致猪水肿病大肠杆菌标准菌株F107/86SLT-ⅡeA基因的克隆与表达

为了克隆与表达致猪水肿病大肠杆菌标准菌株F107/86类志贺毒素Ⅱ型变异体A亚单位(SLT-ⅡeA)基因,试验以F107/86为模板,PCR扩增去掉信号肽的935 bp的SLT-ⅡeA亚单位基因,将其克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1的EcoRⅠ与SalⅠ位点之间并测序,在大肠杆菌中经IPTG诱导表达,并对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE和Western-blot分析。结果表明:对筛选出的阳性重组质粒pGEX-SLT-ⅡeA-4测序并与GenBank登录的M36727序列比较,证明插入序列及读码框正确;表达产物GST-SLT-ⅡeA经SDS-PAGE分析其大小为58.3 ku;Western-blot检测证实表达产物具有良好的免疫原性。说明试验所构建的原核表达载体可大量表达抗原蛋白。     

类志贺毒素Ⅱ型变异体A亚单位基因缺失株的构建及表达

采用PCR方法分别对类志贺氏菌毒素A亚单位基因第298～805序列、818～1201序列进行了扩增，使其第806～817序列的碱基(编码167～l70位氨基酸)缺失，并将两片段连接后克隆至质粒载体pGEX-6P-1中，获得了含有重组质粒pGEX-Ade。的重组大肠埃希氏菌；经SDS-PAGE以及使用特异性抗SLT-Ⅱ eA单克隆抗体的Western-blotting，证明该重组大肠埃希氏菌在IPTG诱导条件下可表达SLT-Ⅱ eA。     

猪水肿病毒素B亚单位的表面表达

用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）技术，从大肠杆菌PPSLT－ⅡeB中扩增出猪水肿病素（SLT－Ⅱe）的B亚单位基因（slt－ⅡeB）的204bp的编码序列。将此PCR扩增产物按预定的阅读框架是质粒表达载体PZSPAX，并转化到大肠杆菌HB101中，筛选到含有slt－ⅡeB的重组质粒PZBSPAX。将重组质粒PZBSPAX进行序列分析，结果表明：重组质业PZBSAX中的插入民发表的slt－ⅡeB是一致的，证明PZBSPAX就是含有slt－ⅡeB的重组表达质粒。含有重组质粒PZBSPAX的大肠杆菌HB101命名为重组大肠杆菌PZBSPAX。通过在不同温度条件下、不同培养时间情况下、不同IPTG诱导条件下，利用荧光抗体染色证明重组大肠PZBSPAX可表面表达预 融合蛋白PP－SLT－ⅡeB－SPAX；利用SDS－PAGE、Western-blot对重组大肠杆菌PZBSPAX的表达进行了分析，结果表明重组大肠杆菌PZBSPAX表达的融合PP－SLT-lleB-SPAX与预期大小一致，且具有SLT－lleB的抗原性。     

类志贺氏菌毒素Ⅱ型变异体B亚单位基因的表达与鉴定

将由 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 扩增并克隆在ｐ Ｕ Ｃ１８ 质粒载体中的ｓｌｔⅡｅ Ｂ基因切出,并按预定的阅读框架插入表达性质粒载体 ｐ Ｇ Ｅ Ｘ６ｐ１ 中的谷胱苷肽转移酶（ Ｇ Ｓ Ｔ）基因的下游。重组质粒 ｐｐｐｓｌｔⅡｅ Ｂ在大肠杆菌 Ｂ Ｌ２１ 中以融合蛋白的形式表达 Ｓ Ｌ ＴⅡｅ Ｂ蛋白（命名为 Ｇ Ｓ Ｔ Ｓ Ｌ ＴⅡｅ Ｂ）,即 Ｓ Ｌ ＴⅡｅ Ｂ蛋白（７５６８ｋ Ｄ）与谷胱苷肽转移酶（２７３３５ｋ Ｄ）相连组成分子量为 ３４８８５ｋ Ｄ 的融合蛋白。通过对重组大肠杆菌 Ｐ Ｐ Ｓ Ｌ ＴⅡｅ Ｂ的菌体裂解物的 Ｓ Ｄ Ｓ Ｐ Ａ Ｇ Ｅ 电泳分析,以及根据抗原抗体结合反应的免疫学特性,通过 Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ 鉴定,重组大肠杆菌 Ｐ Ｐ Ｓ Ｌ ＴⅡｅ Ｂ（含有重组质粒 ｐｐｓｌｔⅡｅ Ｂ的大肠杆菌 Ｂ Ｌ２１）可以大量表达融合蛋白形式的 Ｓ Ｌ ＴⅡｅ Ｂ。根据 Ｇ Ｓ Ｔ 可与其底物谷胱苷肽结合的特性,用谷胱苷肽结合的 Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ４ Ｂ制备的亲和凝胶纯化表达产物,纯化的表达产物经 Ｓ Ｄ Ｓ Ｐ Ａ Ｇ Ｅ,可以鉴定到分子量约为 ３５ｋ Ｄ 的蛋白条带,这与融合蛋白形式的 Ｓ Ｌ ＴⅡｅ Ｂ分子量（３４８８５ｋ Ｄ）相当。     

产肠毒素大肠杆菌肠毒素LTB、STI和STⅡ融合基因的构建与表达研究

PCR方法扩增产肠毒素大肠杆菌（Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli,FTEC)LTB、STI、STⅡ基因，将LTB、STI、STⅡ基因重组入pET32a质粒载体，对构建的重组质粒pBST进行酶切分析、PCR检测以及核苷酸序列分析，结果表明，插入片段LTB－STⅡ－STI的核苷酸序列与预期一致，且阅读框正确。pBST在宿主菌BL21（DE3）RIL中的表达产物经SDS－PAGE初步分析，显示重组融合蛋白的分子量约为40kD，其表达量约占菌体总蛋白的46％。     

犬瘟热病毒R／20-8株核衣壳蛋白基因的克隆和表达

应用RT-PCR技术扩增出犬瘟热病毒（CDV）核衣壳（N）蛋白基因的高度保守序列，将其克隆至质粒pMD18-T中，获得了重组质粒pMD18-T-N。将N基因的目的片段克隆到表达载体pGEX-4T-1中谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST）基因的下游，并将该重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21株，经IPTG诱导，N基因融合蛋白获得了高效表达。SDS-PAGE电泳和Western—blot分析结果显示，表达产物的分子质量为55ku，与CDV标准阳性血清呈阳性反应。表明，大肠杆菌表达的CDVN蛋白在免疫原性上与天然N蛋白具有一定的相似性，可作为诊断用抗原。     

猪雌激素受体α基因E区部分cDNA克隆与原核表达

采用逆转录PCR（RT-PCR）法从梅山猪子宫组织中扩增雌激素受体α（ERα）基因E区部分cDNA编码区546bp，并将其重组于谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST）融合表达质粒pGEX-6p-1中，经酶切、序列鉴定分析后，用该重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21，并经异丙基B-D-硫代半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导产生GST-ERαE融合蛋白，分子量约为49ku，净灰度扫描融合蛋白占重组菌蛋白32％，结果表明成功构建GST—ERαE融合蛋白表达载体，并获得高效表达，为下阶段深入开展ERα蛋白功能研究打下了良好的基础。     

猪水肿病大肠杆菌基因突变株的构建

应用定点突变技术将野生型猪水肿病大肠杆菌(O_(139))主要毒力基因SLT-Ⅱe A亚基中第167位谷氨酸和第170位精氨酸,分别突变为谷氨酰胺(E1670)和亮氨酸(R170L)后,获得突变基因SLT-Ⅱe~*。通过同源重组,将野生菌中的毒力基因SLT-Ⅱe替换为SLT-Ⅱe~*,构建了一株毒力基因突变株(SLT-Ⅱe~*)。实验结果显示,该突变菌株对Vero细胞的毒性是野生菌毒性的1/500。     

SLT-Ⅱe对PIMVECs分泌炎症反应相关细胞因子的影响

本试验旨在探究大肠杆菌志贺样毒素Ⅱ型变异体（SLT-Ⅱe）处理后,猪小肠微血管内皮细胞（PIMVECs）分泌的肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-ɑ）、P选择素（P-selectin）、一氧化氮（NO）、细胞间黏附分子1（ICAM-1）和内皮素（ET）水平的变化。采用超速离心法提取SLT-Ⅱe,采用BCA试剂盒测定其质量浓度,使用SDS-PAGE及Western blotting验证蛋白纯度;用WST-1法从0.1、0.5、1、5、10 μg/mL SLT-Ⅱe和0、2、4、8、12、24 h中筛选出SLT-Ⅱe对PIMVECs最佳作用浓度与时间;ELISA法检测对照组（0 μg/mL SLT-Ⅱe）和试验组（1 μg/mL SLT-Ⅱe）细胞上清中TNF-ɑ、P-selectin、NO、ICAM-1和ET含量的变化。结果表明：所提蛋白为SLT-Ⅱe,蛋白含量为721.75 μg/mL;1 μg/mL的SLT-Ⅱe作用8 h后可极显著降低PIMVECs的活性（P<0.01）;1 μg/mL的SLT-Ⅱe作用9和12 h时PIMVECs的TNF-ɑ分泌量显著升高（P<0.05）,NO/ET的值显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,作用6、9、12 h时P-selectin的含量显著升高（P<0.05）,作用12 h时的ICAM-1分泌量显著升高（P<0.05）。综上所述,SLT-Ⅱe浓度为1 μg/mL时可以诱导PIMVECs分泌的TNF-ɑ、P-selectin、ICAM-1以及NO/ET上升,为研究仔猪水肿病发病机制提供参考。     

猪链球菌2型胞外蛋白因子基因片段的克隆与表达

根据猪链球菌2型（Streptococcus suis type 2)胞外蛋白因子（extracellular factor protein,EF)基因序列，设计和合成1对引物，以猪链球菌2型江苏98分离株HA9801的基因组DNA为模块，通过PCR技术，扩增epf基因1207－1675bp序列，并按正确的阅读框架定向克隆到表达载体pGEX-6p-1中谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST）基因的下游；将重组质粒转化入大肠杆菌BL21株，经IPTG诱导可表达相对分子质量约为41000的融合蛋白。用EF抗血清进行的免疫印迹分析表明，含有epf基因1207－1675bp序列编码的肽段的融合蛋白不能被EF抗血清识别。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein