马铃薯品种费乌瑞它产量的影响,研究得出:在甘肃河西走廊,大西洋品种整薯播种获得高产的最优施肥量,每公顷为纯N307.5kg,纯K2O127.5kg,最合理密度每公顷为10.05万株;费乌瑞它品种整薯播种获得高产的最优施肥量为纯N270kg,纯K2O96kg,最合理密度每公顷为6.9万株。     

种植密度与化学调控对春玉米茎秆性状及抗倒伏能力的影响

以迪卡 159为供试材料,设置 6.0×10⁴(D1)、 7.0×10⁴(D2)、 8.0×10⁴(D3)和 9.0×10⁴株/hm²(D4) 4个密度水平,在 8展叶期喷施化控剂玉多十(HK)和清水为对照(CK)2个处理,研究不同种植密度与化学调控技术对植株茎秆性状的影响。结果表明,随种植密度的增大,迪卡 159的株高、穗位高显著增高,茎秆节间长变长,茎粗变小,扁率增大,茎秆强度变弱。HK处理后,株高、穗位高显著降低, 4～5节位节间长大幅度减少,茎粗增加,扁率降低,茎秆强度增强,茎秆横折强度与穿刺强度在 3个时期均随种植密度的上升呈现整体下降趋势,并于乳熟期达到最大值。HK处理后,茎秆的横折强度与穿刺强度增强,其中, 4～5节位提升幅度最大。HK处理增加了灌浆期与乳熟期第 3节位的木质素与纤维素含量, D1、 D2、 D4密度下效果显著。倒伏率随种植密度的升高呈上升趋势; HK处理可以显著降低倒伏率, 4个密度下分别比对照降低了26.15%、 47.72%、 35.17%和33.82%。     

种植密度对玉米茎秆和穗部性状的影响

以郑单958、金海5号为试验材料,研究在中密度(52 500株/hm²)、高密度(75 000株/hm²)条件下对茎秆和穗部性状的影响。结果表明：高密度条件下,两个品种株高和穗位高受影响均不显著,除第1节间茎秆长度显著增加外,其他节间受密度影响不显著,而基部(第3节间)茎的粗度显著减少;中密度条件下,金海5号各节间茎秆穿刺强度均显著大于郑单958。高密度条件下,金海5号各节间茎秆穿刺强度显著减弱,而郑单958除第3节间穿刺强度显著减弱外,其他节间没有明显变化。高密度条件下,穗长、行粒数和百粒重都显著降低。两个品种在高密度下的产量均显著高于中密度。     

Potato Breeding and Seed Production System Development in Russia

First, an extensive literature review was performed with respect to Potato virus Y (PVY) resistance sources and their further utilization in a breeding programme. On the basis of that review we present a scheme of backcrossing and new cultivar creation on the basis of five detected sources of PVY resistance and one source of Potato virus X resistance. Some cultivar pedigrees are presented reflecting the differences in the breeding strategies. Moreover, results of investigations on some polygenic traits such as field resistance against late blight and starch content are presented. For these purposes progenies were screened for suitable recombinant genotypes which were used in further crossings. Also the results of investigations on resistance to the potato golden nematode and on the selection of cultivars suitable for processing are briefly analysed. We also describe a programme of parallel evaluation of identical hybrid populations in different soils and climatic zones. The development of seed potato production systems facilitated the conditions to improve the quality of potato seed material, to increase potato production and to allow Russia to participate in the international potato market. Systems of virus detection, norms and methods of laboratory tests as well as requirements for quality and tolerance levels of different seed classes (generations) were unified and harmonized with European systems.     

马铃薯垄作密植综合配套栽培技术

针对丽江市马铃薯生产上普遍存在的种植密度稀、耕作层浅、偏施氮肥、不防治病害、管理粗放、产量低而不稳等问题,开展了种植密度、不同肥料及施用量、晚疫病药剂筛选防治等试验,总结出了以优良品种的脱毒种薯小整薯播种,深耕、高垄密植、增施磷钾肥、防治晚疫病、充分使用农机为主要内容的马铃薯垄作密植综合配套栽培技术,并在较大范围示范推广,对提高马铃薯产量发挥了积极的作用。     

马铃薯原种的种植密度对植株性状、产量性状和经济参数的影响

为了探讨马铃薯原种在小垄栽培(垄距70 cm)条件下的适宜种植密度,利用马铃薯品种荷兰15号脱毒原原种为试验材料,种植并生产原种一代。采用单因素随机区组设计,设株距10 cm、15 cm、20 cm、25 cm和30 cm共5个处理,采用通径分析探讨了植株性状对产量的影响,运用方差分析探讨了密度与植株性状(株高、主茎数和茎粗)、产量性状(单株结薯数、平均薯块重、单株产量、产种量、繁殖系数、公顷产量)和经济参数(产投比和经济效益)的关系。研究结果表明:株距在10~30 cm之间时,如果株高越高、主茎数越多,那么产量就越高;随着株距的增大,单株结薯数逐渐增多,单株产量逐渐增高,繁殖系数和产投比逐渐增大,主茎数和产种量无显著变化;垄株距为70×30 cm的处理产量最高,繁殖系数最大,产投比最高和经济效益最好,是小垄稀植栽培的适宜密度。     

Management Effects of Disease-Suppressive Rotation Crops on Potato Yield and Soilborne Disease and Their Economic Implications in Potato Production

Soilborne potato diseases are persistent problems in potato production. Use of disease-suppressive rotation crops, such as Brassica spp. (mustards, rapeseed) and sudangrass, has shown potential for management of soilborne diseases and enhanced yield in various crop production systems. However, how to best implement these crops into productive potato cropping systems has not yet been determined. In this research, potential disease-suppressive crops were evaluated under four different types of production management (as a cover crop, green manure, harvested crop-residue incorporated, and harvested crop-residue not incorporated) in potato rotation field trials, and their effects on disease, yield, and economic viability determined. Mustard blend, sudangrass, and rapeseed rotations reduced the tuber disease black scurf (by 16–27 %) and increased yield (by 6–11 %) relative to a barley rotation control, but only mustard blend consistently reduced common scab (by 11 %). All rotation crops managed as green manures produced lower disease (by 15–26 %) and higher yields (by 6–13 %) than other management practices. Overall, the combination of mustard blend managed as a green manure was most effective, reducing scurf by 54 % and increasing yield by 25 % relative to a soybean cover crop. The use of mustard or rapeseed as a harvested crop with incorporation provided the best economic return, increasing net income by more than $860/ha relative to the standard barley rotation, but mustard blend grown as a green manure or non-incorporated harvest crop also substantially increased net income ($600 to $780/ha).     

密度和钾肥对马铃薯品种东农306产量的影响

以特用型马铃薯品种"东农306"为材料,在2003～2004年进行了种植密度与钾肥用量对产量的影响试验。结果表明,该品种在不同种植密度与钾肥用量下单株产量差异显著,在本试验中以行距70 cm和株距30 cm的密度、硫酸钾用量150 kg·hm~(-2)最适合该品种的个体生长,能获得较高的单株产量和商品薯产量;行距70 cm和株距20 cm的密度、硫酸钾用量75 kg·hm~(-2)最适合该品种的群体生长,能获得较高的群体产量和商品薯产量。     

Effects of Age and Pretreatment of Tissue-Cultured Potato Plants on Subsequent Minituber Production

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plantlets were conditioned in tissue culture to produce more minitubers when planted in a greenhouse. Tissue-cultured potato plantlets, varieties Coliban and Russet Burbank, were grown for 4, 10, or 12 weeks under three temperature regimes (22/18 °C, 16/10 °C, and 10/2 °C day/night) and a photoperiod of 16, 12, or 8 h in different stages of growth. Duration, temperature, and photoperiod of the in vitro period affected plantlet morphology and the total number of minitubers produced per plant in a greenhouse. Extending the growing period and introducing a hardening period with low temperatures (16/10 °C) during the in vitro production stage resulted in 97% more minitubers (4.94 vs 2.50 minitubers per plant for the control) in variety Coliban and up to 71% (6.50 vs 3.80 minitubers per plant for the control) in variety Russet Burbank. The total number of minitubers produced per plant did not change significantly for both varieties when a shorter photoperiod was used instead of the standard 16-h day during the growing period in vitro. Results presented in this experiment demonstrate that the number of minitubers can be substantially increased through the introduction of an induction period as an interstage between the in vitro stages of potato plantlet production and minituber production.     

不同施肥和密度对马铃薯产量的影响

采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究马铃薯单垄双行、高墒栽培的施肥量和密度对产量的影响。结果表明,在一定的用量范围内,施用氮磷钾肥料均能提高马铃薯产量,过量的施用肥料,会造成马铃薯减产。通过数学模型的优化和解析,得出马铃薯单垄双行、高墒,667 m2产量大于2 t的综合栽培技术的施肥量每667 m2为:尿素(16.9~32.9 kg)、普钙(77.4~79.4 kg)、硫酸钾(28.7~39.5 kg)、密度为每667 m2种植3 237~3 782株。     

Analysis of Potato Canopy Coverage as Assessed Through Digital Imagery by Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models

The characterization of the dynamics of canopy coverage represents a relevant matter of study in the field of crop physiology. The objective of this work was to calibrate a model able to simulate potato canopy coverage as a function of thermal time, but including the error structure in such model. This was accomplished by using a mixed effects modelling approach where random effects were added to the average response model. By applying this modelling approach, the structure of the data was taken into account. Calibration data for the model were obtained from canopy coverage estimates derived from image processing analysis. Digital images were taken periodically within 11 potato fields located in the Mantaro Valley (Peru) during the 2005–2006 growing season. This model gave a better fit in comparison with the traditional fixed parameters model. An additional uncertainty analysis with the objective of estimating the confidence region for the predictions of the mixed effects model was carried out. By exploring the data structure, a more comprehensive overview of the potato canopy coverage was achieved with the mixed effects model.     

马铃薯原原种种植密度对一级原种繁殖的影响

选择毕节地区主推品种威芋3号微型薯(大小为每粒11～20 g)开展不同种植密度对一级原种繁殖的影响试验。结果表明:在品种和粒级相同的情况下,原原种扩繁一级原种时晚疫病发生轻重与种植密度不相关;每667 m2种植密度从4 500粒增加至6 500粒,各处理间产量不存在显著差异性。综合单位成本、产量、大中薯比例等分析,在选择粒级为每粒11～20 g的原原种进行栽种时,每667 m2种植密度以4 500～5 500粒较适宜。     

冀张薯8号马铃薯网室原原种生产不同密度对产量的影响

以新育成并经国家审定的马铃薯新品种冀张薯8号脱毒假植苗为材料,在40目尼龙网纱覆盖网室内进行不同定植密度对产量构成进行试验。设行距80 cm,株距20 cm、25 cm、30 cm、35 cm进行标准化繁种栽培试验,结果以株距25 cm单株经济性状最佳,中等块茎的生产比例大,为今后该品种网室原原种生产提供了依据。