食用酸奶的好处及影响酸奶品质的原因

酸奶是发酵乳制品中的一种,发酵乳制品分两大类,即乳酸发酵和酒类发酵。乳酸发酵是乳酸菌纯培养物加入经过灭菌的新鲜牛奶制成的。乳酸菌是一类可使糖类发酵产生乳酸的细菌总称,已知有４０多种,在乳品加工中使用最广的是乳杆菌属和乳链球菌属。从酸奶形态结构分凝固型...     

内蒙古克鲁伦河流域牧区乳及乳制品中乳酸球菌的分离及其鉴定

从克鲁伦河流域牧区24个牧民家庭37份乳及乳制品中，分离到16株乳酸球菌，其中嗜热链球菌4株，乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种5株，其他棉子糖乳球菌、格氏乳球菌、盲肠球菌、鸡肠球菌、屎肠球菌、鸟肠球菌各1株，均属乳酸同型发酵菌，发酵糖的能力也较强。     

乳类产品营养价值浅析

“一杯牛奶强壮一个民族”、“奶是人类的保姆”，乳及其产品是最接近“完善的食品”，不论鲜乳还是乳制品，都是营养价值非常高的食品，在人类食品中占有特殊的地位。一、鲜乳的基本成分１．山羊乳的成分：水分８６．４％、干物质１３．６％，其中脂肪４．３％、蛋白质４．０％、乳糖４．５％、矿物质０．８％。山羊乳乳脂率高，脂肪球小，易消化吸收，维生素与微量元素较多，加之山羊乳偏碱性，具有抗变态反应的特性，故很适合老年人及病人饮用。２．马乳的成分：水分８９．０％、干物质１１．０％，其中脂肪１．５％、蛋白质２．０％、乳…     

日粮中添加乳酸菌制剂对生长猪的效果试验

本试验用24头长×荣杂交猪研究了日粮中添加保加利亚乳杆菌、乳酸链球菌和酸奶菌（含一种乳酸杆菌和酵母）牛奶发酵制剂的饲喂效果，三种制剂组猪只平均日增量和饲料转化率分别比对照组提高6．2％，2．42％，9．8％，12．49％，22．7％，10．48％，表明乳酸菌类促生素对猪只具有明显的促长作用。     

传统乳制品中-产细菌素乳酸乳球菌的筛选

采用平板挖井扩散法对从内蒙古传统乳制品中分离鉴定的34株乳酸菌的细菌素产生特性进行研究。在排除有机酸和过氧化氢的干扰后发现，一株乳酸乳球菌CB20—2的发酵上清液对革兰氏阳性60乳酸菌和非乳酸菌显示出抑菌活性，但对革兰氏阴性菌无抑菌作用。其蛋白特性及广谱抑菌性表明乳酸乳球菌CB20—2产生的抗菌物质是一种细菌素。     

应用于牛乳的天然抑菌剂

与化学合成物不同,天然抑菌剂是一些蛋白质和蛋白质水解后的多肽,经研究证实对人体无毒无害,却有很强的抑菌或杀菌功能,并且对产品的风味没有影响。乳酸链球菌素、溶菌酶、ε-多聚赖氨酸、乳铁蛋白的活性多肽、纳他霉素、乳过氧化物酶系统的激活等这些天然抑菌剂得到国际的认可,笔者在这篇文章中介绍了它们的特性和应用于乳制品的可能性。     

内蒙古克鲁伦河流域牧区乳及乳制品中乳酸球菌的分离及其鉴定

从克鲁伦河流域牧区24个牧民家庭37份乳及乳制品中,分离到16株乳酸球菌,其中嗜热链球菌4株,乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种5株,其他棉子糖乳球菌、格氏乳球菌、盲肠球菌、鸡肠球菌、屎肠球菌、鸟肠球菌各1株,均属乳酸同型发酵菌,发酵糖的能力也较强.     

Nisin对奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌的体外抗菌作用研究

从杭州郊区奶牛场的乳房炎病例中分离到金黄色葡萄球菌和无乳链球菌各20株。药敏试验表明，50％以上的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株对苯唑青霉素、氟哌酸、复方新诺明和链霉素耐药；乳酸链球菌素（Nisin）在体外对无乳链球菌和青霉素耐药和敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌均有抗菌作用。采用微量TTC法测定牛奶中Nisin的体外抗菌作用，结果表明Nisin在牛奶中对两种乳房炎致病菌也有抗菌作用，但略低于在普通肉汤培养基的作用。     

藏山乳主要营养养成分及乳酶,乳清蛋白的研究

本文研究了分布西藏和四川地区的藏山羊乳蛋白、乳糖和乳脂含量，并对乳中４种酶活力及乳清蛋白的组成进行了研究。结果表明：藏山羊乳中３种营养成分存在一的地区差异，脱脂乳中乳酸脱氢酶，碱性磷酸酶，ｒ－保氨酰转肽酶、乳过氧化物酶活力分别为８１．９±３７．８，７．７±３．５，４３７．４±９３．０，５３２．７±２０２．６单位。乳过氧化物酶在体外可被１０＾－５Ｍ的硫氰酸根或乳酸根活化。用琼脂糖凝胶电泳可将乳ＬＤＨ     

食品防腐剂乳酸链球菌素的研究

食品防腐剂乳酸链球菌素的研究迟玉杰，孔保华（东北农业大学哈尔滨）乳酸链球菌素是从链球菌属（ｓｔｒｉｐｒｏｃｏｃ－ｃｕｓ）的乳酸链球菌（Ｓ．ｌａｃｔｉｓ）发酵产物中提取的一类多肽化合物，又称乳酸链球菌肽。由于乳酸链球菌在分类学上属于血清Ｎ群，所以又Ｕｑ...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …