Sequential sampling plan for assessing corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larval injury to Bt maize

In-field product performance assessments are an essential component of corn rootworm (Diabrotica spp.; CRW) resistance management plans for transgenic maize (Zea mays L.) products expressing proteins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The goal of a successful field sampling program is to accurately characterize in-field product performance while also minimizing resource demand, as collection of maize root samples to evaluate CRW injury can present resource challenges such as labor intensiveness, potential safety issues, and a limited time window available for sampling. A resource-efficient sequential sampling plan was developed that utilizes data-driven root injury threshold values derived from benchmark product performance data for both single and pyramided Bt maize traits for CRW control. This sequential sampling methodology incorporates unbiased sampling and controlled false positive and false negative error rates, enabling accurate assessment decisions to be made with efficient resource use. Our proposed approach enables systematic and effective classification of in-field Bt maize product performance, with applications to other CRW control technologies besides Bt maize products.     

王草茎秆拉伸与剪切的强度特性

为研发优质高效的王草收获机械和加工机械,采用响应面试验设计和统计分析,从根径、取样高度2个维度上研究了收获期王草茎秆拉伸与剪切的强度问题,同时考察了茎秆含水率与观测截面的长径、短径、圆度对强度的影响。结果表明,在根径20~30 mm、取样高度10~200 cm、含水率72.53%~90.65%、长径15.20~30.40 mm、短径13.90~27.65 mm、圆度1.0144~1.2428范围内时,王草植株的节间抗拉强度、节间抗剪强度和茎节抗剪强度处于3.2456~28.9373MPa范围内。茎秆含水率在72.53%~90.65%之间变化时,对上述3个强度指标的影响在0.005水平上显著。根径、取样高度、长径、圆度等对3个强度指标的影响0.05水平上均不显著。含水率与根径、取样高度、长径、短径、圆度等在0.05水平上均线性无关。综上,相近生长期的王草植株,虽然其根径、取样高度、长径及圆度不同,但对茎秆强度无显著影响,茎秆强度的差异主要取决于茎秆内部组织结构的不同,含水率是独立影响茎秆强度的重要因子。     

Genetic Opportunities to Improve Cereal Root Systems for Dryland Agriculture

Abstract

Understanding the major limitations to root growth is very important if we are to maximize water and nutrient use and increase yields. Limitations may be insufficient rooting depth, root diseases, nutrient deficiencies, toxicities and soil hardness. An understanding of these limitations will lead to more precisely identifying traits for which to select and breed. Examples of successfully overcoming limiting factors to improve crop performance by breeding and selection are given for cereal cyst nematodes in wheat, soil acidity and salinity. The importance of altered crop management practices to reduce limitations is also stressed. These have resulted in a more effective and healthier root system, which results in more water use and greater yields. Opportunities to genetically increase the size of the root system in dryland systems where water and nutrients are not all used by the crop are given.     

机械化播栽对杂交籼稻根系性状的影响

以杂交籼稻宜香优2115和F优498为材料,手栽为对照,采用二因素裂区设计,使用新设计加工的取样工具,研究机直播和机插对杂交籼稻根系性状的影响。结果表明:1) 创新设计的水稻根系取土器能够便捷而准确地进行根系取样甚至根系的分层取样;2)移栽前及返青后总根长、根体积、根尖数均表现为直播>手栽>机插,返青期间,机插和手栽秧苗的根系生长快速,根冠比呈增大趋势,同期的直播稻地上部的生长快于根系,根冠比减小。3)直播稻根系早期生长迅速,抽穗期根多而细,根尖数大于机插和手栽,根冠比最大;机插根系具有后发优势,分蘖盛期后快速生长,抽穗期总根长、根体积最大;手栽根系少而粗,根冠比最小。4)与手插相比,抽穗期直播和机插根系分布浅,0~10 cm土层直播、机插、手栽根干质量分别占植株根系总干质量的76.9%、76.5%、67.9%,10~20 cm及20 cm以上土层直播和机插根干质量所占比例均低于手栽;横向分布上,直播在植株正下方0~12 cm直径范围内根干质量所占比例较机插和手栽分别高3.5%和3.3%,根系更加集中分布在植株正下方。5)移栽前,根活性表现为直播>机插>手栽,差异极显著;移栽后,机插和手栽根活性快速提高,返青后无显著差异;至抽穗后35 d,直播、机插和手栽方式下,宜香优2115根系伤流强度较抽穗0d分别降低84.7%、75.4%和74.3%,F优498分别降低79.3%、75.9%和74.3%,直播的根系衰老快于机插和手栽。总的来看,机械化播栽对杂交籼稻根系性状有显著影响,抽穗期机插根系分布浅,根粗而多;直播根系分布浅,根直径最小,根尖数最多,抽穗后衰老快;手栽根系分布深,根粗而少。     

Independence of seasonal patterns of root functional traits and rooting strategy of a grass‐clover sward from sward age and slurry application

Root functional traits (RFTs) are crucial for understanding nutrient cycling processes. However, seasonal variation of RFTs and their potential changes in root foraging pattern have been almost ignored in field studies. In this work, belowground net primary production (BNPP, g m^?2), root length density (RLD, km m^?2), specific root length (SRL, m g^?1), root N concentration and C/N ratio in defoliated grass‐clover swards of different sward ages and receiving different cattle slurry levels were investigated for 2 years. All measured RFTs showed significant seasonal variation: in general, seasonal variation was most marked between primary growth period (until heading stage of perennial ryegrass) and subsequent regrowth periods following defoliation; meanwhile, the rooting pattern also differed. These phenomena were not affected by current management or sward composition, but were correlated with plant C availability. Daily BNPP and RLD rates varied 7‐ to 8‐fold in the growing season. Moreover, BNPP and RLD were asynchronous due to seasonal variation in SRL. Rooting pattern and the relationship with shoot phenology are discussed. We conclude that root functional traits vary with season; thus, roots which develop in different seasons may be involved in belowground nutrient cycling processes with different turnover characteristics; trade‐off among traits may also involve temporal variation. Root‐C related investigations in grass‐clover swards should include root mass sampling rather than use of root length observations alone.     

水稻根系育种的意义与前景

 针对目前水稻育种的理论与实践中，主要考虑地上部分的形态、生理性状，而对根系这一重要的营养吸收、物质合成器官的有关性状未能开展明确的育种改良的现状，论述了开展根系育种对改良和提高水稻的品种特性，提高产量和品质的重要性、迫切性以及前景。     

Root distribution under seepage-irrigated potatoes in Northeast Florida

Much of commercial potato production in Florida is irrigated using sub-surface seepage irrigation. A perched water table is maintained during the season within 50 cm below the top of the potato ridge. Fertilizer placement is critical in this system to maximize plant uptake and to minimize leaching potential. Optimal placement of fertilizers is dependent on root distribution. The objectives of this study were to develop and test a new methodology to spatially describe potato root distribution as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation system. Soil slices containing representative samples of the potato root system at full flowering were taken from plots fertilized with ammonium nitrate at 168, 224, and 280 kg N ha^?1. The proposed sampling methodology performed satisfactorily. Root length density (cm root cm^?3 soil) and specific root length (cm root mg^?1 root dry weight) were not affected by nitrogen rate, but were affected by spatial position in the soil profile. The highest root length density value (0.72 average) was observed within 12 to 15 cm of the seedpiece. Low root length density values averaging 0.036 were observed between 24 and 36 cm from the top of the ridge. Specific root length values indicated a relatively homogeneous root system in terms of the quantity of invested biomass by unit of root length except in the two central units below 24 cm from the top of the ridge where thickened roots caused significant lower values averaging 6.47 as compared with the average of 15.87 from the surrounding Units in the slice. Root thickening in deep apical roots suggested aerenchyma formation promoted by a combination of saturated soil conditions in the root zone caused by inappropriate irrigation management and soil compaction. Fertilizer placement under the seedpiece should be a good alternative to increase potato nitrogen uptake under seepage irrigation.     

不同栽培模式下冬小麦根系直径的频率分布

为明确不同栽培模式下冬小麦根系生长情况,以矮抗58为材料,通过分析高产、高效和高产高效三种栽培模式下冬小麦根系直径频率所服从的对数正态分布的参数μ和σ,探讨了根系的拓扑结构。结果表明,3种模式下,0~20cm和20~40cm土层中小麦根系在特定时期内都表现出能高效运输营养物质的鲱鱼骨形结构,但根系调整为鲱鱼骨形结构的时期和出现位置存在差异。高效模式下,根系鲱鱼骨形结构于拔节前和灌浆前在两个土层中都有出现;高产高效模式下,根系鲱鱼骨形结构于拔节前在两个土层中出现,灌浆前只在0~20cm土层出现,而20~40cm土层根系出现鲱鱼骨形结构则是在灌浆中后期;高产模式下,根系鲱鱼骨形结构于拔节前出现在0~20cm土层,拔节期两个土层中均出现,而灌浆中后期则只出现在20~40cm土层。从根系结构来看,高产高效模式下,小麦根系可以间接限制营养生长,且在灌浆中后期可以利用深层土壤的营养物质,是具有潜力的栽培模式。     

THE INFLUENCE OF LEY MANAGEMENT ON EARTHWORM POPULATIONS

Results are given of 4 years' sampling for earthworms on a ley management experiment. The ley was found to result in an increase in both weight and number of earthworms. There was some indication that the increase was greater under grazing treatments than it was under cutting treatments. The significance of this increase in terms of soil fertility and crop productivity is discussed.     

基于空间模拟退火算法的橡胶园土壤取样布局优化

实施合理的养分综合管理是提高橡胶树生产力的重要手段，正确科学的土壤取样方法是橡胶园养分精准管理 成功的关键。应用地统计学方法可以指导土壤属性的取样布局，但其无法解决区域取样约束问题。本研究将空间模拟 退火算法引入到橡胶土壤取样布局中，探讨了无约束条件和约束条件下田块尺度橡胶园土壤取样方案。研究结果表明： 在橡胶园土壤取样过程中，如果研究区域既无先验方差也无早期观测点情况下，在给定一定取样数量情况下可以基于 最小均值距离准则进行优化布局；如果具有早期观测样点或者具有类似区域的先验方差，则可结合先验方差知识和最 小克里格方差准则进行指导取样布局。空间模拟退火算法在处理橡胶园土壤取样区域障碍以及充分利用先验知识方面 有现实指导意义。     

Nodulation and root growth of forage legumes sown into tall fescue swards

Establishing forage legumes into endophyte‐infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacae Schreb.) pastures is problematic, especially in well‐established stands. A oversowing field experiment determined if this problem was because of poor nodulation. Four renovation techniques, clipped sward (treatment A), herbicided + rye seeding in the previous autumn (treatment B), herbicided in the autumn and spring (treatment C) and herbicided to suppress the sward (treatment D), were investigated to determine their effect on nodulation and root growth of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (T. repens L.) at 16, 22 and 29 d after sowing the legumes. A pot experiment was also conducted under optimal growth conditions and using the same soil to determine the nodulation and root growth potentials of these legume species. At adequate rhizobial populations (>6 × 10⁴ cfu g^?1 soil), substantial nodulation of all species occurred by 29 d after sowing in treatments C and D, whereas nodulation of clovers was usually reduced in treatment A. Total root lengths for all sampling dates, species and treatments were severely restricted, especially under treatment A. A general correspondence of nodulation with root growth was observed for all species, with high correlations (r ≥ 0·85) between these variables for all legume species and treatments, suggesting that soil moisture, and possibly competition for light, were the limiting factors. These results demonstrate that weak stands of forage legumes, typically found when sown into tall fescue swards, are probably not because of inadequate nodulation. Rather, inhibition of root growth by detrimental physical/chemical conditions or allocation of limited photosynthate to shoots instead of roots is suggested.     

Elongation Ability of African Floating Rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.)

Summary

The effect of fluctuation in soil moisture on the root development of sweetpotato was studied during its establishment period, i.e., from planting to about one month after planting. The number of leaves, shoot dry weight and vine length were suppressed significantly by deficient moisture but the same were markedly increased by excessive moisture regardless of the time of occurrence relative to the initial development of the plant. In terms of its roots, the number and total length of the root system components were either increased or decreased depending upon the soil moisture regime in which they were subjected immediately prior to the time of sampling. Deficient soil moisture reduced the number and total length of the root system components while excessive moisture caused notable stimulation. Continuous exposure to normal soil moisture caused substantial reduction in the number of adventitious roots and consequent depression in total length but this could be attributed to sink competition among adventitious roots. Under fluctuating soil moisture, normal moisture content appeared to restore the aberrant development of the roots caused by deficient or excessive levels. The suppressed formation and elongation of the root system components under deficient soil moisture was alleviated when the soil moisture condition was changed to normal. On the other hand, the stimulated root formation and elongation in the excessive moisture was abated when the normal soil moisture condition prevailed afterwards. The result was the opposite when the soil moisture condition was reversed, i.e., normal then followed by either deficient or excessive soil moisture.     

An empirical model for root water uptake

Soil water availability estimation is critical for assessing crop development and performance. During periods of soil water deficits, the capability of crop roots to extract soil water depends on the distribution and depth of its root system. Most water uptake models assume a relationship between root water extraction and root length density (RLD). However, models using RLD are difficult to test and several researchers have questioned the various proposed relationships between RLD and water uptake. A simplified water uptake model that does not use RLD was developed, but as an alternative, uses generalizations from measured soil water content changes to predict root water uptake. The daily incrementing model estimates a maximum water uptake rate by roots limited by soil water content that declines exponentially with the soil water content above the lower limit (LL) i.e., the remaining available soil water. The model assumes that: (i) the roots at a given layer have reached a minimum threshold of root density to extract water at a maximum rate; (ii) the transpiration demand is greater than the total root water uptake; and (iii) the water content at LL can be accurately measured or estimated. A critical constant (K) in the exponential model, representing the fraction of extractable water in a soil layer that can be taken up in 1 day, was found to be 0.096 for several species (cotton, maize, pearl millet, grain sorghum, soybean, sunflower and wheat), and different soil conditions. Values of K smaller than 0.096 were likely caused by root clumping in highly structured (cracking) or compacted soils, where root density was low in deeper soil layers when further downward root growth practically ceased, or by peanut whose K values was 0.064. This new empirical model should help to overcome several of the limitations of current models that rely on the use of measured or predicted RLD.     

不同供磷水平对小麦苗期干旱胁迫适应性的影响

为探讨不同磷供应水平下小麦应对干旱胁迫的适应性机制,选用新疆冬小麦主栽品种新冬20号为供试材料,在正常磷(CP:1.0 mmol·L^-1)和低磷(LP:0.05 mmol·L^-1)两种水平下进行水培试验,并施加15%聚乙二醇-6000(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫,分别测定干旱胁迫0、3、5、7 d及复水3 d的幼苗相关生理生化指标、干旱7 d及复水3 d的离子组变化,并通过芯片检测干旱7 d后根系中相关基因表达水平。结果表明,与CP相比,LP对小麦植株干重产生抑制作用,且对地上部的影响大于根系;LP对总根长、总根表面积和总根体积有较好的促进作用。干旱胁迫后LP对根系相关生长指标的影响表现为先抑后促;复水后LP下植株的恢复能力更强。LP对根系丙二醛(MDA)、植株可溶性糖和含水量也有抑制作用;但干旱胁迫后,与同时期CP相比,LP对小麦地上部MDA含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和含水量以及根系POD活性均有促进作用。与CP相比,LP处理中根系和地上部矿质元素含量均大部分下降。通过芯片检测,干旱胁迫7 d后,与CP...     

Changes in mass and chemical composition of grass roots during decomposition

The decomposition of dead roots of perennial grasses was examined in nylon litter bags not containing soil at two soil depths, 10 and 20 cm, and also in larger nylon bags containing soil at 020 cm depth. Bags were sampled three times during the growing season to determine weights of organic matter, crude protein, Klason lignin and non-structural and structural carbohydrates.
From 3 July to 5 October (94 days) the litter bags at 10 and 20 cm and the nylon bags lost, respectively, 35,38 and 65% of their organic mass of particle size < 1 mm.
Non-structural carbohydrates constituted 6% of the organic matter in the original sample but only 1% or less during the sampling period. Klason lignin increased from 22 to 29% and crude protein from 8 to 10% of the remaining organic matter, whereas structural carbohydrates changed very little.
The constituents were degraded at different rates. The non-structural carbohydrates had decomposed almost completely by the first sampling and of the other constituents the structural carbohydrates were degraded most rapidly. Before the first sampling unexpected amounts of structural carbohydrates, particularly glucans, had disappeared.
The results help to explain rapid declines in root mass (up to 50%) during summer in perennial grass leys observed in earlier experiments.     

Assessment of Potato Dry Matter Concentration Using Short-Wave Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

The utility of short-wavelength near-infrared spectroscopy (over the wavelength region 750–950 nm), used in a partial transmittance optical geometry, was assessed as a means of estimating the dry matter concentration of potato tubers. The sampling optics did not involve contact with the sample, and could be used on a moving stream of product. A prediction accuracy of R ² (correlation coefficient of determination) of 0.85 with a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.52% for intact, whole tubers and R ² = 0.95 and RMSEP = 0.50% for sliced tubers was achieved. We conclude that short-wavelength near-infrared technology using a partial transmittance optical sampling geometry can be a useful tool for rapid assessment of tuber dry matter concentration prior to processing.     

甜菜低糖原因的研究——Ⅰ.土壤营养与甜菜糖氮代谢的关系

通过对低糖、中糖地块土壤的营养诊断和甜菜糖氮代谢对比研究,查明了甜菜低糖原因为:前茬0—2m土层残留大量氮素和K_2O/N比例失调,导致甜菜氮素代谢旺盛,块根游离氨基酸和色氨酸含量增加,糖代谢减弱,降低了块根于物质蔗糖含量。甜菜土壤营养诊断取样适宜深度为2m.     

阿特拉津对不同种子大小品种大豆的危害

玉米和大豆轮作是我国东北地区应用广泛的种植方式,但玉米田除草剂阿特拉津常引起下茬大豆药害。选用东北地区推广应用的45个不同种子大小的大豆品种（粒重范围81～302 mg/seed）进行温室盆栽试验,探讨大豆地上冠部和地下根系对阿特拉津危害的响应。结果表明,阿特拉津在土壤中有效成分用量为500g/hm2的条件下,大豆地上部干物质生产随种子重量增加而增加,呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,而根系干物质生产与种子大小未呈显著正相关（P＞0.05）。这说明大粒品种大豆对阿特拉津耐药性强,小粒品种则敏感,因此,种植大粒品种大豆或品种中大粒种子,可使阿特拉津对大豆危害降到最低。 

     

Field study of the interaction between Orobanche crenata Forsk. and some new lines of Vicia faba L. in Egypt

In Egypt, some newly derived lines of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) as well as Giza 402, all of which had shown a certain resistance against the parasitic weed Orobanche crenata Forsk., were tested in the field. For reasons of comparison, the susceptible cultivars Giza 3 and Reina Blanca were included in this test. Faba bean plants and Orobanche attachments were regularly harvested and examined. The susceptible cultivars completely collapsed before the end of the growing season, whereas others, particularly line 402/294, remained alive until pod formation was completed. It appeared that fewer Orobanche spikes emerged on the new lines and Giza 402. Evidence is given that this was not due to avoidance mechanisms, such as smaller root mass, a deeper root system or lack of germination stimulants. Numbers of Orobanche attachments per unit of lateral root length were found to be low. Hence, it could be concluded that these lines are partially resistant; this resistance must be due to some defence mechanism in their roots. The few Orobanche plants attached grew very fast so that final Orobanche dry weight was similar in resistant and susceptible host plants. Further experiments, including broomrape-free controls, are required to study whether some tolerance mechanism might be involved.     

自然光温和控制光温下玉米苗期叶片NSC比较及根系糖代谢日变化

通过对比玉米苗期叶片在田间和室内条件下NSC日变化特征,分析自然条件下光照和温度变化与光合碳同化产物间的关联性,对室外水培条件下玉米苗期根系蔗糖、总可溶性糖和淀粉日变化特性进行探讨。结果表明,玉米苗期叶片NSC累积呈先升高后降低的特征,不同处理NSC峰值均出现在光照结束阶段;田间光温条件下淀粉和可溶性糖累积浓度均高于室内水培。光温变化对NSC积累的影响达极显著水平(P0.01);前一时间点的光照与后一时间点的淀粉和可溶性总糖之间相关性均达极显著水平(R2=0.77;R2=0.90)。根系中可溶性糖浓度呈明显的日变化特征,淀粉则在141.9～161.9 mg/g DM范围内波动。