谷子苗期氮高效品种筛选及相关特性分析

【目的】评价不同基因型谷子苗期氮素吸收利用差异性,筛选谷子氮高效利用基因型材料,为谷子氮高效利用品种选育和机理研究提供理论依据。【方法】采用沙培盆栽试验,以具有代表性生态类型的79个谷子品种为材料,分析其在低氮(0.2 mmol·L~(-1))和高氮(6 mmol·L~(-1))处理下茎叶干物重、含氮量、氮素吸收量、氮素吸收与利用效率的差异及相关性,并划分不同生态类型品种的氮效率类型。【结果】供试谷子品种在2个氮素水平条件下的茎叶干物重(CV_(N0.2) 35.39%和CV_(N6) 50.83%)、氮素含量(CV_(N0.2) 11.52%和CV_(N6) 11.22%)、氮素吸收量(CV_(N0.2) 32.82%和CV_(N6) 48.46%)、氮素吸收效率(CV_(N0.2) 32.82%和CV_(N6) 48.45%)、氮素利用效率(CV_(N0.2) 11.53%和CV_(N6) 11.27%)和氮效率(CV_(N0.2) 35.35%和CV_(N6) 50.61%)均存在较大差异。不同生态类型谷子品种的氮素吸收和利用效率差异显著,西北春谷类型氮素吸收效率的变化(CV_(N0.2) 39.99%和CV_(N6) 54.38%)显著高于华北夏谷类型(CV_(N0.2)29.31%和CV_(N6) 45.68%)和东北春谷类型(CV_(N0.2) 29.49%和CV_(N6) 40.30%),而氮素利用效率以华北夏谷类型品种间差异最大(CV_(N0.212.03%和CV_(N6) 12.70%)。茎叶干物重与氮素吸收和氮素利用效率呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为R~2_(N0.2)=0.1827**和R~2_(N6)=0.1027**及R~2_(N0.2)=0.8985**和R~2_(N6)=0.9442**;氮效率与氮素吸收量极显著正相关,与氮含量极显著负相关,相关系数分别为R~2_(N0.2)=0.8985**和R~2_(N6)=0.9442**及R~2_(N0.2)=0.1962**和R~2_(N6)=0.0998**;氮素利用效率与氮含量极显著负相关,相关系数分别为R~2_(N0.2)=0.9924**和R~2_(N6)=0.9910**。氮素吸收效率与氮素含量和氮素利用效率间无显著相关性。以两氮素水平条件下茎叶干物重和氮效率的平均值为标准,将3种生态类型的谷子品种划分为4种氮效率类型,双高效型、双低效型、高氮高效型和低氮高效型。其中,东北春谷双高效型和高氮高效型品种所占比重最高(P_(东北)52.9%P_(西北)36.0%P_(华北)29.7%和P_(东北)23.5%P_(华北)18.9%P_(西北)4.0%),双低效型比重最低(P_(东北)17.6%P_(华北)32.4%P_(西北)36.0%),而低氮高效型在西北春谷类型中所占比重最高(P_(西北)24.0%P_(华北)18.9%P_(东北)5.9%)。【结论】不同谷子品种苗期氮效率差异显著,且西北春谷类型品种间氮素吸收效率差异最大,华北夏谷类型品种间氮素利用效率差异最大;氮素吸收效率和利用效率之间无显著相关性,应作为2个独立的氮效率指标进行评价和改良。     

雾培条件下不同脱毒马铃薯品种比较分析

为筛选出适宜川南地区马铃薯原原种雾培生产的优势品种,本试验选用7个马铃薯品种的脱毒苗,以‘费乌瑞它’为对照,采用原原种雾培法进行品比试验,对不同品种的农艺性状和产量进行比较分析。结果表明,‘早大白’和‘中薯19号’结薯数分别为10.4粒/株和10.1粒/株,较对照分别增加33.3%和29.5%。综合评价,‘早大白’和‘中薯19号’在参试品种中农艺性状表现较好、产量较高,适合川南地区马铃薯原原种雾培生产。     

Nitrogen Nutrition Index and Its Relationship with N Use Efficiency,Tuber Yield,Radiation Use Efficiency,and Leaf Parameters in Potatoes

Knowledge about crop growth processes in relation to N limitation is necessary to optimize N management in farming system. Plant-based diagnostic method, for instance nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) were used to determine the crop nitrogen status. This study determines the relationship of NNI with agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (AE_N), tuber yield, radiation use efficiency (RUE) and leaf parameters including leaf area index (LAI), areal leaf N content (N_AL) and leaf N concentration (N_L). Potatoes were grown in field at three N levels: no N (N1), 150 kg N ha⁻¹ (N2), 300 kg N ha⁻¹ (N3). N deficiency was quantified by NNI and RUE was generally calculated by estimating of the light absorbance on leaf area. NNI was used to evaluate the N effect on tuber yield, RUE, LAI, N_AL, and N_L. The results showed that NNI was negatively correlated with AE_N, N deficiencies (NNI<1) which occurred for N1 and N2 significantly reduced LAI, N_L and tuber yield; whereas the N deficiencies had a relative small effect on N_AL and RUE. To remove any effect other than N on these parameters, the actual ratio to maximum values were calculated for each developmental stage of potatoes. When the NNI ranged from 0.4 to 1, positive linear relationships were obtained between NNI and tuber yield, LAI, N_L, while a nonlinear regression fitted the response of RUE to NNI.     

Increasing nitrogen absorption and assimilation ability under mixed NO3− and NH4+ supply is a driver to promote growth of maize seedlings

Compared with sole nitrate (NO₃⁻) or sole ammonium (NH₄⁺) supply, mixed nitrogen (N) supply may promote growth of maize seedlings. Previous study suggested that mixed N supply not only increased photosynthesis rate, but also enhanced leaf growth by increasing auxin synthesis to build a large sink for C and N utilization. However, whether this process depends on N absorption is unknown. Here, maize seedlings were grown hydroponically with three N forms (NO₃⁻ only, 75/25 NO₃⁻/NH₄⁺ and NH₄⁺ only). The study results suggested that maize growth rate and N content of shoots under mixed N supply was little different to that under sole NO₃⁻ supply at 0–3 d, but was higher than under sole NO₃⁻ supply at 6–9 d. ¹⁵N influx rate under mixed N supply was greater than under sole NO₃⁻ or NH₄⁺ supply at 6–9 d, although NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ influx under mixed N supply were reduced compared to sole NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ supply, respectively. qRT-PCR determination suggested that the increased N absorption under mixed N supply may be related to the higher expression of NO₃⁻ transporters in roots, such as ZmNRT1.1A, ZmNRT1.1B, ZmNRT1.1C, ZmNRT1.2 and ZmNRT1.3, or NH₄⁺ absorption transporters, such as ZmAMT1.1A, especially the latter. Furthermore, plants had higher nitrate reductase (NR) glutamine synthase (GS) activity and amino acid content under mixed N supply than when under sole NO₃⁻ supply. The experiments with inhibitors of NR reductase and GS synthase further confirmed that N assimilation ability under mixed N supply was necessary to promote maize growth, especially for the reduction of NO₃⁻ by NR reductase. This research suggested that the increased processes of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ assimilation by improving N-absorption ability of roots under mixed N supply may be the main driving force to increase maize growth.     

Effects of salt and nitrogen on physiological indices and carbon isotope discrimination of wheat cultivars in the northeast of Iran

In order to study the effects of different levels of salt stress and nitrogen(N) on physiological mechanisms,carbon isotope discrimination(△~(13)C),and yield of two wheat cultivars(cv.),a two-year field experiment was carried out during 2013-2015.The treatments included three levels of salt stress(1.3,5.2,and 10.5 dS m~(-1)),three levels of N(50,100,and 150 kg N ha~(-1)),and two wheat cultivars,Bam and Toos.Under salt stress,N application(100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1)) produced a significant effect on both cultivars with respect to physiological traits,i.e.,net photosynthetic rate(P_n),stomatal conductance(g_s),chlorophyll index(Cl),Na~+/K~+ratio as well as the grain yield(GY).The salt-tolerant and-sensitive cultivars exhibited the maximum values of physio-biochemical and yield attributes at 100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1),respectively.The results of △~(13)C showed a significant difference(P0.001) between wheat cultivars under the control and salt stress.According to our result,salt-tolerant cultivar Bam seems to be more efficient in terms of higher GY,P_n,g_s,Cl,and lower Na~+/K~+ratio as well as higher △~(13)C as compared with salt-sensitive cultivar Toos,under salt stress.Therefore,a significant positive correlation that observed between △~(13)C and GY,indicated that △~(13)C may be an effective index for indirect selection of yield potential in wheat under irrigation regimes with saline water.     

Effects of different LEDs light spectrum on the growth,leaf anatomy,and chloroplast ultrastructure of potato plantlets in vitro and minituber production after transplanting in the greenhouse

Light spectrum plays an important role in regulating the growth and development of in vitro cultured potato(Solanum tuberosum L.) plantlets. The status of potato plantlets at the end of in vitro stage influences the minituber production after transplanting. With 100 μmol m~(-2)s~(-1) total photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD), a light spectrum study of 100% red light emitting diodes(LEDs) light spectrum(RR), 100% blue LEDs light spectrum(BB), 65% red+35% blue LEDs light spectrum(RB), and 45% red+35% blue+20% green LEDs light spectrum(RBG) providing illumination at the in vitro cultured stage of potato plantlets for 4 weeks using fluorescent lamp as control(CK) was performed to investigate the effects of LEDs light spectrum on the growth, leaf anatomy, and chloroplast ultrastructure of potato plantlets in vitro as well as the minituber yield after 2 months transplanting in the greenhouse. Compared to CK, RB and RBG promoted the growth of potato plantlets in vitro with increased stem diameter, plantlet fresh weight, plantlet dry weight, and health index. Furthermore, BB induced the greatest stem diameter as well as the highest health index in potato plantlets in vitro. Root activity, soluble protein, and free amino acid were also significantly enhanced by BB, whereas carbohydrates were improved by RR. In addition, thickness of leaf, palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma was significantly increased by BB and RBG. Chloroplasts under BB and RBG showed well-developed grana thylakoid and stroma thylakoid. Unexpectedly, distinct upper epidermis with greatest thickness was induced and palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma were arranged neatly in RR. After transplanting in the greenhouse for 2 months, potato plantlets in vitro from BB, RB, and RBG produced high percentage of large size tuber. BB improved fresh and dry weights of the biggest tuber but decreased tuber number per plantlet. In addition, RBG increased tuber number as well as tuber fresh and dry weight slightly. Our results suggested monochromatic blue LEDs as well as combined red, blue or/and green LEDs light spectrum were superior to fluorescent lamp spectrum in micro-propagation of potato plantlets. Therefore, the application of RBG was suitable; BB and RB could be used as alternatives.     

Short Response of Spring Wheat to Tillage,Residue Management and Split Nitrogen Application in a Rice-Wheat System

A field experiment was conducted to study the impact of tillage, crop residue management and nitrogen (N) splitting on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield over 2 yr (2010-2012) in a rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat system in northwestern Pakistan. The experiment was conducted as split plot arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments comprised six tillage and residue managements: zero tillage straw retained (ZTsr), zero tillage straw burnt (ZTsb), reduced tillage straw incorporated (RTsi), reduced tillage straw burnt (RTsb), conventional tillage straw incorporated (CTsi), and conventional tillage straw burnt (CTsb) as main plots and N (200 kg ha⁻¹) was applied as split form viz., control (no nitrogen & no splitting, N₀S₀); 2 splits of total N, half at sowing and half at the 1st irrigation (i.e., 20 d after sowing (DAS)) (NS₁); 3 splits of total N, 1/3 at sowing, 1/3 at the 1st irrigation, and 1/3 at the 2nd irrigation (NS₂); 4 splits of total N, 1/4 at sowing, 1/4 at the 1st irrigation, 1/4 at the 2nd irrigation (45 DAS), and 1/4 at the 3rd irrigation (70 DAS) (NS₃); and 4 splits of total N, 1/4 at the 1st irrigation, 1/4 at the 2nd irrigation, 1/4 at the 3rd irrigation, and 1/4 at the 4th irrigation (95DAS) (NS₄) as sub plots. The results showed that the most pikes m⁻², grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and N use efficiency (NUE) were obtained at zero tillage, straw retained and 4 splits application of total N (i.e., at sowing 20, 45 and 70 d after sowing). The results indicated that ZTsr with application of 200 kg N ha⁻¹ in 4 equal splits viz. at sowing 20, 45 and 70 d after sowing is an appropriate strategy that enhanced wheat yield (7436-7634 kg ha⁻¹) and N efficiency (28.6-29.5 kg kg⁻¹) in rice-wheat system.     

Physiological evaluation of nitrogen use efficiency of different apple cultivars under various nitrogen and water supply conditions

Nitrogen(N) deficiency is a common problem for apple(Malus×domestica) production in arid regions of China. However, N utilization efficiency(NUE) of different apple cultivars grown under low N conditions in arid regions has not been evaluated. In this study, NUE was assessed for one-year-old seedlings of six apple cultivars, Golden Delicious, Qinguan, Jonagold, Honeycrisp, Fuji and Pink Lady, grafted onto Malus hupehensis Rehd. rootstocks. Four treatments were used, including control water with control N(CWCN), limited water with control N(LWCN), control water with low N(CWLN) and limited water with low N(LWLN). Our results showed that growth indices such as biomass, plant height and stem diameter, and photosynthetic rate of all cultivars decreased in the order CWCNCWLNLWCNLWLN. When subjected to LWLN treatment, Qinguan showed better growth and photosynthetic characters than other tested cultivars. Additionally, Qinguan and Pink Lady had higher NUE, while Honeycrisp and Jonagold had lower NUE, based on the determination of biomass, photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll content, the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII(F_v/F_m), ~(15) N and N contents.     

气候和社会经济因素对全球畜禽氮排放的驱动研究

畜禽氮(N)排放是全球人为氮排放的主要来源,探究其主要影响因素对畜禽氮减排具有重要意义。本研究通过分析全球166个国家畜禽的氮排放强度和氮利用率(NUE)明确畜禽氮排放特征,并运用计量经济学方法探究气候和社会经济因素对畜禽各阶段(包括饲料种植和畜禽养殖两个阶段)氮排放强度的影响。结果发现,当前全球全链条畜禽的总氮(活性氮,包括N₂O、NH₃、NO₃^-和NO_x四种氮素形式)排放量为98 Tg,总NUE(包括饲料种植和畜禽养殖两阶段的全链条NUE)为7%,其中用于饲料种植的氮排放占78%。畜禽种类和养殖方式对氮排放强度(以畜禽蛋白质质量计)影响很大,散养鸡氮排放强度最高(1.9 kg·kg^-1),山羊和绵羊的氮排放强度最低(0.6 kg·kg^-1),反刍动物主要以草和秸秆为食,饲料种植阶段氮排放较低。全球鸡的总NUE最高(9%),奶牛和奶水牛的总NUE最低(5%),单胃动物的饲料转化率较高,因而总NUE高。畜禽氮排放与人均GDP、城市化率...     

硼调控干旱胁迫下马铃薯生长发育及抗性的生理机制

为了探讨叶面喷施硼（Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O溶液）对马铃薯植株在干旱胁迫下生长发育及抗性的影响及其生理机制,在甘肃省景泰县条山集团马铃薯种植基地,对中度干旱和轻度干旱处理的两垄地,每隔3 m进行一个硼浓度（Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O）喷施处理,浓度依次为0、10、20、30、40、60 g·L^-1,每个浓度（3 m长）的喷施量为166.7 ml。结果表明：叶面喷施硼相对增加了干旱胁迫下马铃薯的块茎产量及生物量,使干旱胁迫下叶片含水量和色素含量下降幅度减小;叶面喷施硼还从整体上表现为抗氧化酶活性的提高,并抑制了超氧阴离子产生速率的增加。通过去花与不去花植株生长发育的比较,发现去花后马铃薯植株地上部分重和地下部分重均有所下降,但施硼相对提高了块茎产量及地下部分重。可见,叶面喷施硼能促进马铃薯植株在干旱胁迫下的生长发育,提高其抗旱性及块茎产量,且这种变化可能与其促进光合产物向地下部分输送密切相关。     

赤霉素和叶面肥对马铃薯原原种雾化生产的影响

为明确叶面喷施外源激素赤霉素(GA)、尿素(UREA)和硝酸钙(CN)对雾培马铃薯生产的影响,以‘中薯5号’和‘中薯19号’为材料,用清水(CK)、GA、UREA、CN、GA+UREA、GA+CN处理叶面,对比分析不同处理对马铃薯植株生长情况及产量的影响。结果发现,GA、GA+UREA和GA+CN处理显著增加了‘中薯5号’和‘中薯19号’的株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、匍匐茎分枝数、单株产量和单株结薯数,降低马铃薯植株叶绿素含量指数;‘中薯5号’的单株产量和单株结薯数分别增加42.0%、34.0%、50.9%和48.8%、30.5%、39.0%,‘中薯19号’的单株产量和单株结薯数分别增加36.4%、29.9%、35.8%和44.8%、43.7%、44.8%,而单施UREA和CN对产量影响不显著。试验表明,含GA的喷施处理均能促进雾培马铃薯植株营养生长,从而提高雾培马铃薯单株结薯数。     

Increase in yield and nitrogen use efficiency of double rice with long-term application of controlled-release urea

Controlled-release urea(CRU) has better characteristics than conventional urea for synchronizing nitrogen(N) release with plant uptake. Understanding the effects of CRU on crop yield and N use efficiency(NUE) has long been the key to evaluate the performance of CRU. A long-term experiment over five consecutive years was conducted in Changsha, Hunan Province, China, to investigate the effects of polyethylene-coated urea with a 90-d release period on the yield and NUE of double rice(early and late...     

半干旱区减氮增钾、有机肥替代对全膜覆盖垄沟种植马铃薯水肥利用和生物量积累的调控

【目的】减氮增钾和有机肥替代是提高中国作物生产中资源利用效率、改善农田生态环境、提升农产品质量和降低作物生产病害风险的有效途径。研究明确半干旱区全膜覆盖垄沟种植马铃薯减氮追施、有机肥替代和增施钾肥对马铃薯干物质积累和水分利用的影响,为该区域实施水肥高效管理提供依据。【方法】在4年大田定位试验基础上,通过测定全膜覆盖垄沟种植条件下传统施肥(PM)、减氮25%并花期追施和增施钾肥(PMN)和减氮50%与有机肥替代并花期追施(PMO)的土壤贮水量、马铃薯的生物量和产量等指标,计算不同施肥模式的耗水量、生长速率、水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力,以明确不同养分管理模式对马铃薯耗水过程的调控及其对干物质积累和水肥利用效率的影响。【结果】2011—2014年PMN花前耗水量较PM分别降低了17.4、28.7、26.8和34.2 mm,花后耗水量增加了31.1、34.7、36.7和49.2 mm;PMO没有显著降低马铃薯花前耗水,而花后耗水量分别增加了17.8、24.3、11.2和10.3 mm。与PM相比,PMN在盛花期后显著提高马铃薯地上地下生物量和生长速率,使马铃薯产量在2012—2014年平均增加2 595.1 kg·hm-2,并使水分利用效率(WUE)在2013—2014年分别增加了14.4%和6.3%,达到显著差异;PMO显著提高马铃薯各生育期的地上地下生物量和生长速率,4年平均马铃薯块茎产量增加了2 945 kg·hm-2,而且WUE在2012—2014年显著高于PM。PMN和PMO较PM均能显著提高马铃薯肥料偏生产力、化肥偏生产力、氮素偏生产力和化肥氮素偏生产力,表明PMN和PMO能协同提高作物的养分和水分利用效率,实现以肥调水和以水促肥的目标。2011年为严重干旱年份,虽然PMN和PMO能调节马铃薯花前花后耗水,提高地上地下生物量和生长速率,显著提高养分偏生产力,但产量和水分利用效率无显著提高。【结论】PMN和PMO均能显著调节马铃薯花前花后耗水量,增加生物量和提高生长速率,使得马铃薯块茎产量、水分利用效率和养分利用效率增加。与PMN相比,PMO对马铃薯产量、WUE和养分偏生产力的增加幅度更大,是资源更加高效和作物增产的养分管理模式。     

施肥水平对不同氮效率水稻氮素利用特征及产量的影响

【目的】研究不同施肥水平下不同氮效率杂交水稻产量差异与氮素吸收和利用的关系,以期为水稻品种改良和高产高效栽培技术提供依据。【方法】以氮高效品种(德香4103)和氮低效品种(宜香3724)为材料,通过设置低肥(75 kg N·hm~(-2),37.5 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),75 kg K_2O·hm~(-2),记为N_1P_1K_1)、中肥(150 kg N·hm~(-2),75 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),150 kg K_2O·hm~(-2),记为N_2P_2K_2)、高肥(225 kg N·hm~(-2),112.5 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),225 kg K_2O·hm~(-2),记为N_3P_3K_3)3种施肥水平,并在各施肥水平下均增设一不施氮处理,研究其对不同氮效率水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响及其结实期氮素吸收、转运和分配特性。【结果】品种与施肥水平对杂交稻主要生育时期及各生育阶段氮素的累积、转运、分配,以及氮素利用特征和产量均存在显著影响;品种对氮肥回收利用率、千粒重,以及总颖花数的影响均不同程度的高于施肥水平的调控效应;施肥水平对主要生育时期及各生育阶段氮素的累积,结实期叶片和茎鞘氮的运转,以及产量调控作用显著。N_2P_2K_2相对于N_1P_1K_1处理能促进不同氮效率水稻主要生育时期及各生育阶段氮素的累积,提高氮收获指数,促进结实期叶片和茎鞘中氮素的运转,进而显著提高稻谷产量及氮肥利用效率,且N_2P_2K_2均显著高于同品种下其他的肥料施用处理,为本试验最佳的氮磷钾肥施用模式;N_3P_3K_3处理易造成结实期叶片及茎鞘中氮滞留量增加,氮转运贡献率显著降低,导致产量及氮肥利用效率显著降低。氮高效品种具有总颖花数、结实率高的特征,其主要生育时期氮素累积量,氮素干物质生产效率,氮素稻谷生产效率及氮素收获指数等均显著高于氮低效品种,但千粒重并不是氮高效品种所独有的特征;此外,氮高效品种结实期更有利于叶片与茎鞘氮素的运转及穗部氮素的累积,尤其氮高效品种具有较高的茎鞘氮素转运率,其与氮肥生理利用率、回收利用率及农艺利用率均存在显著正相关性(r=0.699*—0.743*),是导致不同氮效率品种氮肥利用效率、产量差异的重要因子,可作为氮效率及品种鉴选的评价指标,也可以以进一步提高抽穗至成熟期氮高效水稻品种茎鞘氮素运转率,作为实现水稻高产与氮高效利用协调统一的另一重要途径。【结论】本试验条件下,氮高效品种具备的结实期茎鞘高氮素转运、高总颖花数及结实率是优于氮低效品种而形成产量差异的主要因素,N_2P_2K2_为氮高效品种配套的最优氮磷钾肥施用模式。提高抽穗期至成熟期氮累积量,促进叶片与茎鞘氮运转量,尤其应提高茎鞘氮素运转率,可实现高产与氮高效利用的同步提高。     

不同种植模式下施肥对马铃薯产量和水肥利用效率的影响

在覆膜栽培方式下,如何优化养分管理措施是目前旱作区马铃薯生产急需突破的瓶颈。为了实施水肥的高效管理,通过大田试验研究不同集雨种植模式(F0:露地垄作;F1:全膜覆盖双垄垄播;F2:全膜覆盖双垄沟播)下施肥(N0:不施肥;N1:配方施肥;N2:农民习惯施肥)对马铃薯干物质积累、块茎产量和水肥利用效率的影响,以期明确马铃薯增产增效的最佳种植模式及与之配套的施肥水平。结果表明:全膜覆盖双垄种植和施肥处理可以明显提高马铃薯全生育期的干物质积累量,其中F2N1处理对块茎膨大期的块茎干物质积累量影响最大,而在淀粉积累期和成熟期以F1N1处理的块茎干物质积累量最大,比F2N1处理增加了5.59%和2.88%,差异显著(P0.05)。可见,相比沟播种植而言,马铃薯垄上种植更有利于根系的生长和块茎的膨大。不同覆膜栽培方式下施肥处理的马铃薯块茎产量和水分利用效率均以F1N1处理的最高,F2N1处理的次之,分别比F0N1处理显著增加了40.26%和34.10%、16.33%和14.77%,但F1N1与F2N1处理之间差异不显著(P0.05)。不同处理的马铃薯肥料利用效率表现为氮素农学效率和氮素偏生产力以F1N2最高,而与其他处理相比,F1N1处理的磷、钾素农学效率显著增加了0.21~6.68倍和0.21~3.47倍,且磷、钾素偏生产力的增幅达0.05~0.91倍和0.05~0.40倍。这表明F1N1不仅可以协同增加马铃薯的块茎产量和水肥利用效率,还促进了磷、钾素农学效率和偏生产力的提高。综上所述,F1N1处理更有利于实现马铃薯增产和水肥高效利用,是半干旱区马铃薯增产增效的最佳覆膜种植模式和施肥水平。     

施氮量对不同肥力土壤氮素转化及其利用率的影响

【目的】评价不同施氮量下不同肥力土壤在小麦孕穗期的土壤活性氮组分（土壤矿质氮、可溶性有机氮和微生物量氮）的转化与氮肥利用率的变化。【方法】以长期（37年）定位试验下不同施肥处理土壤（贫瘠土壤-NF：长期不施肥;低肥力土壤-LF：长期施用化肥;中肥力土壤-MF:长期施用低量有机肥配施无机肥;高肥力土壤-HF：长期施用高量有机肥配施无机肥）为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,利用¹⁵N示踪法,研究添加外源硫酸铵氮肥（N0：0、N1：135 kg·hm^-2、N2：180 kg·hm^-2）之后,小麦生长旺盛时期（孕穗期）土壤活性氮组分在不同肥力土壤中的变化以及与土壤供氮效应之间的联系。【结果】随施氮量增加,不同肥力土壤的可溶性氮均呈先增加后降低的趋势,在N1处理最高,而各处理的土壤微生物量氮在N2达到最大,N1最低;不同肥力土壤可溶性氮变化均为高肥力土壤＞中肥力土壤＞低肥力土壤＞贫瘠土壤,而微生物量氮变化均为高肥力土壤＞中肥力土壤＞贫瘠土壤＞低肥力土壤（P＜0.05）;施氮对不同肥力土壤可溶性氮和微生物量氮的影响在低肥力土壤最大,而在高肥力土壤增幅最小。不同肥力土壤供氮量、氮肥利用率以及吸氮总量和吸15N量的变化均为高肥力土壤＞中肥力土壤＞低肥力土壤＞贫瘠土壤（P＜0.05）,其中,吸收15N量所占小麦吸收总氮的百分比大小变化为低肥力土壤＞中肥力土壤＞高肥力土壤＞贫瘠土壤（P＜0.05）。相同肥力不同处理下,土壤供氮量、氮肥利用率以及小麦吸氮量和吸15N肥料的量随施氮量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,均以N1处理显著高于其他处理（P＜0.05）,总体上施氮处理下小麦吸肥料氮所占吸收总氮的百分比的平均值为44%;各肥力土壤中肥料损失量均为贫瘠土壤＞低肥力土壤＞中肥力土壤＞高肥力土壤（P＜0.05）,而且氮肥损失量均随施氮量的增加而增加,在N2处理最大;土壤活性氮组分与土壤供氮、氮肥利用率、小麦吸氮之间均具有显著的正相关关系（P＜0.05）。【结论】在高肥力土壤上添加适宜氮量（135 kg·hm^-2）利于土壤中活性氮组分的转化,能更好地协调土壤供氮与作物需氮间的关系,提高氮肥利用率,减少氮素在土壤中的损失。     

马铃薯块茎蒸煮品质、质构特性及加工型品系筛选

【目的】蒸煮是马铃薯食用最主要的加工方式,马铃薯商业化加工过程中需要对蒸煮加工的品质性状进行定量化分析和分类。根据商业化加工的需求在品种选育中进行蒸煮品质性状的早期选择和筛选,确定蒸煮加工型品种的品质性状特征和相关参数,同时从现有品种和品系中根据商业化加工参数筛选适合不同用途需求的蒸煮品种,是提高蒸煮加工型品种选育效率和方法的有效手段,为制定蒸煮加工型品种选育目标提供基础。【方法】在对马铃薯品种和品系的块茎产量、块茎大小、薯型、薯肉颜色、芽眼深度、抗病性和商品率的初步选择基础上,筛选14个品种和品系进行蒸煮试验,在普通蒸锅中放入块茎蒸煮25 min,蒸熟后,在室温环境冷却20 min,7 d后,分别对蒸煮前后块茎色泽变化、蒸煮前后块茎硬度、蒸煮前后软化度进行测定。同时测定这些品种和品系的干物质含量、淀粉含量、蔗糖含量、葡萄糖含量、果糖含量、游离氨基酸含量、绿原酸含量、柠檬酸含量、抗坏血酸含量,分析以上成分在蒸煮加工过程中变化对品种和品系块茎的风味、色泽和质构特性的影响,确定蒸煮加工型品种的加工参数。【结果】选育蒸煮加工型马铃薯品种,首先考虑田间综合农艺性状要能够满足商业化生产与加工过程工艺流程和加工机械要求。块茎还原糖含量是影响蒸煮风味中甜度的主要因素,含量应控制在0.4%以下。游离氨基酸含量与蒸煮风味中鲜味有关,14个品种和品系的氨基酸含量差别还不能构成显著的风味差别,所有品种和品系的氨基酸含量介于30—70μmol。块茎品种风味构成中的苦味来源主要是糖苷碱含量,蒸煮加工型品种的糖苷碱含量应控制在150 mg·kg~(-1)以下。蒸煮后冷却20 min块茎色泽变化值和蒸煮后7 d的色泽变化值ΔE差值是衡量蒸煮加工型品种色泽变化的重要参数。块茎蒸煮前后的软化度是衡量蒸煮加工型品种质地变化的重要参数。【结论】14个品种和品系块茎蒸煮后的风味、色泽变化、质构特性变化是判定蒸煮加工型品种的重要参数,通过对这些参数的全面分析表明,品种Burbank、Shepody和品系0724-58、0712-66是蒸煮后软化度比较高的品种和品系,而0744-8和0722-26是蒸煮后软化度比较低的品系。     

Postponed and reduced basal nitrogen application improves nitrogen use efficiency and plant growth of winter wheat

Excessive nitrogen(N) fertilization with a high basal N ratio in wheat can result in lower N use efficiency(NUE) and has led to environmental problems in the Yangtze River Basin, China. However, wheat requires less N fertilizer at seedling growth stage, and its basal N fertilizer utilization efficiency is relatively low; therefore, reducing the N application rate at the seedling stage and postponing the N fertilization period may be effective for reducing N application and increasing wheat yield and NUE. A 4-year field experiment was conducted with two cultivars under four N rates(240 kg N ha–1(N240), 180 kg N ha–1(N180), 150 kg N ha–1(N150), and 0 kg N ha–1(N0)) and three basal N application stages(seeding(L0), fourleaf stage(L4), and six-leaf stage(L6)) to investigate the effects of reducing the basal N application rate and postponing the basal N fertilization period on grain yield, NUE, and N balance in a soil-wheat system. There was no significant difference in grain yield between the N180 L4 and N240 L0(control) treatments, and the maximum N recovery efficiency and N agronomy efficiency were observed in the N180 L4 treatment. Grain yield and NUE were the highest in the L4 treatment. The leaf area index, flag leaf photosynthesis rate, flag leaf nitrate reductase and glutamine synthase activities, dry matter accumulation, and N uptake post-jointing under N180 L4 did not differ significantly from those under N240 L0. Reduced N application decreased the inorganic N content in the 0–60-cm soil layer, and the inorganic N content of the L6 treatment was higher than those of the L0 and L4 treatments at the same N level. Surplus N was low under the reduced N rates and delayed basal N application treatments. Therefore, postponing and reducing basal N fertilization could maintain a high yield and improve NUE by improving the photosynthetic production capacity, promoting N uptake and assimilation, and reducing surplus N in soil-wheat systems.     

Integrated management strategy for improving the grain yield and nitrogen-use efficiency of winter wheat

Understanding of how combinations of agronomic options can be used to improve the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) of winter wheat is limited. A three-year experiment involving four integrated management strategies was conducted from 2013 to 2015 in Tai'an, Shandong Province, China, to evaluate changes in grain yield and NUE. The integrated management treatments were as follows: current practice(T1); improvement of current practice(T2); high-yield management(T3), which aimed to maximize grain yield regardless of the cost of resource inputs; and integrated soil and crop system management(T4) with a higher seeding rate, delayed sowing date, and optimized nutrient management. Seeding rates increased by 75 seeds m~(–2) with each treatment from T1(225 seeds m~(–2)) to T4(450 seeds m~(–2)). The sowing dates were delayed from T1(5 th Oct.) to T2 and T3(8 th Oct.), and to T4 treatment(12 th Oct.). T1, T2, T3, and T4 received 315, 210, 315, and 240 kg N ha~(–1), 120, 90, 210 and 120 kg P_2O_5 ha~(–1), 30, 75, 90, and 45 kg K_2O ha~(–1), respectively. The ratio of basal application to topdressing for T1, T2, T3, and T4 was 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, and 4:6, respectively, with the N topdressing applied at regreening for T1 and at jointing stage for T2, T3, and T4. The P fertilizers in all treatments were applied as basal fertilizer. The K fertilizer for T1 and T2 was applied as basal fertilizer while the ratio of basal application to topdressing(at jointing stage) of K fertilizer for both T3 and T4 was 6:4. T1, T2, T3, and T4 were irrigated five, four, four and three times, respectively. Treatment T3 produced the highest grain yield among all treatments over three years and the average yield was 9 277.96 kg ha~(–1). Grain yield averaged across three years with the T4 treatment(8 892.93 kg ha~(–1)) was 95.85% of that with T3 and was 21.72 and 6.10% higher than that with T1(7 305.95 kg ha~(–1)) and T2(8 381.41 kg ha~(–1)), respectively. Treatment T2 produced the highest NUE of all the integrated treatments. The NUE with T4 was 95.36% of that with T2 and was 51.91 and 25.62% higher than that with T1 and T3, respectively. The N uptake efficiency(UPE) averaged across three years with T4 was 50.75 and 16.62% higher than that with T1and T3, respectively. The N utilization efficiency(UTE) averaged across three years with T4 was 7.74% higher than that with T3. The increased UPE with T4 compared with T3 could be attributed mostly to the lower available N in T4, while the increased UTE with T4 was mainly due to the highest N harvest index and low grain N concentration, which consequently led to improved NUE. The net profit for T4 was the highest among four treatments and was 174.94, 22.27, and 28.10% higher than that for T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Therefore, the T4 treatment should be a recommendable management strategy to obtain high grain yield, high NUE, and high economic benefits in the target region, although further improvements of NUE are required.     

Strip deep rotary tillage combined with controlled-release urea improves the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize in the North China Plain

Inappropriate tillage practices and nitrogen(N) management have become seriously limitations for maize(Zea mays L.) yield and N use efficiency(NUE) in the North China Plain(NCP). In the current study, we examined the effects of strip deep rotary tillage(ST) combined with controlled-release(CR) urea on maize yield and NUE, and determined the physiological factors involved in yield formation and N accumulation during a 2-year field experiment. Compared with conventional rotary tillage(RT) and no-t...