新疆主要农作物疫霉菌种类鉴定

 1993~1995年,对侵染新疆主要农作物的疫霉菌进行了较全面的调查研究,共从9个地区的28种作物上采集表现根腐、根颈腐、果腐症状(包括病土)的病样1531个,结果从其中17种作物上分离到452个疫霉菌株。根据形态特征、生理生化特性、致病性和菌体可溶性蛋白电泳测定,鉴定为7个种:辣椒疫霉(Phytophthora capsici Leon.),恶疫霉[P.cactorum(Leb.et Cohn) Schroeter],掘氏疫霉(P.drechsleri Tucker),菸草疫霉(P.nicotianae van Breda de Haan),苎麻疫霉(P.boehm eriaeSaw.),柑桔褐腐疫霉[P.citrophthora (Sm.et Sm.) Leonian],隐地疫霉(P.cryptogea Pethyb.etLaff.)。这些疫菌是造成新疆茄果类、瓜类、棉花、苹果、梨、枸杞、草霉、红花、白术等幼苗及成株大量死亡及烂果的主要病原,在农业生产中具有十分重要的意义。     

海南湛江柑桔疫霉种的鉴定及交配型研究

 1988~1990年,从海南和湛江地区发生柑桔脚腐病的11个柑桔园采集了大量的病组织和病株基部的土壤样品,经分离共获得48个疫霉分离菌,根据孢子囊形态、脱落性、卵孢子产生、最高生长温度和淀粉利用能力等将其鉴定为寄生疫霉(Phytophthora parasitica Dast)柑桔褐腐疫霉(P.citrophthora R.E.&E.H.Smith)和辣椒疫霉(P.capsici Leonian)。这三种疫霉均是柑桔树的致病菌,其中寄生疫霉和柑桔褐腐疫霉的出菌率高,认为是这两个地区柑桔脚腐病的主要致病菌,而辣椒疫霉在中国柑桔园是首次发现。交配型测定结果以寄生疫霉的A~1,交配型占绝对优势。     

湖南柑桔脚腐病病原初探

 据最近左华清等报道我国柑桔脚腐病病原菌有尖镰孢霉菌和寄生疫霉菌。根据我们1983-1985年的研究,分离到能致病的柑桔褐腐疫霉(Phytophthora citrophthora)和棕榈疫霉(Phytophthora palmivora),现将研究结果简报如下.     

柑桔脚腐病研究

 1986-89年.通过病原菌分离、培养.纯化和接种试验,结合形态、生物学特性,菌体蛋白质的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶盘状电泳和扫描等,鉴定出了四川柑桔脚腐病的病原是疫霉属寄生疫霉、柑桔褐腐疫霉、棕榈疫霉、恶疫霉、甜瓜疫霉等.其中寄生疫霉所占比例最大.     

海南植物疫霉菌种类鉴定

近年海南地区植物疫病发生普遍。 1997～ 1998年 ,对侵染海南地区植物各个部位 ,引起颈腐、果腐、根腐、树干溃疡、枝萎、叶斑 (包括病土 )等病样进行了较全面的调查研究 ,结果从其中 2 5种植物上分离到 14 0个疫霉菌株。根据孢子囊形态、脱落性、有性器官的形成、生长温度等 ,将其鉴定为烟草疫霉 (P.nicotianae van Breda de Hann) ,辣椒疫霉(P.capsici L eonian) ,樟疫霉 (P.cinnamomi Rands) ,棕榈疫霉 (P.palmivora(Butler) Butler) ,柑桔褐腐疫霉 [P.citrophthora(R & E Sm ith) L eonian],密色疫霉 (P.meadii Mc Rae) ,芋疫霉 (P.colocasiae Raciborski) ,橡胶疫霉 (P.heveaeThom pson)和莎草疫霉 [P.cyperi(Ideta Ito) ]9种疫霉。这些疫霉是造成海南省蔬菜、多种瓜果、果树以及花卉死亡和烂果的主要病原。本文简要报道植物上疫霉菌种的鉴定结果     

大豆疫霉选择性分离技术研究

 由大豆疫霉(Phytophthora spiae)引起的大豆疫霉根腐和茎腐病广泛分布于世界大豆主产区。是大豆毁灭性病害之一。     

寄生玉米的6种腐霉及其致病性研究

 从国内12省、自治区、直辖市玉米植株上分离出腐霉菌菌株,依据形态特征、培养性状、生长抑制温度,以及产生的有性与无性器官,鉴别出6个腐霉种:棘腐霉(Pythium acanthicum Drechsler),瓜果腐霉(P.aphanidermatum(Edson)Fitzpatrick),强雄腐霉(P. arrhenomanes Drechsler),禾生腐霉(P.graminicola Subramaniam),肿囊腐霉(P.inflatum Matthews),寡雄腐霉(P.oligandrum Drechsler),其中肿囊腐霉出现频率高,分布广泛。回接玉米表明,腐霉能够侵染玉米并引起病害,肿囊腐霉、禾生腐霉、强雄腐霉、棘腐霉是玉米青枯病的重要致病菌;瓜果腐霉能够引起玉米中部茎节腐烂;寡雄腐霉虽寄生玉米,但对玉米成株无致病力。     

浙江小麦根围土壤腐霉(Pythium spp.)的一些生态学研究

 本文对小麦根围土壤中的腐霉Pythium种类、种群数量消长及其致病性作了初步研究。作者从不同生育期的小麦根围和内根围共分离出203个腐霉菌株,除69个菌株缺乏产生有性器官而未能鉴定外,其余134个菌株分别属10个腐霉种,其中粘腐霉P.adhaerens、链状腐霉P.catenulatum和绚丽腐霉P.pulchrum为浙江省分布新记录。P.spinosum是优势腐霉种类,在小麦根围和内根围出现率分别为27.43%和35.71%,P.ultimum和P.irregulare也较为常见,而P.aphanidermatum却极少出现。在小麦苗期和分蘖期腐霉数量较丰富,生育中后期较贫乏,这一消长变化可能主要与小麦生育期和土壤温度有关。致病性试验结果表明:P.irregulare和P.spinosum分别对小麦和水稻有较强的致病作用;P.aphanider-matum、P.irregulare和P.spinosum则对茄子、辣椒和番茄的致病力较强。P.spinosum、P.ultimum和P.irregulare的种内菌株间致病性差异不明显。     

蒙城大豆疫霉菌的鉴定及其生理小种

 在安徽省蒙城县对大豆疫霉根腐病的发生情况进行调查。应用选择性培养基对类似大豆疫霉根腐病症状的病株进行病原菌分离,在春大豆蒙城早熟青豆病株上分离到2株疫霉菌PMC1、PMC2和一些Fusarium spp.,在夏大豆上分离到的主要病原菌为Pythium spp.和Fusarium spp.,未分离到疫霉菌。根据疫霉菌分离物PMC1和PMC2形态和生理学特征以及对大豆的专化致病性,2个分离物被鉴定为大豆疫霉菌(Phytophthora sojae Kaufmann&Gerdemann)。应用国际通用鉴别寄主进行生理小种鉴定,PMC1和PMC2的毒力公式分别为1b,1d,3a,3c,5,7和1b,1d,4,5,为新的小种类型,定名为中国6号小种、中国7号小种(CNR-6和CNR-7)。这是首次报道大豆疫霉菌在我国淮北地区存在。     

江苏水稻旱育秧“黄枯”病原鉴定及致病力研究

 从江苏13个市采集肥床旱育秧"黄枯"标本1030份,分离后获784株菌。经鉴定和致病性测定,752株为致病菌,分属4属11种真菌:(1)镰孢属(Fusarium),占74.0%,有6个种,分别为禾谷镰孢(F.graminearum Schw.)、尖孢镰孢(F.oxysporum Schlecht.)、木贼镰孢[F.equiseti (Corda) Sacc.]、串珠镰孢(F.moniliforme Sheld.)、半裸镰孢(F.semitectum Berk.et Rav.)和雪腐镰孢[F.nivale (Fr.) Ces.],其中禾谷镰孢最多,占病菌总数的25.3%;其次是尖孢镰孢、木贼镰孢和串珠镰孢,分别占16.2%、13.3%和10.2%;而雪腐镰孢仅占1.1%。(2)丝核属(Rhizoctonia),有立枯丝核(R.solaniKühn),占14.6%。(3)平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris),占7.4%,主要是麦根腐平脐蠕孢[B.sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem.],占7.0%,而稻平脐蠕孢[B.oryzae (Breda.de Haan) Shoem.]仅为0.4%。(4)腐霉属(Pythium),占4.0%,有瓜果腐霉[P.aphanidermatum (Eds.) Fitzp.]和链状腐霉(P.catenulatum Matth.)。病菌种类及其比例因地区和苗床土类型的不同存在一定差异。接种试验表明,不同病菌致病力和引起的症状类型差异较大。腐霉、禾谷镰孢、串珠镰孢和麦根腐平脐蠕孢引起的发病率均为100%,而半裸镰孢和雪腐镰孢仅40%左右。多数病菌能够引致稻苗的"黄枯",并且茎基部有褐色病斑。引起死苗的主要是腐霉、麦根腐平脐蠕孢和禾谷镰孢,而串珠镰孢往往引起稻苗的徒长或矮化。     

Branch cankers on citrus trees in Spain caused by Phytophthora citrophthora

Considerable losses of citrus trees have been observed in the major citrus-growing areas of Spain. Samples were collected from 132 orchards, and isolations and pathogencity tests were conducted to determine the aetiology of a serious canker disease. Affected trees showed cankers on the scion that frequently began on the branches. Three Phytophthora species were identified based on their morphological, cultural, physiological and molecular profiles. Phytophthora citrophthora was the main species associated with this new syndrome in 114 orchards. Phytophthora nicotianae (syn. P. parasitica ) was isolated from nine orchards as the sole Phytophthora species and in coinfection with P. citrophthora from another nine orchards. Phytophthora citricola was isolated only from one orchard. In stem-inoculation studies conducted under greenhouse conditions, clementine mandarin cv. Hernandina and sweet orange cv. Navel Late were more susceptible to P. citrophthora than sour orange and Carrizo citrange rootstocks. Clementine cv. Hernandina was also highly susceptible in field inoculation experiments. In agreement with field surveys, clementine mandarin cultivars were the most affected, their rootstocks remaining healthy. Phytophthora citrophthora was found to be the predominant species in orchard soils; however, P. nicotianae was also isolated. This information changes the scenario of diseases caused by Phytophthora spp. in Spain and consequently, the present knowledge of epidemiology and the effectiveness of the current control measures should be reassessed.     

无致病性腐霉的生防作用和诱导防卫反应

寡雄腐霉Pythium oligandrum作为一种重要的土传病害生防因子越来越受到关注,它能在多种重要农作物根围定殖,对20多种病原真菌或其它卵菌具有拮抗或寄生作用,并能诱导植物产生防卫反应.寡雄腐霉产生的拟激发素寡雄蛋白诱导番茄系统获得抗性,抵抗寄生疫霉Phytophthora parasitica和尖孢镰刀菌羽扇豆-番茄枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.radicis-lycopersici侵入,显著降低病害的发生率.作者对寡雄腐霉的分离与鉴定、寄主种类、寄生作用、抗生作用和拟激发素寡雄蛋白诱导番茄系统获得抗性等方面的研究进行了综述.     

植物土传病原菌拮抗细菌的筛选与鉴定

从作物根际土壤中分离到1056株细菌，筛选出7个具有较强拮抗活性的菌株。室内测定对水稻纹枯病菌、辣椒疫病菌、瓜果腐霉、油菜菌核病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、茄根腐病菌、棉花黄萎病菌、番茄青枯病菌、甘蓝黑腐病菌等重要土传病原菌有较强拮抗作用；温室盆栽试验对番茄青枯病表现出较好防效，其中以BOH2和OH11效果较为明显，防效分别为90．9％和86．4％。通过形态观察、生理生化试验和16SrDNA序列分析，确定OH11为产酶溶杆菌。BOH3为荧光假单胞菌，其余5个菌株为不同芽孢杆菌。     

Role of the Helix aspersa snail as a vector of Phytophthora citrophthora causing branch cankers on clementine trees in Spain

This study investigated the suspected role of invertebrate vectors in the transmission of phytophthora branch canker, a severe disease of clementine cultivars in Spain, caused by Phytophthora citrophthora . Ants ( Lasius grandis ) and snails ( Helix aspersa and Rumina decollata ) were collected in spring and autumn 2005 from 15 commercial citrus fields which were severely affected by the disease. Isolations made from L. grandis and R. decollata bodies did not yield positive results. However, P. citrophthora was isolated from 5·0% of bodies of H. aspersa and 4·8% of samples of their faeces. In one assay, after snails were allowed to feed for 5 h on citrus branches which had been artificially infected with P. citrophthora , the pathogen was isolated from 79% of their faeces. In another experiment, snails were infested by placing them in contact with a substrate colonized by P. citrophthora and then transferred to the base of potted 4-year-old trees of cvs Clemenules, Fortune and Nova in the glasshouse. One day after their release, infested snails were widely distributed throughout the tree canopies and 10 days later bark discoloration and gum exudations were observed on the trees. Phytophthora citrophthora was readily isolated from tissues showing symptoms.     

A comparison of the virulence of selected Pythium,Globisporangium, Phytopythium and Phytophthora species against strawberry plants

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - A total of twenty-five isolates of species Phytophthora cactorum, P. citrophthora, Pythium dissotocum complex, Py. aphanidermatum, Globisporangium...     

水稻旱育秧立枯病致病菌鉴定及药剂防治研究

从水稻旱育秧病苗上分离到67个菌株 ,经鉴定分属于镰刀菌58个、腐霉菌7个、丝核菌2个。经回接测定其致病性 ,结果表明致病的镰刀菌主要是串珠镰刀菌 (Fusarium moniliforme) ;腐霉菌中主要是盐腐霉 (Pythium salinum)、间生腐霉 (P .interedium)和顶生腐霉 (P .acrogenum) ;丝核菌为立枯丝核菌 (Rhizoctonia solani)。接种试验表明串珠镰刀菌在6～8d龄幼苗的根中部侵染发病率最高 ,腐霉菌和丝核菌在一叶一心期茎基部侵染发病率最高。药剂试验表明以浸种灵(二硫氰基甲烷)、土菌消(hymexazol)、甲霜灵(metalaxyl)等种子处理加土壤处理 ,防效优于单独种子处理或土壤处理。     

Characterization of Phytophthora spp. Causing Outbreaks of Citrus Brown Rot in Florida

ABSTRACT Epidemics of citrus brown rot from 1994 to 1997 in the south-central and east-coast citrus areas of Florida were characterized and the causal Phytophthora spp. identified. Two species of Phytophthora, P. palmivora and P. nicotianae, were consistently associated with brown rot. Epidemics caused by P. palmivora appeared to be initiated on immature fruit dropped on the orchard floor. The soilborne fungus infected and sporulated on these fruit and was then disseminated to fruit above 1 m in the canopy. In contrast, infection by P. nicotianae, the common cause of root rot, was confined to the lowest 1 m of the canopy. Fruit infected by P. palmivora produced large amounts of ellipsoidal sporangia available for splash dispersal, whereas those infected by P. nicotianae produced far fewer spherical sporangia. Isolates from brown rot epidemics were compared with P. nicotianae from citrus in Florida and Texas, P. citrophthora in California, P. palmivora, and selected Phytophthora spp. from other hosts. Brown rot symptoms produced by the different pathogenic citrus isolates on inoculated fruit were indistinguishable. Morphology, mating behavior, and isozyme patterns of brown rot isolates from 1988 to 1997 matched P. palmivora from citrus roots, other host plants, and other locations, but were different from characterized isolates of P. citrophthora in California and P. nicotianae in Florida and Texas. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of the isozyme glucose-6-phosphate isomerase rapidly identified the causal citrus pathogen from infected fruit and soil isolation plates. Although P. palmivora is an aggressive pathogen of citrus roots, bark, and fruit, populations in orchard soils were low compared with P. nicotianae.     

百合鳞茎斑点病病原菌鉴定

 1991年在浙江湖州市和杭州市采集得百合(Lilium brownii F. E. Brown var. viridulum Baker)鳞茎有褐色斑点的标本104份,分离出纯菌株108个。鉴定为2个镰刀菌种:Fusarium solani(Mart.)Sacc. 和F. oxysporum Schlecht. F. solani出现频率84.3%,占优势.田间调查和接种试验证明F.solani是百合鳞茎褐色斑点病主要致病菌。在20种植物上接种试验结果表明:F.solani对百合有专化性,因此鉴定其病原菌为茄病镰孢一个新专化型:Fusarium solajni f. sp.lilii Wang.     

江苏省玉米茎腐病菌种类鉴定

作者于1992～1995年,从江苏省玉米主产区采集的玉米茎腐病标样中分离获得105个菌株,经鉴定,致病菌种类有肿囊腐霉(Pythium inflatum)、禾生腐霉(P.graminicola)、串珠镰孢浙江变种(Fusarium moniliforme var.zhejiangensis)、串珠镰孢中间变种(F.moniliforme var.intermedium)、串珠镰孢胶孢变种(F.moniliforme var.subglutinans)、禾谷镰孢(F.graminearum)、拟枝孢镰孢厚膜变种(F.sporotrichioides var.chlamydosporum)、尖孢镰孢芬芳变种(F.oxysporum var.redolens)、接骨木镰孢(F.sambucinum)、茄病镰孢(F.solani)、半裸镰孢(F.semitectum)等11个种或变种。其中串珠镰孢浙江变种出现频率最高,占44.8％,肿囊腐霉和禾生腐霉致病力最强,这两类菌是江苏玉米茎腐病主要病原。     

Ultrastructural and Cytochemical Aspects of the Interaction Between the Mycoparasite Pythium oligandrum and Soilborne Plant Pathogens

ABSTRACT The interaction between the oomycete Pythium oligandrum and various soilborne oomycete and fungal plant pathogens (P. ultimum, P. aphanidermatum, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, Verticillium albo-atrum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Phytophthora megasperma) was studied by light and electron microscopy in order to assess the relative contribution of mycoparasitism and antibiosis in the antagonistic process. Scanning electron microscope investigations of the interaction regions showed that structural alterations of all pathogenic fungi and oomycetes (except for Phytophthora megasperma) occurred soon after contact with the antagonist. Light and transmission electron microscope studies of the interaction region between the antagonist and P. ultimum revealed that intimate contact between both partners preceded a sequence of degradation events including aggregation of host cytoplasm and penetration of altered host hyphae. Localization of the host wall cellulose component showed that cellulose was altered at potential penetration sites. A similar scheme of events was observed during the interaction between P. oligandrum and F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, with the exception that complete loss of host protoplasm was associated with antagonist invasion. The interaction between P. oligandrum and R. solani resulted in an abnormal deposition of a wall-like material at potential penetration sites for the antagonist. However, the antagonist displayed the ability to circumvent this barrier and penetrate host hyphae by locally altering the chitin component of the host hyphal wall. Interestingly, antagonist cells also showed extensive alteration as evidenced by the frequent occurrence of empty hyphal shells. In the case of Phytophthora megasperma, hyphal interactions did not occur, but hyphae of the plant pathogen were damaged severely. At least two distinct mechanisms appear to be involved in the process of oomycete and fungal attack by P. oligandrum: (i) mycoparasitism, mediated by intimate hyphal interactions, and (ii) antibiosis, with alteration of the host hyphae prior to contact with the antagonist. However, the possibility that the antagonistic process may rely on the dual action of antibiotics and hydrolytic enzymes is discussed.