Field performance of conifer and hardwood species 5 years after nursery inoculation in the Canadian Prairie Provinces

The field performance of conifer and hardwood species inoculated with different inoculation treatments was evaluated 5 or 3 years after outplanting in the field trials established in the Canadian Prairie Provinces. In conifer trials, the growth of white spruce, black spruce, lodgepole pine, and larch seedlings observed on different sites varied greatly to different inoculation treatments depending on plant and fungal species involved. Five years after outplanting, most of the introduced fungi were replaced by several indigenous ectomycorrhizal fungal species except for Laccaria bicolor strain. Survival rates of most of the inoculated seedlings were not significantly different from control seedlings naturally colonized by other resident fungi. In hardwood trial, the effects of nursery inoculation of different poplar clones, aspen and balsam poplar were very limited. Growth and survival data were combined into seedling volume and plot volume index (PVI) for measurement of total growth response of seedlings. Our results demonstrated that certain inoculated plant-fungus combinations have played a positive role during the initial establishment of these seedlings in the field, which was reflected on significantly greater stem volume and PVI compared to non-inoculated control seedlings. The results from this study provided useful information on field evaluation for potential benefits of mycorrhizal inoculation in nursery.     

柚木菌根及其对苗期生长影响的研究

在广东、广西、云南 7个点进行采样调查的结果表明 ,在自然条件下 ,7个柚木根系样品全部感染AM菌 ,感染率达 4 0 %　 70 % ,感染指数达 11 6 7　 19 17;4个AM菌对 12个不同地理种源柚木苗人工接种的结果表明 ,全部处理均形成感染 ,感染率达 70 %　 10 0 % ;利用 3个AM菌对 4个柚木无性系进行人工接种 ,感染率达 86 %　 10 0 % ,感染指数达 2 8 33　 5 2 5 0 ;接种株苗高比对照增加 5 4 0 %　4 0 8% ,地径增加 5 %　 4 30 % ,生物量增加 116 4 %　 2 5 74 8% ;统计结果表明 ,无论无性系、菌种或无性系×菌种在苗木高、地径及生物量上与对照的差异均为极显著 ;综合比较 ,3个菌种对柚木生长均有接种效果 ,以G90 0 4效果最好 ,G6 0 0 8菌株次之 ,再次是G30 0 6菌株     

PGPB对红树植物木榄幼苗的接种效应

通过盆栽试验研究了植物促生菌(PGPB)对红树植物木榄幼苗的接种效应,供试菌为6种解磷菌(即B.amy,Vib,B.atr,Xan,B.Lic,P.M.)和5种固氮菌(即Au4,Phy,24S,JA4,cd),结果表明:(1)分别接种6种解磷菌株6个月后木榄幼苗的生长均得到了不同程度的促进,与对照相比,木榄苗高增加21.57%～9.54%,生物量增加27.49%～20.32%,叶片的氮含量增加33.33%～1.35%,叶片的磷含量增加24.42%～2.04%;经差异显著性检验,B.amy和Vib 2个菌种对木榄幼苗的促生效应比其它解磷菌株更明显;(2)分别接种5种固氮菌株6个月后木榄幼苗的生长均得到了促进,与对照相比,木榄幼苗的均高增加24.07%～10.22%,生物量增加32.36%～19.71%,叶片的氮含量增加23.39%～4.05%,叶片的磷含量增加32.79%～4.99%;差异显著性检验表明:Au4和Phy 2个菌种对木榄幼苗的促生效果比其它固氮菌更显著.     

外生菌根菌对红松苗木生长的影响

采用沟施接种方法对3年生红松苗木进行野外单接种及混合接种的试验结果表明：菌株010和菌株025为供试菌株中对红松苗木生长促进效果最佳的菌株,与对照相比,高生长分别提高19．57％和17．04％,地径生长分别提高13．64％和15．91％。接种菌株组合GT001／GT005的苗木高生长仅比对照提高3．80％,其他3个菌株组合的高生长均低于对照;地径生长与对照相比提高0～9．10％。与单接种相比,仅接种菌株组合GT001／GT005苗木的高生长高于单接种菌株GT001和菌株GT005的苗木;接种菌株组合044／009苗木的地径生长介于单接种菌株044和菌株009的苗木之间,而接种其他3个菌株组合苗木的地径生长均低于各自单接种的苗木。     

桉树接种固氮菌效果的研究

试验表明接种固氮菌能显著提高桉树苗木的生长及苗木各器官的生物量和Ｎ含量,接种苗木高生长比对照（不接种）增加２９．８１％、叶片数增加３７．３１％、叶片干重增加３５．０１％、茎干重增加５５．５９％、根干重增加７８．９３％、总生物量干重增加５５．８９％。不同菌株的增产效果存在差异,接种催娩克氏菌的效果较接种阴沟肠杆菌的好。接种＋施Ｎ８０ｍｇ／株处理的效果优于接种＋施Ｎ３０ｍｇ／株处理的效果。接种与施Ｎ肥的分析结果表明接种催娩克氏菌的效果等于施Ｎ８０ｍｇ／株的效果。     

Dual inoculation of a woody legume (Centrolobium tomentosum) with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi in south-eastern Brazil

The integration of N₂ fixing trees into stable agroforestry systems in the tropics is being tested due to their ability to produce high biomass N and P yields, when symbiotically associated with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. The growth of Centrolobium tomentosum Guill. ex Benth, a native leguminous tree from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, was assessed with dual inoculation of Rhizobium spp and mycorrhizal fungi under field conditions. Complete fertilization was compared to treatments of inoculation with selected rhizobia strains BHICB-Ab1 or BHICB-Ab3, associated or not to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The dual inoculation increased the height and growth in relation to the plants treated with rhizobia alone. Plants inoculated with strain BHICB-Ab1 and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) exhibited an increase of 56% dry matter over uninoculated control and nitrogen accumulation was greater than with BHICB-Ab3 inoculated plants. Strain BHICB-Ab1 presented a synergetic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi since the combined inoculation with BHICB-Ab1 enhanced plant height and dry weight more than single inoculation while the growth of BHICB-Ab3 plants was not modified by AMF inoculation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhanced plants survival and seemed to favour the nodule occupation by rhizobia strains as compared to the non-mycorrhizal plants. Inoculation with selected rhizobia and AMF improved the growth of C. tomentosum under field conditions. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Induction of hairy and normal roots on Picea abies,Pinus sylvestris and Pinus cortorta by agrobacterium rhizogenes

Two‐ to three‐week‐old seedlings of Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris and Pinus contorta were inoculated with the supervirulent strain Agrobacterium rhizogenes R1600 2cm above the base of the hypocotyl; other treatments included inoculation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain A281 (pTVK291) or mock inoculation. Hairy or highly branched roots formed on 2–3% of seedlings of all 3 species that were infected by R1600 but on none of the other seedlings. Normal adventitious roots were also induced on 5–10% of Agrobacterium‐treated seedlings but none appeared on the other seedlings. Opine assays and growth rates of hairy and normal roots indicated that only roots with the hairy morphology were transformed.     

荧光假单胞菌及红绒盖牛肝菌接种对NL-895杨生长和光合特征的影响

2009年3月在南京林业大学植物生长室采用荧光假单胞解磷细菌(JW-JS1)及红绒盖牛肝菌外生菌根真菌(Xc)2种菌剂接种,通过温室盆栽30天、60天、90天、120天及150天后,测定其对NL-895杨生长和光合特征的影响。结果表明,JW-JS1、Xc单接种和双接种均能明显促进NL-895杨的生长和改善植株的光合特征,且双接种效应优于单接种。双接种150天后,NL-895杨的苗高、地径、生物量、侧根数和菌根侵染率分别比对照增加了24.79%、23.60%、56.35%、150.00%和64.11%;双接种在增加NL-895杨叶片叶绿素含量和改善其净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)上表现出显著的正交互效应。研究结果为减少林业生产中化肥的施用量和开发杨树复合菌肥提供了理论依据。     

粗枝木麻黄接种弗兰克氏菌的研究

试验结果表明：粗枝木麻黄接种弗兰克氏菌对提高其生长量效果显著。接种不同弗兰克氏菌菌株的粗枝木麻黄苗木的生物量。根瘤重量和数量及叶片Ｎ含量均表现出明显的差异，其中以８８０５２、８７０６６和８７２８７菌株接种效果最好。在接菌与施肥的试验中，接菌不施肥处理的苗木叶片Ｎ含量最高。     

Systemic effects of Heterobasidion annosum s.s. infection on severity of Diplodia pinea tip blight and terpenoid metabolism in Italian stone pine (Pinus pinea)

Three-year-old seedlings of Pinus pinea L. were inoculated near the stem base with one of two Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. sensu stricto (s.s.) strains belonging to two populations: the North American P-group (NAm-P) and the European P-group (Eur-P). The NAm-P strain caused smaller H. annosum stem lesions than the Eur-P strain. Three weeks after the stem inoculations with H. annosum, apical shoots were inoculated with Diplodia pinea (Desmaz.) J. Kick. Basal stem infection with H. annosum resulted in D. pinea causing longer necrotic lesions in the shoots, indicating systemic induced susceptibility (SIS) to this shoot blight pathogen. Furthermore, stem induction with the NAm-P strain resulted in higher susceptibility to D. pinea than stem induction with the Eur-P strain. Total terpene accumulation was suppressed by about 50% in the shoots under attack by D. pinea when seedlings were induced with H. annosum. Total terpene concentration in shoots inoculated with D. pinea was negatively correlated with lesion size, both overall and by stem treatment. Stem base inoculation with H. annosum induced whole-plant changes in ter-pe-noid profiles, but these were not associated with the SIS phenotype. We discuss our findings on modulation of systemic response of P. pinea to fungal attack in the context of tripartite ecological interactions.     

杨树溃疡病菌异核体现象的研究

异核体现象是真菌遗传变异和基因流动的基础,在小麦条锈菌毒性变异中起着重要的作用(康振生等,1993).真菌中广泛存在的营养体亲和现象,使异核体现象在真菌的进化、适应性、致病性变异中更具重大意义(余仲东等,2002).本文研究杨树溃疡病菌异核体现象的细胞学及分子生物学证据,及异核体现象在病菌致病性变异中的作用.     

Correlation of seedling size and branch number with disease resistance of Pinus thunbergii seedlings to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) seedlings resistant to pine wood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) are routinely selected in Japanese field inoculation trials. Correlations between morphological factors (such as height, stem diameter at ground level and number of branches on seedlings) and disease resistance were examined to improve the production efficiency of 1‐year‐old black pine seedlings for inoculation. Family relatedness and environmental conditions strongly affected seedling resistance; accordingly, logistic regression analysis was used to separate effects of these two variables. Height and stem diameter at ground level significantly correlated with disease resistance in seedlings inoculated with PWN. Because (a) interactions between stem diameter at ground level and environmental condition were significant and (b) height did not interact with any other factor, it was concluded that height of 1‐year‐old Japanese black pine seedlings independently correlated with PWN resistance. Thus, field inoculation tests should use tall seedlings to achieve enhanced survival rates.     

Seedling response of two trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) families to infection by Hypoxylon mammatum

Open-pollinated progenies from two trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) families with a 30-year field history of 91% (putatively susceptible, PS) and 45% (putatively resistant, PR) mortality, respectively, caused by Hypoxylon mammatum, were grown in a greenhouse for 3 and 9 months. Seedlings were inoculated with two isolates of H. mammatum, representing high and low aggressiveness, through a stem wound. Beginning 4 days after inoculation, host responses were examined on 312 seedlings per family for a period of 5 weeks on 3- and 9-month-old seedlings. Significant differences in host responses were observed between the two isolates, with the more aggressive isolate allowing less callus formation, causing more tissue necrosis and producing longer cankers than the less aggressive isolate on both aspen families. Between-family difference was much greater than within-family difference for tissue necrosis, callus formation and canker length for both seedling ages. When the 3-month-old seedlings were challenged with H. mammatum, the PR family showed greater tissue necrosis, longer cankers, and less callus formation than the PS family. However, when the more lignifìed 9-month-old seedlings of the same families were inoculated, the PR seedlings had much less tissue necrosis, shorter cankers, more callus formation and less seedling mortality than the PS family. The results indicate that artificial inoculation of seedlings in a greenhouse can differentiate two aspen families at the seedling stage, but their correlation to field performance is highly dependent upon the seedling age. Host responses of older seedlings may be a better indicator of field performance.     

Inoculation of Acacia holosericea with ectomycorrhizal fungi in a semiarid site in Senegal: growth response and influences on the mycorrhizal soil infectivity after 2 years plantation

The main objectives of this study were to determine the influence of several strains of ectomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of Acacia holosericea in a dry tropical environment and their short-term effect on indicators of ecosystem soil conditions such as biological soil properties (microbial biomass, mycorrhizal soil infectivity). Three fungal strains have been tested: Pisolithus albus IR100, P. albus COI024 and Scleroderma dictyosporum IR109. Ectomycorrhizal inoculation has significantly enhanced the growth (shoot and root biomass) of A. holosericea seedlings after 4 months culture in glasshouse conditions in a disinfected soil. In field conditions, the transplanting shock was less important for the ectomycorrhized trees. After 2 years, the inoculated trees had a better growth than that recorded in the control treatment. Ectomycorrhizal inoculation has significantly stimulated height, leave and wood biomass, root biomass of A. holosericea trees. Moreover, this fungal inoculation has significantly modified the leaf nutrient contents for P, N and phenols. Microbial biomass and mycorrhizal soil infectivity were also larger in the inoculated plots.Ectomycorrhizal inoculation could be of great relevance to improve the reafforestation process of degraded areas with legumes fast growing trees. This biological practice could also ameliorate soil characteristics such as microbial biomass or mycorrhizal soil infectivity.     

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza on the Drought Tolerance of Poncirus trifoliata Seedlings

The effects of Glomus mosseae colonization on the plant growth and drought tolerance of 1-year-old trifoliate Poncirus trifoliata seedlings in potted culture were studied in natural water stress and rewatering conditions. Results showed that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation significantly improved the height, stem diameter, and fresh weight of P. trifoliata seedlings before natural water stress. By the end of the experiment, the survival percentage of AM-transplanted seedlings was 8% higher than those of non-AM ones. During water stress and rewatering, AM significantly increased the contents of soluble sugars and proteins in leaves, and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), and catalase (CAT) in either seedling leaves or roots, which indicated that AM colonization could improve the osmotic adjustment response of P. trifoliata, enhance its defense system, and alleviate oxidative damages to membrane lipids and proteins. These results demonstrated that the drought tolerance of P. trifoliata seedlings was increased by inoculation with AM fungi. The functional mechanism underlying the observation that mycorrhizas increased the host’s drought tolerance was closely related to enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems such as SOD, G-POD, CAT, and soluble protein. Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(3) (in Chinese)     

The response of Populus ‘NE 42’ (P. maximowiczii × P. trichocarpa) to infection by Ceratocystis fimbriata isolated from cacao-tree and plane

Shoots of a poplar clone susceptible to a Ceratocystis fimbriata strain from poplar were inoculated with strains of the fungus isolated from cacao-tree and plane. Disease symptoms and pathological changes in shoots as well as the development of the fungus in tissues are reported.     

Symbiosis between fungi and the hybrid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cymbidium</Emphasis> and its mycorrhizal microstructures

Tissue culture seedlings of the hybrid Cymbidium were inoculated with six different fungal strains, isolated from the roots of different wild terrestrial orchids. About three months later, the average increment of fresh weight of seedlings inoculated with strains CF1, CF3 and CF12 were respectively 130.26%, 345.65% and 153.34% while that of the control was only 88.40%. The differences between the three treatments and the control were statistically significant （α = 0.05）, highlighting the treatment with strain CF3 （α = 0.01）. In addition, the three strains were obtained by re-isolating. Pelotons, regarded as typical structures of orchid mycorrhiza, were also found in the inoculating roots under a microscope. It seems that the strains of CF1, CF3, and CF12 are associated with the hybrid Cymbidium and supplied the orchid with nutrition. It can be confirmed that the three strains are beneficial for the seedlings of this hybrid.     

乡土用材树种与红菇菌根菌高效共生体的筛选研究

为筛选乡土用材树种与菌根型食用红菇菌的高效共生组合体,以红锥Castanopsis hystrix、白锥Castanopsis fabric和马尾松Pinus massoniana为宿主,以正红菇Russula vinosa07240、07242、07243、0204和0553菌株和鳞盖红菇Russulalepida0005菌株为菌种,开展了苗期接种试验。结果表明,参试的6个红菇菌株均可在红锥、白锥和马尾松苗木根系上形成感染,感染率46.7%～90.0%。马尾松的接种效应最快,不同接种处理之间苗高和地径的生长差异分别在接种后1个月和4个月时达到显著;而红锥和白锥苗高生长差异则在接种后10个月,地径生长差异分别在接种后12个月和14个月时达到显著。以0553菌株接种的红锥、马尾松苗高、地径及总生物量高于其他5个菌株接种处理。与对照相比,0553菌株接种下的红锥苗高、地径及总生物量增长量分别达24.1%、19.8%和50.4%,马尾松则分别达20.9%、18.6%和49.1%。对于白锥,则以07242菌株接种处理下的生长效应最大,苗高、地径及总生物量增长量分别达54.0%、20.2%和57.2%。红锥、马尾松与正...     

Effect of rhizobial inoculations on nitrogen metabolism of Albizia lebbek seedlings

Rhizobia were isolated from Albizia lebbek (L) Benth. seed-lings collected from six different places, tested against the nodulation test and inoculated into 45 day old Albizia lebbek seedlings in steri...     

西澳粘滑菇在尾叶桉上的菌根合成*

利用经特殊培养的西澳粘滑菇菌种，人工接种在尾叶桉幼苗根部，３５ｄ后有６０％的幼苗根部都长出１～２个子实体，经鉴定，该子实体为原接种菌。菌根感染率检查结果表明，有８０％幼苗形成菌根。生长８个月的幼苗其平均树高比未接种苗增加５２．２％，地径增加２９．４％，地上及地下部分生物量（干重）分别比对照增加２６８％及２１４．３％。西澳粘滑菇不仅在华南地区桉树上可以完成菌根合成，而且对幼树生长的增产效果十分明显，是华南地区桉树的优良菌根菌。