贵州省岩溶塌陷的成因及防治对策

 贵州省近年来开发建设等各种人类活动日益增强,对喀斯特地区岩溶环境的开发力度加大,局部诱发了地质塌陷问题。为探讨贵州省的岩溶塌陷情况,通过大量实例分析论述贵州省岩溶塌陷的形成原因,阐述岩溶塌陷所引起的危害,总结3种环境治理措施,提出排气管法并进行讨论。这对进一步认识贵州省岩溶塌陷特征及防治途径具有参考价值。     

神府-东胜煤田采煤塌陷区塌陷强度与风沙蚀积量相关分析

以神府-东胜煤田补连塔矿风沙区为例,通过野外系统观测,以非塌陷区为对照研究了不同塌陷年限T2004年塌陷区和T2005年塌陷区塌陷强度、区域风沙蚀积量和蚀积强度变化,分析了不同塌陷强度的单体沙丘在植被盖度约为10%时,塌陷强度与区域风沙蚀积量的相关关系。结果表明：采煤塌陷后,区域风沙蚀积量受起沙风（≥5 m/s）频率、塌陷强度和地表结构等因素的影响最为明显。因此本文研究的主要目的是通过研究不同塌陷年限塌陷区和不同塌陷强度单体沙丘不同部位的风蚀积沙规律,为有效控制采煤塌陷后地表风沙运动而采取科学的措施提供依据。     

风沙区采煤塌陷对沙质地貌及植被生境的影响

为了探究风沙区采煤塌陷引起的“二次荒漠化”问题与治理对策,通过野外分区调查及统计分析,对塌陷区塌陷边缘、塌陷中部及塌陷盆地引发的塌陷裂缝变化、植被位移及倾斜、干沙层及风蚀/风积情况进行了详细的研究。结果表明:塌陷边缘形成的裂缝宽度、密度最小,塌陷中部次之,塌陷盆地最大,而裂缝错落和地表破损变化则反之;塌陷区植被平均位移长度达60 cm以上,倾斜率变化为5.67~28.63,主干根部风蚀/风积最大深度达-30.52 cm/+25.41 cm,以塌陷边缘最为严重;植被的位移长度和倾角变化与塌陷裂隙高度和地表破碎呈正线性相关;塌陷边缘干沙层平均厚度达14 cm以上,比对照增大了4~6 cm,而塌陷中部和塌陷盆地变化在11 cm左右,比非塌陷增加了1~4 cm;塌陷边缘风蚀率高达83.34%,塌陷中部次之52.06%,而塌陷盆地风积率为51.84%。塌陷边缘对沙质地表和植被生境影响最为强烈,为生态修复的重点区域,建议采煤塌陷后及时进行分区治理,避免“二次”荒漠化现象的发生。     

煤矿塌陷区利用黄河泥沙进行治理方案研究

为了减小煤矿大面积开采所产生的地面塌陷等不良影响,恢复地面原有的地貌和使用功能,改善矿区内的生态环境,分析研究了目前治理地面塌陷的措施方法。针对黄河下游沿岸的煤矿塌陷区提出了利用黄河泥沙放淤造田复耕的治理思路,根据工程特点分析比较了管道水力输送、皮带机运输、公路运输3种常用输送方式的优缺点。以巨野煤矿为例进行了工程实际应用,通过对黄河泥沙的开发利用,最终达到煤矿资源开发与环境保护的共赢。     

山西煤矿区土地荒漠化类型和成因分析

以山西煤矿区土地为研究对象，对采煤破坏土地所造成的土地荒漠化成因、程度、范围、分布以及塌陷规律等方面进行了全面细致的调查统计和分析研究。调查结果得知，1949-2004年间山西省因采煤导致的土地荒漠化面积累计为1152km^2，其中塌陷面积为1113．8km^2废弃物压占面积为15．2km^2．露天开采破坏面积23．0km^2。分析表明：地表塌陷的形式、规模、程度和趋势与采煤方法、开采厚度和深度、矿区地形地貌和煤层倾角、煤层上部的覆岩性质与地质构造、采区的水文地质条件等因素有关。     

王家沟流域煤炭开发对生态环境的影响

煤炭是王家沟流域最为重要的矿藏资源，含煤面积占44%，总储量6100万t，可采原煤储量3408万t，煤炭开发在推动流域经济发展的同时，亦给生态环境造成了侵占基本农田、增加水土流失源，破坏植被，地下水渗漏，地面裂缝和塌陷，空气污染等多方面的影响，为促使煤炭开发与生态环境协调发展，应采取强化生态保护宣传，加强监督执法力度，大力推行清洁生产工艺等对策措施。     

板集矿区生态恢复规划研究

无论是矿井式采矿还是露天采矿,煤矿开发必然引起区域地形、地貌的变化,造成采空塌陷,从而对生态系统施加不确定的影响。在煤矿开采项目设计阶段,对矿区土地进行生态恢复规划,可最大程度降低这种影响。论文以板集煤矿开发项目为例,在对矿区生态影响预测的基础上,设计了一套预防性、治理性、复垦土地利用和生态环境监测一体化生态恢复规划方案,以期实现对煤矿开发生态影响的全过程控制。     

河北省唐山市山间盆地岩溶塌陷特点及成因分析——以遵化市刘备寨村岩溶塌陷为例

发生在唐山市西北部山间盆地的岩溶塌陷，具有与唐山市区不完全相同的时空分布特点。它主要发生在枯水季节末期和雨季初的交替时期；在不同厚度盖层中塌陷均有分布，不存在稳定的盖层厚度；第四系松散岩类孔隙水与岩溶水之间不形成双层水位。根据上述特点，运用抽水对土洞的形成和发展理论，说明该区岩溶塌陷的主要诱发因素是大强度开采岩溶地下水，而在盖层厚度较薄的基岩与第四系交汇处，塌陷多与降雨有直接关系。针对该区塌陷灾害的分布规律，提出了防治岩溶塌陷的防治对策。     

山东省兖州市采煤区地面塌陷的原因及其对策

采煤区地面塌陷是由于地下煤层大面积采空引起上覆岩层失去支撑而变形崩落最后导致地面沉降一种危害很大的地质灾害。至2002年9月，该地区地面塌陷的面积达23．901km^2。随着开采规模的不断扩大，该地区的塌陷面积将会进一步扩张。在详细调查的基础上简要分析了地下大面积采空后岩土内部破坏机制和地面变形规律。针对兖州矿区的具体塌陷状况提出了改进采煤方式、对塌陷土地进行恢复和复垦等几点防治措施。     

岩溶塌陷诱发水土资源退化模式研究——以鲁中南岩溶塌陷区为例

在岩溶塌陷区,资源环境受到岩溶塌陷地质灾害的严重影响和危害,生态环境也发生恶化现象,尤其以水资源和土地资源的退化最为突出。以鲁中南典型岩溶塌陷区为例,阐述了岩溶塌陷诱发的3种水土资源退化模式:水土流失、水土污染和土壤退化,并分析了该区水土资源退化的现状,研究了水土资源退化的机理和特征。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.