延长百里杜鹃花期研究

引进杜鹃晚花品种对百里杜鹃国家森林公园杜鹃群落进行改造,延长百里杜鹃花期。结果表明：引进大白花杜鹃、百合杜鹃、映山红、羊踯躅、西洋毛杜鹃等5种杜鹃早晚花种类对百里杜鹃群落进行改造,整个花期从38d延长至83d,比引种改造前延长45d,延长118%。     

比利时杜鹃的盆栽管理

杜鹃按花期和来源可分为东鹃、西鹃、夏鹃和毛鹃四种。许多国家把其中的西鹃亦称比利时杜鹃。 比利时杜鹃属多年生植物。它植株矮小,一般株高1米左右;叶片大小介于东鹃与毛鹃之间,叶端渐尖狭长,叶毛少而短;花多重瓣或半重瓣,偶有单瓣,花     

锈叶杜鹃的开花特性及繁育系统研究

2012年对锈叶杜鹃自然居群进行了开花物候及访花昆虫的调查,分析了其开花特性;并运用杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比和人工控制授粉方法,对其繁育系统进行了研究。结果表明,锈叶杜鹃开花时间为2月初至7月,其单花花期、单花序花期及单株花期分别为7.06±2.74 d,12.33±2.37 d和16.17±4.24 d。锈叶杜鹃的雌、雄性器官具有同熟性,但两者的最佳活性时间不同,花粉活力在开花第1天的活力最高,而柱头可授性在开花第4～6天最好。锈叶杜鹃的繁育系统为异交型,自交亲和,需要传粉者;同株异花授粉是其主要的授粉方式。锈叶杜鹃的有效传粉昆虫主要为蜂类,而象甲类、蚁类、叶蜂类昆虫是侵害性昆虫,严重影响其传粉;传粉昆虫访花频率低,可能是导致锈叶杜鹃自然杂交结实率低的主要原因。     

贵州百里杜鹃保护区的杜鹃属植物种类及其观赏特性研究

贵州西部百里杜鹃保护区的杜鹃属植物种类关系到其保护区的价值。经过调查研究,该保护区计有杜鹃属植物33种(含变种),分属于5个亚属,占贵州现有杜鹃属植物种类111种的29.73%;并发现了西昌杜鹃和白花杜鹃两个贵州的新分布种;进而从园林的角度,论述了这些杜鹃属植物种类花的颜色、大小及花期等的观赏特性。     

百里杜鹃延长杜鹃花期初步研究

本文利用花卉化学促控技术,采用二次旋转组合设计,设置喷施丁酰肼、2,4-D-、赤霉素、防落素等4个植物生长调节剂试验因子,每因子设5个水平。对试验数据进行整理、计算,建立了延长百里杜鹃天然杜鹃花期的化学促控数学模型,在对数学模型进行解析与优化分析的基础上,寻出杜鹃花期分别大于50天、55天的优化技术方案。     

盆栽桂花花期促控技术初探

通过对盆栽桂花花期促控技术研究表明,北京地区盆栽桂花正常花期在9月中下旬。在掌握了桂花自然花期与温度、湿度的关系的同时,于2005年7月21日对选用的盆栽桂花,进行低温恒温花控试验,于8月16日结束。桂花放香、始花期为8月7～9日,可提早40多天开放,此项桂花盆景花期技术,花期持续6～8天。成功率为71.6%。     

花期控制的技术措施

在花木培植过程中，采取以下几种处理方法可适当提早或延迟开花期，以满足花卉经营的不同需要。 一、温度处理 １、增加温度：一些多年生花卉在入冬前放入高温或中温温室内培养，可提前开花。适宜的温度还可延长花期，一般秋播草花和某些在早春开花的木本花可用此法，使花在冬季开放。如瓜叶菊、碧桃、杜鹃等。 ２、降低温度：早春气温回升之前将一些春花植物移入冷室（５℃下温）使其休眠期延长，从而推迟花期。此法适用比较耐寒及耐阴的晚花品种。低温处理期少浇水，距预定花期提前３０天以上移到室外遮荫养护，正常肥水管理。一般而言，…     

光质和B9对杜鹃花观赏性状及生理特性的影响

以杜鹃‘萍花’品种为试验材料,研究不同光质(白光、红光、蓝光)和不同浓度梯度B9(0,300,600,900 mg.L-1)处理对其花期、花径、成花率、花色素苷含量等开花品质及叶片光合特性、花瓣可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,B9、红光、蓝光处理均能增强杜鹃叶片光合能力,延缓花瓣衰败,延长花期；在一定B9浓度范围内,红光、蓝光和B9相互作用表现出加合效应,提升观赏品质的效果比单因素处理更好,但当B9浓度过高时,这种相互作用表现出拮抗效应；蓝光+B9300 mg·L-1处理光合速率高,有利于花瓣中可溶性蛋白的积累,成花率、花径、花色素苷含量均较高；红光+B9 600 mg·L-1处理有利于增加叶片叶绿素b和花瓣可溶性糖含量,并能有效延缓花瓣SOD活性的降低,花期最长.综合各生理指标认为:蓝光+ B9 300 mg·L-1处理和红光+ B9 600 mg·L-1处理较好,能有效提高杜鹃花的观赏品质.     

濒危植物天台鹅耳枥开花特性与花粉生活力测定

2014年对浙江省天台县天台鹅耳枥(Carpinus tientaiensis)的花期物候、花形态特征进行观测,并测定其花粉生活力和雌蕊柱头可授性。结果表明,天台鹅耳枥雄花始花期早于雌花,雄花散粉与雌花柱头可授期重叠时间为15 d,较大的空气湿度和阴雨天气可能会对授粉产生不利影响;天台鹅耳枥初花期花粉萌发率最高,达到10.83%,是人工采集花粉的最佳时期;0.6%琼脂粉+0.005%和0.01%的硼酸+1%的蔗糖最有利于花粉的萌发;雌蕊柱头可授性在开花1 d后达到最佳状态,可授期为5 d。     

杜鹃花无土栽培技术

杜鹃花为世界名花，是中国传统十大名花之一，全世界约有900多种，其中我国就有650种之多，占世界种类的70％。杜鹃是所有观赏花木中花、叶兼美的花卉、花色、花型多样，花期长、素有“花中西施”的美称。是安徽省省花，尼泊尔国花。     

Identification of ISSR markers linked to flowering traits in a representative sample of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus cladocalyx</Emphasis>

Early flowering and flower abundance have long been considered desirable traits in eucalypt breeding programs. In particular, flowers of Eucalyptus cladocalyx provide a nectar source for the production of honey in arid ecosystems. To identify inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers that are associated with early flowering and flower abundance in the southern Atacama Desert, we used a sample of 47 trees, representing five Australian provenances of E. cladocalyx. A unified mixed linear model (which considered the effect of genetic structure and the kinship relationship among trees) revealed that three loci were significantly associated with early flowering, which accounted for 10–16 % of the phenotypic variation, while two loci accounted for 11–13 % in flowering intensity. Locus ISO_{1–500 bp} was associated with both flowering traits. This result is consistent with our previous findings indicating that marker-assisted selection on early flowering should have significant and positive impact on flowering intensity. The application of marker-assisted selection to identify trees that flower early and intensively may increase honey production, a resource that generates additional income for the local farmers of the southern Atacama Desert.     

马尾松二代种子园无性系开花物候观测

[目的]在用材林高世代种子园建园材料选择时,最初重点考虑的是其速生性,而对优树的开花物候关注较少。在高世代种子园营建时,无性系的配置常根据其种源在大范围内考虑其开花物候的遗传因素,但即使是小范围内相同种源的无性系,其开花物候也不可能绝对同步。因此,了解种子园无性系的开花物候,可为种子园的集约经营、产量预测、种子遗传品质调控等提供依据。[方法]于2012—2013年,在桂阳县苗圃马尾松二代种子园Ⅰ大区、Ⅴ大区分别随机选取不同类型的无性系10个和25个,对其开花物候进行观测。[结果]表明:不同无性系的雌、雄球花花期起止日期和持续时间均有差异,但无性系间雌、雄球花花期值差异均未达显著水平,35个无性系总体雌、雄球花花期具有一定的同步性;35个无性系雌、雄球花的初花期基本同步,雌、雄球花的盛花期和末花期同步。株间花期差异相对于无性间要大,但雄球花花期较早的植株,其雌球花花期也较早,同一株建园亲本的雌、雄球花花期有一定的同步性。除雌球花的末花期与雄球花的初花期呈微弱负相关外,雌、雄球花的初花期、盛花期、末花期间均呈极显著或显著正相关。各花期的相关性呈现初花期和盛花期的相关盛花期和末花期的相关初花期和末花期的相关,雌球花初花期与雄球花初花期的相关系数最大。坡位对母树的花期有极显著影响,生长在不同坡位的植株,其雌、雄球花花期值差异明显,其大小均为上坡中坡下坡。坡位对花期影响最大的是雌球花的初花期,其次是雄球花的初花期、雌球花的盛花期、雄球花的盛花期,而对雌、雄球花的末花期影响最小。偏北产地无性系的花期相对较早,不同的无性系类型,其雄球花的盛花期和雌球花的初花期的差异显著;雄球花的初花期、末花期以及雌球花的盛花期和末花期差异均不显著。不同的年份,雌、雄球花花期的早晚差异很大,2012年最早初花期较2013年最早初花期早25 d。[结论]桂阳马尾松二代种子园35个无性系总体雌、雄球花花期具有较好的同步性;从开花物候方面考虑,该种子园建园材料选择较合理,对种子园种子产量和遗传品质没有影响。     

Impact of agroforestry practices on the flowering phenology of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitellaria paradoxa</Emphasis> in parklands in southern Mali

The impact of human practices on the phenology of flowering was assessed for an important agroforestry tree species of the Sudano-Sahelian zone: Vitellaria paradoxa. Flowering was monitored at two sites in southern Mali over 2 years. At each site, the impact of agricultural practices on flowering phenology was assessed by comparing field, fallow and forest. The site effect and agricultural practices were significant for all the monitored variables. The proportion of individuals that flowered was 89% at Koumantou and 40% at MPeresso. About 98, 95 and 75% of individuals at Koumantou and 88, 12 and 20% at MPeresso flowered in the field, fallow and forest, respectively. The mean length of flowering ranged from 69 to 81 days at Koumantou and from 45 to 108 days at MPeresso. The mean number of days for the active phase ranged from 36 to 49 days at Koumantou and from 27 to 64 days at MPeresso. Koumantou’s favourable climatic conditions resulted in better flowering ability and a higher probability of abundant flowering. Field appeared to provide better conditions than fallow and forest regarding flowering ability and probability of abundant flowering. However, tree diameter did not affect flowering phenology. Agricultural practices appear to have a noticeable impact on the phenology of flowering of V. paradoxa. Trees flowered abundantly in the parkland and therefore increased gene flow via pollen and/or seeds and the dynamics of genetic diversity.     

木荷种子园无性系开花物候及同步性分析

[目的]研究种子园无性系的花期物候特征和花期同步性及影响因子对种子园科学管理具有指导意义。[方法]2015年和2016年连续2 a对木荷无性系种子园中19个无性系进行花期物候调查,分析其开花物候与花期同步指数。[结果]木荷种子园各无性系开花持续时间为10~28 d,2016年较2015年晚2 d进入始花期。相关分析结果表明,开花数多的无性系比开花数少的无性系花期更长、座果数更多,花期持续时间长的无性系比持续时间短的无性系座果数更多。无性系组合间花期同步指数有较大差异,2015年和2016年变化范围分别为0.552~0.857和0.406~0.808,平均分别为0.758和0.713,其中花期同步指数大于0.80的无性系分别在50%和40%以上。年度内花期同步指数变异系数分别为12.016%~46.476%和15.375%~51.202%,无性系之间平均花期同步指数存在极显著变异(P0.01)。年度间花期平均同步指数为0.737,平均花期同步指数间不存在显著变异(P0.05)。年度间花期同步指数相关系数为0.229,表明年度间花期同步指数具有一定的相关性,但不显著。[结论]木荷种子园无性系年度间花期同步指数较为稳定,可根据开花物候和花期同步指数对无性系进行筛选和优化,同时辅以人工授粉等措施弥补花期同步性差异,以达到提高种子园种子产量和质量的目的。     

Flower and seed production in a series of flowerings from sporadic events before to after mass flowering of the dwarf bamboo Sasa veitchii var. hirsuta

The aim of this study was to determine seed production patterns in a series of flowerings from sporadic events before to after mass flowering and to clarify the relationship between the occurrence of second flowering and seed production in the first flowering of mass-flowering events for S. veitchii var. hirsuta. The results revealed that ratios of numbers of seeds to florets per inflorescence in the first and second flowerings of a mass-flowering event were as large as those in the first flowering of a sporadic-flowering event before mass flowering, and were larger than those in the second flowering of a sporadic-flowering event before mass flowering and in both flowerings of a sporadic-flowering event after mass flowering. However, estimated number of produced seeds per square meter in mass flowering was higher than that in sporadic flowering before it. This suggests that seed production is promoted in mass flowering, and that sporadic flowering beforehand can potentially contribute to successful regeneration. At a site where seeds were produced in the first flowering of a mass-flowering event, flower production and the seed germination ratio were smaller in the second flowering. Conversely, at a site where few seeds were produced in the first flowering of a mass-flowering event, there was no significant difference in flower production between the first and second flowerings, and the seed germination ratio in the second flowering was more than 40 %. This suggests that the second flowering of a mass-flowering event is related to seed production in the first flowering.     

克服菘蓝自交不亲和性的化学试剂筛选研究

菘蓝具有较强的自交不亲和性，为了探索不亲和性的克服方法，用多种药剂进行花期处理后人工授粉观察结实情况。结果表明3％NaCl＋0．2％硼砂混合溶液，3％、5％、7％丙酮和5％KH2PO4溶液对克服菘蓝自交不亲和性的都有明显效果。而用其它一些药剂如1％的硫酸铵溶液、0．1％的6-BA溶液和不同浓度GA。处理虽然也有一定效果，但效果不明显而且对植株生长发育有一些不利影响。     

园林树木花期性状与有效积温的关系研究

2007～2009年在河北科技师范学院昌黎校区内对3科40种（品种）园林树木连续3年进行定位物候观测,结合当地气象资料,较系统地研究了河北昌黎地区园林树木始花期、花期天数年份间的变化,以及有效积温与始花期的关系。结果表明,不同年份间蔷薇科、忍冬科树木始花期有效积温存在极显著差异,木犀科树木差异不明显;同一科内不同种（品种）间始花期有效积温差异显著;蔷薇科、木犀科树木的花期天数在不同年份间没有显著差异,忍冬科树木花期天数不同年份间存在显著差异。不同科的树木始花期对年份间生态因子变化的敏感程度有差异,木犀科树木始花期年份间的变化较蔷薇科、忍冬科树木相对稳定。同一科内不同种（品种）间始花期性状变异幅度较大。不同科的树木花期天数年份间的稳定性有差异,蔷薇科、木犀科树木花期天数年份间的变化较忍冬科树木相对稳定。用有效积温预测园林树木进入始花期的早晚,具有广泛的应用价值。     

处理主干和主枝对光皮树幼树早花早实的促进效果

对3年生光皮树幼树,采用环割倒贴皮、铁丝绞缢、绳索绞缢、环刻4种人工造伤方法分别对其主干和主枝进行处理.结果表明:4种处理方法对树干直径和冠幅生长的影响差异不显著;铁丝绞缢主枝法处理,其树高及开花株数和开花数量都与其他处理存在显著差异;铁丝绞缢主枝与铁丝绞缢主干法促进开花的效果差异不显著.     

调花丰产素、矮壮素对二次结实板栗生长发育的影响

选用调花丰产素1、调花丰产素2和矮壮素三种植物生长调节制剂对二次结实板栗的雄花数，雌花数，枝长，枝粗，第一次果结蓬数和第二次果结蓬数等作用效应进行试验。结果表明，三种制剂使二次结实板栗新梢长生长降低15.63%，枝粗增加16.68%以上；二种调花丰产素处理使雌花数增加59.10%以上，雄花数降低21.56%以上。此外，试验结果证实调花丰产素对二次结实板栗的两次结蓬数量具有一定调节作用。     

Timing of GA4/7 application and the flowering of Pinus sylvestris grafts in the greenhouse

Effects of varying the time of stem injection of gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7) on male and female flowering in potted grafts of Pinus sylvestris L. in a greenhouse were monitored in two consecutive years. Flowering results for each application time were correlated with phenological characteristics and abiotic factors in an attempt to find reproducible indicators of the most effective time of GA4/7 treatment. The GA4/7 treatment had a significant effect on female flowering, but no effect on male flowering. In both years, the largest effect on female flowering was obtained with the latest application. Percent shoot and needle elongation (relative to final length) were poor indicators of the optimal time of GA4/7 application. Three heat sum accumulation models gave equally accurate predictions of the optimal time for GA4/7 application; therefore, the simplest model, i.e., the sum of degree-days, is recommended. The timing window for stimulation of female flowering with GA4/7 had a lower limit of about 500 degree-days (threshold +5 degrees C), and the optimal time of GA4/7 application was after about 700 degree-days.