麻类生物脱胶与生物制浆酶系

本文对麻类生物脱胶与生物制浆的三类主要酶类,即果胶酶、半纤维素酶(甘露聚糖酶、木聚糖酶)和木质素降解酶进行了比较全面的总结,对其应用前景也进行了评论.     

红麻生物制浆展望

对国内外红麻制浆造纸的主要成就，现状，以及生物技术在红麻脱胶和制浆造纸工业上的应用进行了概述。针对红麻化学制浆工业存在的主要问题，分析了红麻生物制浆的重要性和可行性。     

红麻生物制浆展望

对国内外红麻制浆造纸的主要成就、现状、以及生物技术在红麻脱胶和制浆造纸工业上的应用进行了概述。针对红麻化学制浆工业存在的主要问题．分析了红麻生物制浆的重要性和可行性。     

麻类纤维脱胶工艺现状与展望

综述了麻类脱胶工艺的发展演变并对各种方法进行分析比较,得出各种方法的特点及存在的问题,并展望麻类脱胶的未来发展方向。麻纤维的性能是否得到充分发挥,与其脱胶好坏有着直接关系。     

苎麻生物脱胶研究进展

脱胶是苎麻加工中基础而又关键的工序，脱胶的效果直接影响精干麻品质和制成率。本文就不同基因型苎麻中胶质的含量及动态变化、生物脱胶的原理及应用进行了概述。     

麻类纤维生物提取与工程研究进展

本文以科学发展观为指导,系统总结和分析了麻类研究所开展麻类生物加工研究近40年的发展历程、重要成就.同时,根据产业发展需求,进一步明确了麻类纤维生物提取与工程研究的潜力和前景,可为我国传统的纤维质制造业如纺织、造纸等行业和新型的生物质产业发展提供重要科学依据.     

罗布麻生物脱胶过程中的发酵液的色谱分析

在利用高效菌株T85-260对罗布麻韧皮进行脱胶的过程中,每3小时取一次样,分别研究微生物生长和酶解产物变化规律.结果表明,T85-260能在8小时左右完成罗布麻韧皮脱胶,杂菌对其生长规律和脱胶性能不构成明显影响;T85-260分泌胞外酶降解罗布麻韧皮中的半纤维素所形成的单糖类产物,如葡萄糖、甘露糖、木糖等多数被微生物当作碳源消耗了,只有鼠李糖比较难被微生物利用.     

Biomass sorghum production and components under different irrigation/tillage systems for the southeastern U.S.

Renewable energy sources are necessary to reduce the U.S. dependence on foreign oil. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) may be a reasonable alternative as an energy crop in the southern U.S. because it could easily fit into existing production systems, it is drought resistant, and it has large biomass production potential. An experiment was conducted to evaluate several types of sorghum as bioenergy crops in Alabama: grain sorghum - NK300 (GS), forage sorghum - SS 506 (FS), and photoperiod sensitive forage sorghum - 1990 (PS). These sorghum crops were compared to forage corn (Zea mays L.) - Pioneer 31G65 in 2008 and 2009 with and without irrigation, and under conventional (total disked area, 0.15 m deep) and conservation tillage (in-row subsoiling, 0.30 m deep) in a strip-split-plot design. The parameters evaluated were: plant population (PP), plant height (PH), sorghum/corn aboveground dry matter (ADM), biomass moisture content (ABMC), and biomass quality (holocellulose, lignin, and ash). Sorghum had greater ADM than corn; however, corn had lower ABMC than sorghum. Lodging was observed in PS and FS, probably due to high plant populations (>370,000 plants ha⁻¹). Irrigation affected ADM positively in both years, but conservation systems improved ADM production only in 2009. Holocellulose, lignin, and ash variation differed significantly among crops but were lower than 8.3%, 2.0% and 1.9%, respectively, for both years and considered minor. Under conditions of this study, PS was considered the best variety for ADM production as it yielded 26.0 and 30.1 Mg ha⁻¹ at 18 and 24 weeks after planting (WAP).     

Biorefinery of Cannabis sativa using one- and two-step steam treatments for the production of high quality fibres

Among the sources of lignocellulosic biomass that could be considered as a feedstock for a biorefinery, hemp (Cannabis sativa) is known for the quality and relative abundance of its fibre. In this work, two variations of the Feedstock Impregnation Rapid and Sequential Steam Treatment (FIRSST) process are compared for the production of both fibres and biomolecules (including liquid fuels) as the valorization of the entire carbon content of biomass is needed to reach economical viability. In the first variation, the fibres were isolated via two specific and sequential steam treatments while in the second variation, fibres were isolated using only one steam treatment. Both processes allowed the isolation of a fibre that was comparable to kraft pulp while reducing the amounts of ashes along the process. Compositions of the residual solid fibre at different steps of the treatment were evaluated using ASTM and TAPPI standard methods. Carbohydrates were identified and quantified using HPLC with an anion exchange stationary phase. The qualities of the FIRSST and Kraft pulp produced were compared using standard ATPPC methods. Both pulps showed similar indexes. The two-steps FIRSST process has leaded to direct isolation of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin that could be suitable for the production of energy (biofuels) and high value chemicals, with small investments in terms of chemicals and energy.     

The combined use of hull-less barley flour and xylanase as a strategy for wheat/hull-less barley flour breads with increased arabinoxylan and (1→3,1→4)-β-D-glucan levels

Bread-making with a composite flour (CF) consisting of 60% wheat flour (WF) and 40% hull-less barley flour, increased the total and soluble (1→3,1→4)-β-D-glucan and total arabinoxylan (AX) contents of dough and bread samples, but decreased the specific bread loaf volume. A xylanase insensitive to inhibition by Triticum aestivum L. xylanase inhibitor (TAXI) and xylanase inhibiting protein (XIP), increased loaf volume by 8.8 and 20.1% for WF and CF breads, respectively. Xylanase addition not only markedly improved loaf volume of CF bread, but also increased the soluble AX content of the WF and CF dough and bread samples because of conversion of water-unextractable AX into soluble AX. The xylanase had no impact on the extractability and molecular weight of (1→3,1→4)-β-D-glucan, but (1→3,1→4)-β-D-glucan was degraded during bread-making probably because of endogenous β-glucanase activity. Taken together, the results clearly show that the combined use of hull-less barley flour and a xylanase active during bread making, lead to palatable breads with high total and soluble AX and (1→3,1→4)-β-D-glucan contents. The sum of total AX and (1→3,1→4)-β-D-glucan was 1.70% for WF bread and 3.06% for CF bread, while the sum of soluble AX and (1→3,1→4)-β-D-glucan was 0.49 and 1.41% for control WF and CF xylanase supplemented breads, respectively.     

168份小麦不同病害抗性材料白粉病抗性鉴定及其Lr34/Yr18/Pm38位点的分子检测

为了发掘更多的小麦白粉病抗性种质资源,对收集到的168份小麦不同病害抗性材料进行了白粉病苗期和成株期抗性鉴定,并利用STS标记csLV34以及功能标记cssfr3、cssfr4、cssfr5和Yr18E11a对其Lr34/Yr18/Pm38位点的等位变异类型进行检测。结果表明,在168份小麦种质中,共鉴定出41份白粉病苗期抗性品种(系)以及96份慢白粉病品种(系)。功能标记cssfr3和cssfr4可准确鉴定Lr34/Yr18/Pm38位点第11外显子中的等位变异,而功能标记cssfr5和Yr18E11a在检测时存在小频率的错判。在96份慢白粉病材料中,有24份材料携带Lr34/Yr18/Pm38的等位变异类型,这些材料在2个年份下的白粉病田间MDS均低于不携带Lr34/Yr18/Pm38的等位变异类型的材料。     

Mechanism of Sterility and Breeding Strategies for Photoperiod/Thermo- Sensitive Genic Male Sterile Rice

To understand the male sterility mechanism of photoperiod/thermo-sensitive genic male sterile [P(T)GMS] lines in rice, the research progress on genetics of photoperiod and/or temperature sensitive genic male sterility in rice was reviewed. A new idea was proposed to explain the sterility mechanism of P(T)GMS rice. The fertility transition from sterile to fertile is the result of cooperative regulation of major-effect sterile genes with photoperiod and/or temperature sensitive genes, but not the so-called pg...     

Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) as an alternative crop for sustainable food production: Phenolic acids and flavonoids with potential impact on its nutraceutical quality

The demand for food is increasing, not only to meet food security for growing populations, but also to provide more nutritious food, rich in good quality proteins and nutraceutical compounds. The amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) plant, in addition to its high nutritive and nutraceutical characteristics, has excellent agronomic features. The objective of the present study was to analyze some physical and proximal-nutritional properties of amaranth seeds obtained from different varieties grown in arid zones and characterize their phenolic acids and flavonoids. Two commercial (Tulyehualco and Nutrisol) and two new (DGETA and Gabriela) varieties of A. hypochondriacus were grown at the Mexican Highlands zone. Tulyehualco and DGETA varieties had higher seed yield of 1475 and 1422 kg ha⁻¹, respectively, comparable to corn and soybean production in agricultural areas. Gabriela had the highest protein content of 17.3%, but all varieties had an adequate balance of essential amino acids. Polyphenols as rutin (4.0–10.2 μg g⁻¹ flour) and nicotiflorin (7.2–4.8 μg g⁻¹ flour) were detected. Amaranth can be cultivated in arid zones where commercial crops cannot be grown; the seeds besides their well known nutritive characteristics could be a source of phenolic compounds of high antioxidant properties.     

Effects of GS3 and GL3.1 for Grain Size Editing by CRISPR/Cas9 in Rice

Grain size is one of key agronomic traits associated with grain yield and grain quality. Both major quantitative trait loci GS3 and GL3.1 play a predominant role in negative regulation of grain size. In this study, a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated multiplex genome editing system was used to simultaneously edit GS3 and GL3.1 in a typical japonica rice Nipponbare. In T_1 generation, we found that gs3 formed slender grain with lower chalkiness percentage, while gs3gl3.1 produced larger grain with higher chalkiness percentage. In terms of other agronomic traits, flag leaf size, grain number and grain yield of both gs3 and gs3gl3.1 mutants were affected. It is noteworthy that gs3 and gs3gl3.1 mutants both led to dramatical reduction of grain number, thereby decreased grain yield. In conclusion, these results indicated that knockout of GS3 and GL3.1 could rapidly improve grain size, but probably have some negative influences on grain quality and grain yield.     

240g/L收乐通防除马铃薯田野燕麦及对马铃薯安全性评价

野燕麦是马铃薯田的主要杂草之一,人工除草工作量大。本研究的目的是明确240 g/L收乐通EC在青海省马铃薯田防除野燕麦药效、适宜剂量及对作物的安全性。在田间使用了240 g/L收乐通EC制剂量300,450,600 mL/hm2,以108 g/L高效盖草能EC制剂量375 mL/hm2为对照药,设空白对照处理,于马铃薯3~5叶期,野燕麦为3~6叶期兑水300 L/hm2喷雾处理。结果表明,240 g/L收乐通EC是马铃薯田防除野燕麦的优良除草剂,适宜剂量为450 mL/hm2,对野燕麦40 d株防效和鲜重效均达85%以上,对马铃薯安全,增产率达10%以上。     

抗稻瘟病Pid3/Pid3-A4基因特异InDel分子标记开发与应用

为更加高效利用抗稻瘟病基因Pid3/Pid3-A4,通过分析3K水稻测序数据中Pid3基因等位变异,设计了Pid3和Pid3-A4基因特异InDel分子标记Pdg-C与PA4-C,利用这2个标记对中国杂交水稻常用亲本材料或品种以及美国水稻微核心种质资源进行检测.结果 显示,Pdg-C和PA4-C能够分别快速、准确、经济地区分Pid3和Pid3-A4基因;通过克隆测序、表达分析及接菌鉴定,明确了水稻品种华占携带Pid3基因,栽培稻311100携带Pid3-A4基因,它们作为抗病基因供体更便于在水稻育种中利用.