宠物手术病例及相关问题剖析

近年来随着我市宠物饲养数量的不断增大,我校动物诊所接诊的犬、猫手术病例也在增多。经统计,2008年我校所属两个动物诊所共接诊犬、猫手术病例351例,约占全年病例数21％。归纳起来可分为以下几类：外伤与骨折手术、消化器官手术、泌尿器官手术、生殖器官手术、绝育术、美容术,眼部手术、疝修复术、肿瘤切除术等。总结分析当前宠物临床的手术病例和应当注意的问题,对指导宠物临床手术具有十分重要的意义。     

动物外科术前准备

1手术分工外科手术是集体活动,术前要有良好的分工,以便在手术期间各尽其职,有条不紊地工作。术者和手术人员在手术时要了解每个人的职责,切实做好准备工作。术者是手术主要操作者,是手术的组织者。协助术者进行手术,视具体情况可设1~3人。第一助手负责局部麻醉、术部消毒、手术术部隔离及配合术者进行切开、止血、结扎、缝合、清理术部和显露术部     

猪剖腹产关键技术要点

临床上对母猪进行剖腹产手术属于临床上较难的兽医手术之一,在手术中需要注意许多事项,稍有不慎便会面临许多导致手术不顺利甚至失败的风险,因此兽医在临床上需要对猪剖腹产手术进行不断修改,旨在探讨如何提高猪剖腹产手术的顺利程度。     

奶牛站立式剖腹产术及实例体会

奶牛难产是常见病,对人工助产无效病例则必须施行手术。奶牛站立式剖腹产是一种先进的手术,手术是在奶牛站立、简单保定的情况下,把复杂的产科手术以简易的方式进行,快速地消除牛只难产的危急。本文将此项手术流程进行归纳,并将自己施行的数例成功手术经验悉数总结,进行介绍。     

猪脐疝两种手术效果的对比试验

为探索出一种科学合理的临床处理猪脐疝的手术方法,开展猪脐疝开放式手术方式与半开放式手术方式的对比试验。经试验分析,采用半开放式手术方法治疗猪脐疝后,试验猪体重减轻幅度较小,体温仅在术后24 h出现小的波动;同时,局部红肿、皮肤创口炎性分泌物较开放式手术方法少;嗜中性粒细胞对比,半开放式手术方法明显低于开放式手术方法;血浆白蛋白监测,半开放式手术方法一直在正常范围内波动。结果表明,与开放式手术方法相比,半开放式手术方法术后感染较小,更有利于术后康复和疝的愈合,减少猪脐疝复发概率,对机体的损伤更小。     

猪胃切开术的探讨

试验通过临床手术取出滞留在患猪胃腔中的毛丛或毛球,以探讨猪胃切开术的临床应用方法。采用术前禁食24h以上,经麻醉后手术取出胃内异物和冲洗胃的具体方法,对4头淘汰猪实施了胃切开手术,手术成功率为100%。结果表明,胃切开手术具有快速有效地清除胃内异物的优点,但整个过程需要严格的无菌操作和术后护理,才能保证手术的成功率。     

公猪去势常遇到的问题

南于品种改良和饲料的优化,生猪的生长周期大大缩短,所以母猪一般不再做去势手术,而公猪则不然,除种用外,其余全部做去势手术。鉴于公猪生理结构特点,公猪去势手术要比母猪去势手术更难些,并且手术中常遇到如下问题,现提出与同行商榷。     

犬术后常见问题处理及护理

<正>受手术影响,犬的机体、功能状态会发生一系列的变化,饮食等功能也受到不同程度的影响。因此,对采取手术治疗的病犬,手术完成后,并不等于全部手术治疗任务的完成,必须对犬精心护理,才能保证手术治疗成功,加速机体康复。所谓"三分治疗,七分护理",其含义就在于强调一般易于疏忽的术后护理的重要性。一般来说,病犬手术完成后,对病犬的术后护理应注意以下方面:     

奶牛创伤性心包炎手术治疗体会

通过4例奶牛创伤性心包炎手术治疗的成败分析,进一步探讨创伤性心包炎手术治疗的方法及影响成功率的因素。手术治疗奶牛创伤性心包炎4例,其中2例康复,2例术后死亡。初步认为,早期确诊,尽早手术成功率高,对高产奶牛有治疗价值;后期手术治疗成功率低,治疗意义不大。     

几例奶牛剖腹产手术的讨论

剖腹产手术是指切开腹壁及子宫并经切口取出胎儿的手术。通常在难产时,从产道助产或截胎无效或预后不良时实施的手术。笔者在过去的几年临床实践中,共实施奶牛剖腹产手术8例,成功率100％。笔者通过多例奶牛剖腹产手术的实践操作,总结了一些心得,现作如下分述,以供同行讨论参考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …