Heterosis and Inbreeding Depression Estimation of Root and Shoot Characters in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The nature and extent of hybrid vigour and inbreeding depression were estimated from a diallel set of rice varieties. The seven parents and their 21 F₁s and 21 F₂s were grown in pots with four replications. Data were collected on four root and two shoot characters.
Maximum heterosis was recorded for root weight followed by roots/plant and root length. The inbreeding depression did not significantly affect the dry root weight in majority of the crosses. Heterosis for shoot weight was found to be associated with the heterosis for roots/plant and root weight.     

Triple Test Cross Analysis in F2 Populations of Four Promising Crosses of Field Pea

The components of genetic variation were studied in four F₂ crosses (PG₃× 5064, T₁₆₃× B.V., T₁₆₃× Arkel and 5064 × ED) for quantitative characters such as days to flowering, plant height, pod number, seed number, test weight and yield/plant. The overall epistasis (T type) was, in general, a major contributor for genetically controlling the expression of the characters in all the- four crosses except for the character seed number in crosses 1 and JV, where the j + l component at epistasis played a significant role in determining the expression of this attribute:. Though the ‘j + l’ component of the epistasis was significant, it was relatively less important than the ‘i’ type epistasis. Both the additive and dominance components of the genetic variation were highly significant for all the trans studied in all die four sets of crosses. The expression of the dominance was directional only for a few characters in certain crosses. The degree of dominance lies in the partial range, and heritability estimates obtained were high for most of the trails. The possible application of cross prediction in the isolation of superior recombinant inbred lines in pea is discussed.     

Heterosis performance of yield and fibre quality in F1 and F2 hybrids in upland cotton

Because of the difficulty of producing F₁ hybrid seeds by hand emasculation and pollination, wide use of heterosis in cotton production has been limited in China. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of F₂ hybrids for yield and fibre quality. A half diallel involving eight parents and their F₁ and F₂ hybrids was grown in replicated studies at Linqing and Nanjing in 1999 and Nanjing in 2000. Yield and fibre quality was determined for all 64 entries. Fibre quality was also determined for parents and F₁s, but only for Zhongmiansuo 28 (ZMS28), Xiangzamian 2 (XZM2) and Wanmian 13 (WM13) F₂s. These three F₂ hybrids are extensively planted in China and provide experimental controls with which to compare the performance of new hybrids. Average yield heterosis for F₁s and F₂s was 15.9 and 9.2%, respectively. Inbreeding depression for yield varied but some F₂s greatly out‐yielded the best variety. Average F₁ heterosis was 6.7, 6.2 and 2.9%, respectively for number of bolls per unit area, boll weight, and lint percentage. The average F₂ heterosis for the same traits was 4.4, 3.3 and 1.6%, respectively. F₁ heterosis for fibre traits was low. In general, parental average was a good indicator of the yield and fibre quality of F₁ hybrids. These encouraging results suggest there is sufficient heterosis for yield to use F₂s in China.     

Heterosis for yield and other agronomic traits of winter triticale F1 and F2 hybrids

Triticale is generally treated as a self‐pollinating crop and line breeding is practised. Hybrid breeding has been discussed for some time, but there is little information for winter triticale. This study investigated heterosis for eight agronomic traits in F₁ and F₂ hybrids grown together with their parents as drilled plots in three environments. On average, grain yield heterosis was 12.5 dt/ha (a relative 10.5%) compared with the mid‐parent value for F₁ hybrids, and 6.2 dt/ha (5.0%) for F₂ hybrids and withawide range of 4.4–17.1 dt/ha for F₁ hybrids. A positive contribution to the heterosis of yield was made by kernels/spike and 1000‐kernel weight, whereas spikes/m² showed negative heterosis. Hybrid plants in F₁ and F₂ were taller than mid‐parents (8.3 cm and 5.3 cm, respectively), with a tendency to earlier heading. The negative heterosis for falling number in F₁ and F₂ hybrids could be a problem for commercial production of triticale hybrids. By selecting parents for combining ability and the identification of heterotic patterns, grain yield heterosis of 20% appears feasible.     

Cytogenetic analysis of F1, F2 and BC1 plants from intergeneric sexual hybridization between Sinapis alba and Brassica oleracea by genomic in situ hybridization

By intergeneric sexual hybridization between Sinapis alba and Brassica oleracea , F₁, F₂ and BC₁ progeny plants were produced. S. alba plants (genome SS, 2n = 24) were pollinated with B. oleracea (genome CC, 2n = 18), and the fertile F₁ plants were pollinated with B. oleracea to obtain BC₁ plants. GISH analysis showed that 10 out of 12 F₁ plants had 12 S. alba chromosomes (one full S chromosome set) and nine B. oleracea chromosomes (one C chromosome sets), representing the expected hybrids. However, two F₁ plants had 12 S chromosomes and 18 C chromosomes (two C chromosome sets), indicating unexpected hybrids. A maximum of three trivalents between C and S chromosomes were identified at metaphase I of semi-fertile F₁ pollen mother cells (PMCs), which indicates homology and chromosome pairing between these two genomes. The C genome had obviously been doubled in two F₂ plants from selfed semi-fertile F₁ plants. BC₁ plants consisted of 18 C chromosomes and different numbers of one, five and six additional S chromosomes, respectively. Monosomic alien addition lines developed in the present study can be used for B. oleracea breeding and Sinapis alba gene mapping.     

In vitro Selection for Tolerance to Fusarium in F1 Microspore Populations of Wheat

Microspore populations of eight Fhybrids of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) whose parents had different levels of resistance to Fusarium were screened in vitro, using phytotoxins of Fusarium as biochemical probe. Two selection methods were compared for the in vitro selection: either embryoids and calli were first initiated from anthers in toxin-free medium and then grown on medium with 0.3—0.9 %Fusarium toxin; or anthers were immediately cultured in modified liquid potato-2 medium in the presence of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5ml Fusarium toxin per liter culture medium, a concentration which reduced the number of calli and embryoids to about 10 % compared to the toxin-free controls. Microspores from donor hybrids which were produced from very susceptible cultivars were killed by lower toxin concentrations than micro-spores from hybrids of less susceptible parents. From surviving calli and embryoids, originally initiated from 242,000 anthers in both procedures a total of 375 green lines could be regenerated. The results indicate that it is possible to enrich the fraction of regenerating microspores by those which contain the gene complex responsible for reduced susceptibility to Fusarium by the use of a pathotoxin.     

Combining Ability for Grain Yield and other Agronomic Characters in Rice

A diallel analysis to identify parental lines and specific crosses through combining ability estimation was undertaken in a set of seven rice varieties. G riffing's Method I, Model I was employed for this purpose. The seven parents and 42 F₁s (including reciprocals) were grown in a randomized block design with four replications. Data were collected on 16 characters including a few root characters for which requisite number of plants were grown (in RBD design) in pot culture.
GCA and SCA variances were significant for all the characters. Reciprocal effects were also significant except for rachilla/panicle and grain length. An early flowering NC 1281 Mutant and Taichung Native 1: bold grain mutant were good general combiners for majority of characters. The crosses with high specific combining ability generally involved high × low general combiners. The cross Nira × T-N-1: bold grain mutant recorded best SCA effects for grain yield as well as all the important yield attributes and also for major root characters. In fact, in most of the high SCA registering crosses for various characters, Taichung Native 1: bold grain mutant or Nira was one of the parents commonly involved.     

微波辅助NaOH-H2O2水解氧化法制备稻根纤维素

为了探讨农业废弃物提取纤维素的新途径,以稻根为原料,采用微波辅助Na OH-H2O2水解氧化法制备稻根纤维素,利用FT-IR、XRD、SEM等对稻根纤维素进行初步表征与分析。从而研究了微波功率、加热时间、Na OH浓度、固液比等因素对稻根纤维素提取率的影响。结果表明：在Na OH浓度6%、微波功率450 W、时间3.0 min、液料比1：25的条件下提取出粗稻根纤维;微波辅助条件下,以H2O2和12.5 g/L硅酸钠混合氧化漂白液处理粗稻根纤维素得到稻根纤维素提取率为89.3%。因此,采用微波辅助Na OH-H2O2水解氧化法制备稻根纤维素去除木质素效率高、对纤维素的结构损伤小,具有节能、高效、污染小等特点。     

Androgenesis in Hexaploid Spring Wheat F2 Populations and Their Parents Using a Multiple-Step Regeneration System

The main goals of the wheat androgenesis experiment were to study the main phenomena of in vitro androgenesis in anther culture of F₂ populations (10) and their parents (6), to compare the usage of P-4 and C-17 media for the formation of embryo/callus and to demonstrate a new plant regeneration system. The P-4 induction medium was found to be significantly better than the C-17 in the number of responsive anthers (RA) and calli induced (CI) at the 1 % and 0.1 % level, respectively. Genotypic effect was evident in both RA and CI. The yields of F₂ populations in RA and CI were significantly higher than those of their parents regarding both media. The data confirmed the existence of heterosis for RA and CI in F₂ populations. The ratio of green/albino plant regeneration was more favourable in the C-17 derived embryo/calli than in the P-4 derived ones. The frequency of plantlet regeneration was enhanced in the group of unresponsive calli by the application of the multiple-step regeneration system. In this system the calli lacking well developed morphogenic structure were transferred to a new regeneration medium, containing a higher concentration of the same cytokinin, other cytokinin or basic medium, before the occurrence of irreversible changes in their physiology.     

Cytogenetic study of Helianthus laevigatus and its F1 and BC1F1 hybrids with cultivated sunflower, Helianthus annuus

Although the wild sunflower species Helianthus laevigatus has not been extensively studied it may be considered for sunflower breeding as a potential source of desirable genes for Sclerotinia stalk rot resistance and high contents of proteins and linoleic acid in the seed. A set of six H. laevigatus populations was crossed to cultivated sun~ower lines and produced nine F₁ (2-14 plants) and 66 BC₁F₁ hybrid combinations (1-13 plants). Male sterility occurred in F₁ and BC₁F₁ hybrid combinations and pollen viability was lower in the progenies than in the parents (51.6-77.2%in F₁ and in F₁ and 4.8-34.0% in BC₁F₁). Meiosis was normal in the H. laevigatus populations It was found that this tetraploid species also occurred in a hexaploid form Numerous irregularities were observed in the meiosis of the F₁ interspecific hybrids During diakinesis, quadrivalents and hexavalents were recorded in addition to bivalents Dislocated chromosomes and chromosome bridges were present in the other phases The chromosome number in F₁ was 68 (tetraploid). Irregularities in chromosome pairing were observed in the interspecific hybrids at BC₁F₁. There were many univalents, and trivalents quadrivalents and hexavalents were also present The chromosome number in the BC₁F₁ generation ranged from 34 to 60. The occurrence of meiotic irregularities in the F₁ and BC₁F₁ interspecific hybrids indicates that H. laevigatus and the cultivated sunflower differ in genome constitution.     

Evaluation of F2 and F3 plants introgressed with QTLs for clubroot resistance in cabbage developed by using SCAR markers

Clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is one of the major diseases of Brassica crops, often devastating to the cultivation of cruciferous crops in temperate regions. In a previous study (Moriguchi et al. 1999) identified three major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for clubroot resistance, each in a separate linkage group, in a population derived from a cross between a clubroot‐susceptible inbred cabbage line, Y2A and a resistant inbred kale line, K269. In this study, the original random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were converted into sequence‐characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers to facilitate large‐scale marker‐assisted screening of clubroot resistance in cabbage breeding. Of 15 RAPD markers closely linked to the three QTLs, nine SCARs were developed as dominant markers after cloning and sequencing. In addition, two RAPD markers were converted into co‐dominant cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers, and one RFLP marker out of three tested was converted to a dominant SCAR marker. The effect of selection for resistance by the improved markers was evaluated in progeny plants in the F2 and F3. A total of 138 F2 plants were genotyped with nine SCARs and 121 well‐distributed makers consisting of 98 RAPD, 19 RFLP, two isozymes, and two morphological markers in order to estimate the level of resistance and the proportion of undesirable alleles from the kale in non‐target areas in each of the F2 populations. An F2 plant, YK118, had kale alleles at QTL1, QTL3 and QTL9. Three F2 plants, namely, YK107, YK25 and YK51 had kale alleles at only QTL1, QTL3 and QTL9, respectively. These F2 plants were selected for their low proportion of alleles derived from kale in non‐target regions. YK118, like the resistant kale parent, expressed very high resistance to three field isolates of Plasmodiophora brassicae, whereas the mean disease index in the F2 and F3 plants carrying only single QTLs was intermediate. The QTLs showed no differential response to the isolates. These plants with improved resistance will be useful as parental inbred lines for F1 hybrids.     

Comparison and integration of genetic maps generated from F2 and BC1-type mapping populations in perennial ryegrass

Linkage maps of perennial ryegrass were constructed from F₂ and BC₁‐type populations using, predominantly, restriction fragment length polymorphism data based on heterologous probes used in mapping other grass species. The maps identified seven linkage groups, which covered a total of 515 cM (F₂) and 565 cM (BC₁). They were aligned using 38 loci identified in both populations (common loci) and a possible marker order for all mapped loci in either population was identified in an integrated map. The estimated recombination frequencies and map distances between adjacent common loci were compared between the two data sets and regions of heterogeneity identified. Overall, the common markers identified a map distance of 446 cM in the F₂ population and 327 cM in the BC₁ population, reflecting a higher recombination frequency in the former, although the difference was not evenly spread over the seven linkage groups.     

Phenotypic Yield Stability Depending on Plant Density and on Mean Yield per Plant of Winter Rapeseed Varieties and of Their F1 and F2-Generations

Among the common agricultural crops winter-rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) is considered to be especially susceptible to varying environmental conditions. The commonly used stability statistics, which measure these fluctuations, are based on the yields of genotypes in different environments. An improvement of stability analysis may be obtained by an additional estimation of stability using yield components rather than absolute yield values. Relationships between stability of seed yield (SY) and stabilities of plant densities (PD) and of single plant yield (SPY) were examined for four winter-rapeseed varieties, their six F₁'s and their six F₂'s. Environmental variance was applied to estimate phenotypic stabilities. Furthermore, generations were compared for their stability in SY, PD and SPY. Regarding all genotypes and generations the correlation coefficients did not show any relation between stability of SY and stabilities of PD and of SPY (r = -0.04 and r = -0.17). Comparing generations the F₂ showed a higher stability of SY than varieties and F₁, But no consistent results were obtained regarding PD and SPY. The pattern of the heterotic effects of stability of yield components PD and SPY were different from the respective pattern of SY. Eg although possessing desired heterotic effects in stability of PD and SPY some crosses showed undesired heterotic effects in stability of SY. Therefore, a theory of multiplicative heterosis of stability should be developed in analogy to the corresponding theory for yield.     

Evaluation of the Heterosis on Leaf Photosynthesis of Remote-Cross F1 Rice (Oryza saliva L.)

The heterosis of leaf photosynthesis was studied on the main characters included in the range from CO₂exchange rate (CER) to enzymatic activity using a remote cross F, rice. The CER was significantly higher than those of the parental strains, showing a 111 % heterosis effect on average; at the same time strong heterosis was observed for the leaf area production and growth. Also stomatal and mesophyll conductances increased in the F₁ rice, which may contribute to the increase in CER. Chlorophyll content (Ch1), soluble protein content (SPC) and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase activity (RCA) were measured as the internal factors related to photosynthesis, and compared between the F₁, rice and the parents. For all these factors, the F₁ rice showed low values compared to the parents. Positive heterosis was not expressed here. On the other hand, the specific activity of RCA (RCA/SPC) increased in the F₁, rice, showing a 120% heterosis effect. This may be regarded as one of the main causes for the increase in CER of the F₁, rice. High CER expressed as heterosis concurrently with large leaf area production is one of the important findings in our study, and this may suggest a high possibility of further improvement in biomass production or yield of rice by gathering the advantageous elements into a hybrid plant.     

Performance Studies in F6 Lines of Autotetraploid Fenugreek

Hybridization followed by pedigree selection was carried out between two autotetraploid strains of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Morphological and cytological investigations were carried out in two autotetraploid parents, their F₁ hybrids and F₆ lines derived from F₁ after selfing. Cytomorphological data of F₆ lines were compared with those of F₁, hybrids and of their parents. The hybrid plants were intermediate with respect to different vegetative traits, however, they showed increased seed set as compared to their autotetraploid parents. The mean pod number per plant in F₆ was one and half times as high as one of the high yielding tetraploid parents and approximately twice as high as that of F₁ hybrid. Meiosis in F₆ was more regular than in F, and the parents. Thus, hybridization followed by pedigree selection is helpful not only in regularizing the meiotic behavior, but vigour and seed fertility have also improved in autotetraploid fenugreek.     

A genetic linkage map of rhodesgrass based on an F1 pseudo-testcross population

The linkage relationships between 164 polymorphic amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and 25 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) fragments assayed in a pseudo‐testcross population generated from the mating of single genotypes from two divergent cultivars were used to construct female, ‘Katambora’ (‘Kat’) and male, ‘Tochirakukei’ (‘Toch’) parental genetic maps for rhodesgrass. The ‘Kat’ genetic map consists of 84 marker loci (72 AFLP and 12 RFLP markers) distributed on 14 linkage groups and spans a total length of 488.3 cM, with an average distance of 7.8 cM between adjacent markers. The ‘Toch’ genetic map consists of 61 marker loci (52 AFLP and nine RFLP) mapped on 12 linkage groups spanning a total length of 443.3 cM, with an average spacing of 9.0 cM between adjacent markers. About 23% of the markers remained unassigned. The level of segregation distortion observed in this cross was 11.1%. In both maps, linked duplicated RFLP loci were found. These linkage maps will serve as a starting point for linkage studies in rhodesgrass with potential application for marker‐assisted selection in breeding programmes.     

Somaclonal Variation in Tissue Culture of Triticum aestivum×Agropyron desertorum F1 Hybrid

Callus induced from immature inflorescences of the partially self-fertile hybrids (2 n = 35; ABDPP) between Triticum aestivum (2n = 42; AABBDD) and Agropyron desertorum (2n = 28; PPPP) led to the regeneration of 88 plants on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l of 2,4-D. These regenerants were used to investigate somaclonal variation and to obtain more selfed derivatives. Immature inflorescences at the stage of developing floral primordia gave the best response in terms of callus induction and plant regeneration. The regenerants exhibited great variability for most morphological traits. Although the regenerants did not exhibit variation in chromosome number, they did show a higher degree of meiotic instability than the initial hybrid. In particular, the regenerants gave much higher selfed seed-set (5.49 %) than the donor hybrid (0.46 %), so that a total of 484 selfed seeds were obtained.     

Pflanzenwachstum durch CO2/HCO3-Eintrag über die Wurzel

Plant Growth after Application of CO₂/HCO₃ to the Roots
After applying H¹⁴CO₃ to the root system of summer wheat in hermetically sealed pots, absorption and incorporation of HCO₃ in the sugar-, starch-, and fibre-fraction (approximately 50 % of the absorped ¹⁴C) could be shown. This fraction reached 0.44–1.21 % of total C-assimilation of the shoot during growing stage F9/F10 on the Feeke-scala. 1/3 of the HCO₃-fraction resting in the soil was bound organically indicating that microorganisms may be able to utilize exogenous anorganic CO₂/HCO₃ for their photosynthesis.     

A chlorophyll-reduced seedling mutant in oilseed rape, Brassica napus, for utilization in F1 hybrid production

A mutant chlorophyll‐reduced (Cr) seedling with yellow‐green cotyledons and leaves was obtained from the Brassica napus inbred line 3529 induced by fast neutron and diethyl sulphate (DES). Genetic analysis revealed that the Cr seedling marker trait was controlled by a pair of recessive genes. A randomized complete block design was used to evaluate its agronomic performance. Results from 2 years of tests indicated that the seed yield of Cr lines was significantly lower than that of normal green plants; however, when the Cr gene was in the heterozygous condition, no deleterious effects on yield characteristics and disease resistance were observed. The Cr seedling marker trait was introduced into male‐sterile lines, and Cr male‐sterile lines revealed the same superior combining ability as normal chlorophyll (Nc) lines. The Cr trait can therefore be used as a marker to produce hybrid seed.     

Anther-culture response in different genotypes and F1 hybrids of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

An in vitro anther-culture method has been improved by using young mother plants and by using frequent subcultures, thus increasing the androgenic yield in different Capsicum annuum L. genotypes. An assortment of peppers was used, composed of 15 genotypes (four breeding lines, seven cultivars and four F₁ hybrids). A new system for qualifying the androgenic response was established. For use in practical breeding, a minimum of 5 % of plant regeneration was proposed as the criterion for a fair response. Accordingly, one excellent, one good and eight fair responses were identified among the genotypes investigated. As compared to the standard cultivar. 2 genotypes gave a significantly better response, i.e. ‘Fehérözön’ (75.8%) and ‘Szechuan 90716’ (21.0%). In comparative investigations, F₁ hybrids, produced from crosses between poor/non-responsive and responsive genotypes, showed a fair level of response, even the case of a poor response in donor parent. The ploidy level of the resulting plants was determined by flow-cytometric analysis.