和科青生物碱成分研究

沙冬青叶干燥粉碎后用甲醇、石油醚、氯仿提取，并采用柱层析和薄层析等方法分离出三种生物碱，经质谱和核磁共振波谱仪鉴定为羽扇碱，其帕亭和ａ－异期亭生物碱。     

多裂骆驼蓬生物碱类物质抑菌杀虫活性研究

采用生长速率法和浸叶法研究多裂骆驼蓬中生物碱类物质对8种植物病原真菌和2种蚜虫的抑菌杀虫作用。结果表明,水溶性生物碱、脂溶性生物碱和总生物碱提取液对供试病原真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中对小麦赤霉病菌、黄瓜霜霉病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌和小麦条锈病菌抑制作用明显,0.5 0 g/mL试液的抑菌率均在7 8%以上;对供试2种蚜虫有明显的触杀活性,其中0.5 0 g/mL水溶液性、脂溶性和总生物碱对麦二叉蚜的校正死亡率分别为3 9.6 4%、3 5.4 0%和4 4.7 0%,对桃蚜的校正死亡率分别为2 8.1 7%、2 5.8 3%和3 1.2 2%。生物碱类物质的抑菌杀虫活性大小顺序为:总生物碱>水溶性生物碱>脂溶性生物碱。     

植物源农药中生物碱提取和纯化技术进展

生物碱是广泛存在于植物中的碱性含氮化合物,一些生物碱因其具有一定的防治病虫害等作用,成为近年来研究的热点。为了使生物碱提取率和纯度不断提高,生物碱的提取与纯化技术也在不断地改进与发展。本文综述了近年来植物源农药中生物碱在提取和纯化新技术的进展,并分析探讨新技术原理、优缺点以及发展前景。     

小麦旗叶和穗部吲哚生物碱含量与抗麦长管蚜关系研究

采用蚜量比值法评价了 8个小麦品种 (系)对麦长管蚜的抗性 ,结果显示 ,高抗、抗、中抗、感虫品种 (系 )分别有 1、1、3、3个。进而研究了不同抗蚜品种 (系 )小麦旗叶和穗部的吲哚生物碱含量及其与抗蚜性的关系。结果表明 ,大多数抗蚜品种 (系 )的旗叶和穗部吲哚生物碱含量均高于感蚜品种 (系 ) ,尤其穗部。不同抗性级别的小麦品种 (系 )吲哚生物碱含量与蚜量比值的相关分析显示 ,穗部吲哚生物碱含量与蚜量比值的相关系数为-0.8633,而旗叶的相关系数为-0.3983,表明小麦旗叶吲哚生物碱含量与抗麦长管蚜具有一定的相关性 ,而穗部则呈显著的相关性     

雷公藤非生物碱成分对菜青虫杀虫活性研究

雷公藤 ( Tripterygiun wilfordii Hook)属卫矛科雷公藤属植物 ,又名断肠草、菜虫药 ,在我国主要分布于长江中下游地区 ,为著名的杀虫植物之一 [1～ 3]。据资料报道 ,雷公藤主要有效杀虫成分为生物碱类 ,现已分离出 5种有杀虫活性的生物碱 [3]。 Beroza等 [2 ]还发现 ,分离出 5种生物碱后剩下的非结晶物质对欧洲玉米螟 ( Pyrausta nubilalis)初孵幼虫及蚊虫杀虫活性很好。雷公藤非生物碱成分和生物碱的中毒症状相似 ,但有关非生物碱的杀虫作用方式目前还未见报道。作者采用生物活性追踪与化学分离技术相结合的方法 ,从雷公藤根皮中得到了…     

马铃薯糖苷生物碱对枸杞镰孢菌果腐病的诱导抗性及相关防御酶活性的影响

为探索马铃薯糖苷生物碱诱导采后枸杞鲜果抗病性的效应,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了离体条件下马铃薯糖苷生物碱对枸杞鲜果采后主要致腐病原菌镰孢菌Fusarium sp.的抑菌活性;采用浸泡处理法测定了马铃薯糖苷生物碱对采后枸杞鲜果发病病情指数及对果实多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等相关防御酶活性的影响。结果表明:不同浓度马铃薯糖苷生物碱对镰孢菌均具有一定的抑制作用,EC50为0.11 g/mL;0.05～0.25 g/mL(提取原料)的马铃薯糖苷生物碱能显著降低采后枸杞鲜果病情指数,较对照降低了10.18%～38.51%;以0.15 g/mL(提取原料)的马铃薯糖苷生物碱处理后对枸杞鲜果抗果腐病的诱导效果最好,达45.81%;马铃薯糖苷生物碱处理枸杞鲜果后,果实中4种防御酶PPO、POD、PAL、SOD的活性均较对照有不同程度提高,分别于处理后第4、5、2、2天与对照差异达到最大,较对照提高了30.76%、21.34%、31.35%和21.91%。表明马铃薯糖苷生物碱能够诱导枸杞鲜果对采后病害的抗性效应,且采后抗病性可能与枸杞相关防御酶活性的增加有关。     

华北白前生物碱对小菜蛾生物活性的研究

为明确华北白前生物碱对重要的鳞翅目害虫小菜蛾的生物活性,采用点滴法和叶碟饲喂法测定了从华北白前中提取的生物碱对小菜蛾的触杀、胃毒和生长调节作用。结果表明,白前生物碱浓度大于500 mg/kg时,对3龄小菜蛾幼虫触杀的死亡率达23.33%。叶碟饲喂小菜蛾结果显示,10 d内,白前浓度50mg/kg时无幼虫死亡,12 d后各浓度均表现出胃毒作用,但是死亡率不显著,500 mg/kg浓度的死亡率仅为30%;各处理小菜蛾幼虫的生长发育缓慢,体重均较对照低,幼虫生长受到显著抑制,抑制程度随生物碱浓度的增加而增加,药后12 d时生物碱对小菜蛾幼虫生长的抑制率在11.78%~92.20%之间。     

雷公藤生物碱及其杀虫作用研究进展

本文对国内外雷公藤生物碱杀虫剂的研究进行了概述，对其在研制和应用过程中尚存问题进行了分析，提出了相应的研究建议，旨在为该植物源农药的开发和应用研究提供参考。     

毒麦和波斯黑麦草稃片的微形态比较

毒麦和波斯黑麦草稃片的微形态比较刘长江（中国科学院植物研究所１０００４４）毒麦ＬｏｌｉｕｍｔｅｍｕｌｅｎｔｕｍＬ．属于黑麦草属，禾本科，颖果中含有毒麦碱（Ｔｅｍｕｌｉｎｅ，Ｃ７Ｈ１２Ｎ２Ｏ）等多种生物碱，混入粮食或饲料中能引起人、畜和家禽中毒。自１９...     

雷公藤组培产物中雷公藤甲素和总生物碱含量的测定

建立了同一提取物中高效液相色谱法测定雷公藤甲素和紫外分光光度法测定雷公藤总生物碱含量的方法,样品用乙酸乙酯超声提取、过中性氧化铝柱,净化后用45%甲醇溶解,测定雷公藤的根皮、叶、雷公藤组培产物及培养液中雷公藤甲素和雷公藤总生物碱的含量。结果表明,雷公藤甲素的检测范围为1~100 μg/mL(R2= 0.999 9);雷公藤总生物碱在5~100 μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(R2=0.999 8);在同一提取液中,雷公藤甲素和雷公藤总生物碱的添加回收率分别为100.5%(RSD=0.63%)和99.8%(RSD=1.22%)。研究结果表明,根愈伤组织中雷公藤甲素含量为根皮粉中的1.25倍,培养液中雷公藤甲素产量占56%,总生物碱产量占65%。每生产1 g不定根培养物,雷公藤甲素产量为根皮粉中的10倍,雷公藤总生物碱产量为根皮粉中的2倍。     

应用基因芯片检测烟草脆裂病毒

 Total RNA in tulips was extracted by Trizol method. Primers were designed according to the sequences of Tobacco rattle virus and 18S rRNA gene of plant. The corresponding sections were amplified by RT-PCR and the PCR products were labeled by Cy3-dCTP. The probes of plant virus, 18S rRNA gene and comparisons were designed and immobilized on chips. Labeled PCR products were hybridized with the probes and the signals were scanned by scanner and analyzed by GenePix Pro 4.0 software. Tobacco rattle virus was detected from tulips which were imported from Holand. The accuracy and sensitivity of the plant virus gene chip were proved.     

新疆北塔山地区雪豹及其食物资源调查初报

2004年9月对新疆东北部阿勒泰山系北塔山地区进行雪豹调查。主要采用样线调查和问卷调查相结合的方法,对15条样线和5个民族81人次进行了问卷调查。调查共发现雪豹痕迹67处,其中刨迹39处,占58.2%;粪便24处,占35.8%;气味标记1处,占1.5%;爪迹3处,占4.5%。发现雪豹主要食物北山羊4群,共23只;石鸡24群,共418只。被访问的81人次中,亲眼见过雪豹的有11人,占13.58%,没见过雪豹但是听说过的有17人,占20.99%,没有见过也没有听说当地有雪豹的有53人,占65.4%,了解到有雪豹袭击伤害家畜的有10人,占12.35%。     

南昌高尔夫草坪虫害调查与防治初探

调查了保利（南昌）高尔夫球场草坪害虫种类和密度,其中以蝼蛄、蛴螬等地下害虫和水稻切叶野螟、斜纹夜蛾、淡剑袭夜蛾等地面害虫对草坪造成严重危害。果岭草坪上的主要虫害是氮甲和蛴螬;发球台草坪的主要虫害有蝼蛄、蛴螬以及地上害虫;球道和高草区草坪上的主要虫害有蛴螬、蝼蛄、水稻切叶野螟、淡剑袭夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾等。掌握各功能区主要害虫的数量消长情况,可对高尔夫球场各功能区虫害提出更有针对性的防治方法,从而减少害虫对高尔夫球场的危害。     

Pathogenicity and infectivity of Phytophthora ramorum vary depending on host species,infected plant part,inoculum potential,pathogen genotype,and temperature

A total of 25 ornamental plant species representing 10 families were inoculated using three genotypes, each representing one of the genetic lineages NA1, NA2, and EU1 of the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Leaves were inoculated using suspensions with two zoospore concentrations and exposure at three temperatures, while stems were inoculated using agar plugs colonized by mycelia. Susceptibility was determined by measuring either the success of pathogen reisolation or lesion length caused by the pathogen. Infectivity was determined by counting sporangia in washes of inoculated leaves or stems. Results from all three pathogen genotypes combined were used to rank each of the 25 plant species for susceptibility and infectivity, while pooled results per genotype from all 25 hosts combined were employed for a preliminary comparison of pathogenicity and infectivity among genotypes. Statistical analyses showed that leaf results were affected by the concentration of zoospores, temperature, plant host, pathogen genotype, and by the interaction between host and pathogen genotype. Stem results were mostly affected by host and by the interaction between host and pathogen genotype. Hosts ranked differently when looking at the various parameters, and differences in rankings were also significant when comparing stem and leaf results. Differences were identified among the 25 hosts and the three pathogen genotypes for all parameters: results can be used for decision-making regarding regulations or selection of plants to be grown where infestations by P. ramorum are an issue.     

香蕉花叶病的酶联免疫检测技术研究

 用分离自香蕉病株的黄瓜花叶病毒香蕉毒株(CMV-B)和烟草花叶病毒香蕉毒株(TMV-B)制备抗血清,其效价As-CMV-B为1:5000,As-TMV-B为1:8000。用这两种抗血清检测香蕉花叶病,间接ELISA和PAS-ELISA法可检测香蕉病叶汁液的最大稀释度均为1:1280,健叶汁液无非特异性反应,Dot-ELISA可检测病叶汁液的最大稀释度为1:640,健叶汁液在稀释度为1:20时有轻度非特异性反应。用间接ELISA法检测了田间香蕉病株和香蕉试管苗标样共158份,其中CMV的带毒率为58%,TMV的带毒率为19%,二者复合感染率为8.5%。     

孜然种子中杀菌活性成分分离及结构鉴定

以小麦白粉病菌Blumer graminis、黄瓜霜霉病菌Pseudoperonispora cubensis、杨树溃疡病菌Dothiorella gregaria、棉花枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum、白菜黑斑病菌Alternaria oleracea和稻瘟病菌Pyricularia grisea 6种病原菌为指示菌种,对孜然种子中的杀菌活性成分进行了跟踪分离及活性测定。采用柱层析分离技术,从孜然种子乙醇浸膏石油醚萃取液中分离得到两个具有杀菌活性的化合物,其结构经质谱、核磁共振氢谱及碳谱等分析确定其分别为枯茗酸(对异丙基苯甲酸,p-isopropyl benzoic acid)和枯茗醛(对异丙基苯甲醛,p-isopropyl benzaldehyde)。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了两化合物对油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum和辣椒疫霉Phytophthora capsici的毒力,其中枯茗醛对两种病原菌的EC50值分别为2.093和 15.40 mg/L,枯茗酸的EC50值分别为7.298和19.66 mg/L。     

辛菌胺有效成分结构鉴定、母药组成与产品定量分析方法的建立

经GC—MS、HPLC—MS、IR及^1H—NMR等多种仪器定性分析。辛茵胺（原登记名称为茵毒清）母药（缩合液）中主要成分是二正辛基二乙烯三胺,具有3个同分异构体,其中以N,N″-二正辛基二乙烯三胺为主。同时采用GC—MS、HPLC—MS对辛茵胺母药（缩合液）中的杂质进行定性分析,共分离出4个主要杂质,根据所得到的丰富碎片离子信息推导出它们的化学结构分别为一正辛基及三正辛基取代产物,且互为同分异构体。在此基础上．建立了辛菌胺母药及其制剂的GC—FID常量分析方法。     

柑橘中13种农药残留量的检测

本文介绍了柑橘样品中农药残留监测分析的研究，结果表明利用乙腈对柑橘中氧乐果等13种农药进行提取、经固相萃取柱净化、气相色谱仪带FPD、ECD检测器定量检测，13种农药分离的效果良好，回收率为82．3％～95．0％，相对标准偏差〈5．0％。该方法是对NY／T761—2008的优化．指出了实际分析过程中应注意的问题。优化后的方法精密度高、重现性好，可以为广东省柑橘农药残留检测工作中推广应用。     

纳米SiO2表面改性及其对阿维菌素吸附性能的影响

采用硅烷偶联剂KH-570对纳米SiO2进行了表面接枝改性,并探讨了改性材料对阿维菌素的吸附性能。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等技术对表面改性纳米SiO2的结构和性能进行了分析。结果表明,纳米SiO2粒子经KH-570进行表面改性后,其分散性得以改善,对阿维菌素的包封率比改性前的大幅提高,提高率最高达92.6%。用KH-570改性的纳米SiO2可作为一种较为理想的新型生物农药载体。     

Parasitic weeds of the Orobanchaceae family and their natural hosts in Jordan

A field survey of the Orobanchaceae family members and their hosts in Jordan was carried out from 2003 to 2007. The intensity of parasite infection on different hosts and the severity of the infestation were evaluated. The results showed the presence of seven species of Orobanche and three species of Cistanche . The Orobanche species were found parasitizing 86 plant species belonging to 24 botanical families. Most of the species attacked by Orobanche were from the Compositae (20 species), Solanaceae (11 species), Leguminosae (nine species), Umbelliferae (seven species), Cruciferae (seven species), Cucurbitaceae (four species), Labiatae (four species), and Rosaceae (four species) families. Other families were represented by one-to-three species. Cistanche attacked 20 species of forage wild shrubs, fruit trees, and forest trees of seven families, mostly belonging to the Chenopodiaceae (seven species) and Leguminosae (three species) families. Previously unreported hosts for both genera include: Amygdalus communis , Olea europaea , and Quercus coccifera , which were parasitized by Orobanche palaestina ; A. communis , O. europaea , Prunus armeniaca , and Prunus persica , which were parasitzed by Orobanche cernua ; O. europaea and A. communis , which were parasitzed by Orobanche schultzii ; Haloxylon persicum , which was parasitzed by Cistanche lutea ; Punica granatum , Alhagi maurorum , Casuarina equisetifolia , Centaurea postii , and Prosopis farcta , which were parasitzed by Cistanche tubulosa ; and Achillea spp., Anabasis syriaca , H. persicum , Haloxylon salicornicum, Suaeda spp., and Zilla spinosa , which were parasitzed by Cistanche salsa . Certain Orobanche species were completely destructive to the cultivated crops. The results indicated the high potential of both parasitic genera to spread and to attack new hosts, while the threat they impose to agriculture in Jordan will probably result from poor management and deficiences in farmers' training.