Genetic Analysis of Combining Abilities and Heterosis for the Contents of Soybean Isoflavone and Its Components Among the Soybean Varieties [Glycine max （L.） Merr.]

The genetic analysis of soybean isoflavone content and its components were carried out based on the NC Ⅱ mating design in eight soybean varieties. The results showed that the isoflavone contents and its components of soybean seed are quite differences among the tested materials, the contents of isoflavone and daidzein are controlled not only by additive effects and but also by non-additive effects, while the content of genistin is dominated by non-additive effects, and genistein, glycitin and daidzin are mainly controlled by additive effects. There are significant differences in the contents of isoflavone and its components among the combinations derived from different parents. Results also indicated that the tested traits are negatively heterosis except for the contens of daidzein and daidzin are positively heterosis based on the data of the GCA and SCA in average heterosis values. In this research we have a suggestion that soybean variety with high isoflavone should be used as one of the parents in the breeding program, and it is the best choice that the combinations crossed between two high isoflavone varieties or a high variety and a low one.     

Study on Accumulation Rule of Carbohydrates in Soybean （Glycine max（L.） Merrill）

Three soybean cultivars, Hefeng25 （HF25）, Suinongl4 （SN14） and Longxuanl （LX1） were used as materials and the accumulation features of carbohydrates were studied in leaves and stems. The results showed that the soluble sugar content in leaves and stems appeared the same trend of higher-lower-higher in three varieties. The changes of sucrose content in leaves appeared the same rule with that of soluble sugar, that is higher-lower-higher, while presented a rising trend in stems. The content of starch in leaves varied as a change of double apexes. The content of starch in stems appeared a change of single apex. In the same stage, there were some differences among carbohydrates. The content of soluble sugar and sucrose in SN14 was higher, and the starch content was lower.     

QTL Mapping of Isoflavone,Oil and Protein Contents in Soybean （Glycine max L. Merr.）

Soybean （Glycine max L. Merr.） is the world＇s foremost source of edible plant oil and proteins, meantime, the biologically active secondary metabolites such as saponins and isoflavones are benefit to human health. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci （QTL） and epistatic interactions associated with isoflavone, protein, and oil contents in soybean seeds. An F13 recombinant inbred line （RIL） comprising 474 lines was derived from a cross between Jindou 23 and Huibuzhi cultivars. SSR technique was employed for mapping of the QTLs. The QTLs for isoflavone, protein, and oil contents were analyzed and 23 QTLs were detected based on the constructed linkage map. Six QTLs for isoflavone content were localized in linkage groups J, N, D2, and G, eleven QTLs for oil content were localized in the linkage groups A1, A2, B2, C2, and D2, and six QTLs for protein content were localized in linkage groups B2, C2, G, and H1. The correlative analysis demonstrated that the isoflavone content had significant correlation with protein content, while significantly negative correlations was existed between oil and protein content, and significantly positive correlations was existed between protein and oil content. All these findings have laid an important basis for the marker assisted breeding in soybean. The phenotypic correlations of quantitative traits may be resulted from the correlation of the QTL controlling those traits.     

Genetic Analysis of Embryo, Cytoplasm and Maternal Effects and Their Environment Interactions for Isoflavone Content in Soybean [Glycine max （L.） Merr.]

Soybean seed products contain isoflavones （genistein, daidzein, and glycitein） that display biological effects when ingested by humans and animals. These effects are species, dose and age dependent. Therefore, the content and quality of isoflavones in soybeans is a key factor to the biological effect. Our objective was to identify the genetic effects that underlie the isoflavone content in soybean seeds. A genetic model for quantitative traits of seeds in diploid plants was applied to estimate the genetic main effects and genotype x environment （GE） interaction effects for the isoflavone content （IC） of soybean seeds by using two years experimental data with an incomplete diallel mating design of six parents. Results showed that the IC of soybean seeds was simultaneously controlled by the genetic effects of maternal, embryo, and cytoplasm, of which maternal genetic effects were most important, followed by embryo and cytoplasmic genetic effects. The main effects of different genetic systems on IC trait were more important than environment interaction effects. The strong dominance effects on isoflavone from residual was made easily by environment conditions. Therefore, the improvement of the IC of soybean seeds would be more efficient when selection is based on maternal plants than that on the single seed. Maternal heritability （65.73%） was most important for IC, followed by embryo heritability （25.87%） and cytoplasmic heritability （8.39%）. Based on predicated genetic effects, Yudou 29 and Zheng 90007 were better than other parents for increasing IC in the progeny and improving the quality of soybean, The significant effects of maternal and embryo dominance effects in variance show that the embryo heterosis and maternal heterosis are existent and uninfluenced by environment interaction effects.     

Study on Quality Improvement Effect and Separate Character of Soybean Male Sterile （MS1） Recurrent Selection Population

To solve the problem that soybean has narrow genetic base, we constructed a series of male sterile recurrent selection populations, and studied the effects of quality improvement and practical value. An LD-base population, which fits to our ecology type was constructed by 6 years＇ gene enrichment through the introduction of new genes from 23 local varieties and recurrent selection. The LD-base populations were then improved by making crosses with high protein and high oil genotypes. As a result we obtained a high protein sub-population （db） and a high oil sub-population （gy）, For the db sub-population, the protein content is 1.18% higher than the base population, 22.38% of the individuals contain 45% or more of protein, which is 10.99% higher than the base population. For the gy sub-population, oil content is 0.24% higher than the base population. Individuals with oil content of 20% or more are 11.05% higher than the base population. The quantitative characters such as flowering date, mature date, pod habit, and hilum color, etc., all showed wide range of separation, and the segregation ratio approached balance. The c.v. of branch number of ms1 recurrent population （72.8%） is higher than general cross-population （57.3%）, and the c.v. of 100 seed weight of ms1 （18.1%） is higher than general cross population （16.5%）, the coefficient of variation of plant height, pods per plant, and seeds per pod were not significantly different. It was demonstrated in this paper that the quality character of ms 1 male sterile recurrent selection population was improved by adding new genes. And the segregation of other characters widened, making the populations suitable for the objective of soybean breeding. In this paper, we also discussed the breeding method, key technology, and selection effect of soybean ms 1 population.     

Sampling Survey and Identification of Races of Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) in Huang-Huai Valleys

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is one of the most important nationwide soybean diseases in China. A total of 38 soil specimens or locations in the area was sampled and tested for SCN races during 2001-2003 for the inspection of race distribution in Huang-Huai Valleys. A map of race distribution was constructed according to the data from both the present study and the published reports cited. Three areas, namely, the area of southeast to Jinan in Shangdong Province; the area of northern Henan Province and its border region to south of Hebei Province; and the area of Luohe, Zhoukou of Henan Province and Fuyang of Anhui Province mainly infested with Race 1 were identified. Race 4 was predominant in Shanxi Province, Beijing and the adjacent area of Henan, Shandong, and Anhui provinces, and the delta of Huanghe River in Shandong Province. Race 2 was mainly found in Liaocheng, Dezhou of Shangdong Province and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, and Jiaozuo and Huojia of Henan Province. Race 7 was distributed in the west part of Jiaodong Peninsula of Shandong Province and Kaifeng, Huaxian, Wenxian of Henan Province. Race 5 was found and scattered in Hebei and Henan Province. Race 9 was found in Shangqiu of Henan Province, which was reported for the first time in China. It can be seen that Race 1 and Race 4 were the two predominant races in Huang-Huai Valleys, and that research should focus on developing resistant cultivars of these races. There might exist other races in an area with some predominant races. The race substitution in the past decade was not obviously found, therefore, the results should be meaningful to future breeding for resistance to SCN in Huang-Huai Valleys.     

黄淮地区大豆胞囊线虫生理小种的抽样调查与研究

 【目的】探讨黄淮地区大豆胞囊线虫（Heterodera glycines Ichinohe）的种类及其分布。【方法】2001～2003年在黄淮大豆产区依据Riggs的鉴别模式对38个地点大豆胞囊线虫（SCN）生理小种作抽样调查，并结合文献资料，绘制出黄淮地区大豆胞囊线虫生理小种分布图。【结果】大豆胞囊线虫主要分布在山东、河北、北京、山西大部分地区、河南东部与北部、安徽北部；在山西南部及河南西南部地区的抽样调查中未检测到大豆胞囊线虫。其中1号生理小种主要分布在山东济南以南及以东地区，河南北部与河北南部交界地区，河南漯河、周口及安徽阜阳地区。4号生理小种主要分布在河南、山东、安徽交界地区，山西、北京地区，以及山东黄河三角洲地区。2号生理小种主要分布在山东聊城、德州地区，河北石家庄地区，河南焦作、获嘉地区。7号生理小种主要分布在山东半岛和河南开封、滑县、温县等地。5号生理小种在河南和河北有零星分布。另外，在河南商丘地区新发现有9号生理小种。【结论】黄淮地区的优势小种是1号和4号生理小种，抗线虫育种应该以兼抗1号和4号生理小种为主要目标。各生理小种的分布没有明显分界，优势小种分布区域中存在其他生理小种。在过去的10年中，该地区生理小种的组成相对稳定，本研究结果可供大豆抗线虫育种参考。     

中国大豆胞囊线虫的形态学观察

从辽宁、黑龙江、山东和山西４省６个地点采集大豆胞囊线虫标本，制成雌虫、雄虫、胞囊、阴门锥和２龄幼虫的永久封片，在光学显微镜下进行了形态学的系统观察及电镜扫描，并与日本、美国的大豆胞囊线虫做了形态学比较。我国４省６个地点的大豆胞囊线虫的各个虫态的形态基本相同，与日本、美国的资料基本一致，为同一个种ＨｅｔｅｒｏｄｅｒａｇｌｙｃｉｎｅｓＩｃｈｉｎｏｈｅ．     

大豆胞囊线虫抗性位点Rhg1和Rhg4优异等位变异在黄淮育成品种中的分布

【目的】大豆胞囊线虫（soybean cyst nematode,SCN）病是一种重要的世界性大豆病害,种植抗病品种是防治SCN最经济有效的措施。黄淮地区SCN发生普遍,通过对该地区育成大豆品种中抗SCN的基因型分析,为指导抗病品种的合理有效利用提供依据。【方法】利用针对抗SCN主效位点Rhg1和Rhg4开发的4个KASP标记,先对已知抗性表型的ZDD2315、中黄57、山西小黑豆等16份抗病材料和Willams、Lee等3份感病材料进行基因分型,验证所选用KASP标记的有效性;然后对黄淮海育成的豫豆系列、商豆系列、周豆系列等170份大豆品种进行基因型鉴定;选择含有多个优异等位变异的品种,通过温室接种黄淮地区分布较广的2号、4号、5号以及强致病力小种X12,对这些品种进一步进行表型抗性鉴定。【结果】含Rhg1-2(CC) 和Rhg1-5(CC) 优异等位变异的品种分别有5份和6份,含Rhg4-3(TT) 和Rhg4-5(CC) 优异等位变异的品种分别有6份和7份。同时含2个优异等位变异的品种有6份,分别为：开豆4号、商豆1201、鲁0305-2、漯4903、潍豆12和潍豆91861,占所检测品种的3.53%。通过接种鉴定,发现这6个品种对2号、4号、X12号小种均表现不同程度的感病,而鲁0305-2和潍豆91861对5号小种表现高抗（FI分别为（10.00±0.48）和（7.00±0.63））,商豆1201对5号小种表现抗病（FI=（26.20±0.91））,开豆4号、漯4903和潍豆12 对5号小种表现感病或高感（FI分别为（35.00±2.48）、（64.80±3.91）和（58.20±2.19））。【结论】黄淮育成品种中,含Rhg1或Rhg4优异等位变异的品种偏少,育种中应注重优异等位变异位点的引入,结合黄淮地区大豆胞囊线虫发生情况,培育兼抗多个生理小种的大豆品种;这些KASP标记可用于中国大豆资源表型鉴定、抗源的快速筛选。     

大豆胞囊线虫的生理小种鉴定结果(Ⅱ)

从我国北方大豆产区采集线虫土样,应用 A.M.Golden 等的方法和鉴别品种 Lee、Pickett、Peking、PI88788和PI00763等,于每年5月至9月在室外试验围内进厅盆栽鉴定。第二批鉴定的9份土样,共鉴定出大豆胞囊线虫的三个生理小种。即1号、3号和4号生理小种,其中1号小种来自辽宁省的义县和旅顺;3号小种分布在辽宁省沈阳市苏家屯、抚顺市、开原县、凤城县;黑龙江省的富裕县,内蒙古科左中旗的保康;4号小种采自山西省的太原市。     

大豆胞囊线虫病生物防治研究进展

大豆胞囊线虫病的生物防治是有效控制大豆胞囊线虫群体的重要措施。通过对各种生物防治方法的逐渐深入研究,生物防治这一措施将在大豆生产上有效控制大豆胞囊线虫的发生与为害发挥重要作用。对近年来沈阳农业大学植物线虫研究室及部分国内外的线虫研究室在大豆胞囊线虫病生物防治方面的研究进展进行了综述,研讨过去生防措施的利弊,探索大豆胞囊线虫病生物防治的新方法,为有效控制大豆胞囊线虫病开辟新的途径。     

黑河地区大豆胞囊线虫种群密度的研究

为了查明黑河地区大豆胞囊线虫的分布,对2010和2011年采集的黑河地区96份大豆田土样进行调查,研究了黑河地区大豆胞囊线虫的种群密度。结果表明:黑河地区采集的土样均发现大豆胞囊线虫,且其胞囊密度分布不均匀。将黑河地区各点连续2a采集得到每100g风干土中胞囊数量分为5个区段:胞囊密度为0～50个的占13.79%,胞囊密度为50～100个的占37.93%,胞囊密度为100～150个的占17.24%,胞囊密度为150～200个的占27.57%,胞囊密度超过200个的占3.45%。     

大豆抗胞囊线虫基因不同世代遗传率的变化

大豆胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycines Ichinohe)是我国大豆的主要病害之一,研究大豆对胞囊线虫的抗性遗传对于培育抗病品种有重要意义。将大豆Essex×ZDD2315组合衍生的后代F2、F2∶3、BC1F2和BC1F4分别接种大豆胞囊线虫1号和4号生理小种,以研究大豆抗胞囊线虫基因不同世代抗性遗传率的变化。结果表明:ZDD2315对1号生理小种的抗性受主效基因控制,未发现多基因效应,在F2∶3、BC1F2和BC1F4世代,主基因遗传率分别为62.15%、72.02%和90.91%;ZDD2315对4号生理小种的抗性受主基因和多基因控制,在F2、F2∶3、BC1F2和BC1F4世代,主基因遗传率分别为65.03%、57.81%、67.76%和95.91%。说明大豆对胞囊线虫1号和4号生理小种的抗性主要受主效基因控制,主基因遗传率比较高,但不同世代检测到的主基因数不同,不同世代主基因遗传率不同,随着世代的提高,主基因遗传率也在提高,因此,育种上高世代选择效果更佳。     

BT悬浮菌剂（4000国际单位）防治大豆孢囊线虫的初步研究

试验结果表明：BT悬浮菌剂（4000国际单位）对大豆孢囊线虫有较好的防效,试验中的防效达49.3%~62.1%,有一定的增产效果,建议应用时以BT悬浮菌剂（4000国际单位）药种比1∶30为宜。