不同授粉方式对日光温室草莓产量、品质及效益的影响

以草莓品种"甜宝"为试验材料,通过测定草莓的坐果率、畸形果率、单果重、产量、产值,研究了熊蜂和蜜蜂授粉对日光温室草莓产量、品质及效益的影响。结果表明:熊蜂授粉的草莓畸形果平均率从蜜蜂授粉的11.08%降低为5.28%,2种授粉方式的坐果率均为100%。熊蜂和蜜蜂授粉的草莓单果重平均值分别为11.08g和8.09g,熊蜂较蜜蜂授粉的草莓单果重增加了36.96%。熊蜂授粉的草莓果纵径、横径以及单果种子数均显著高于蜜蜂授粉。熊蜂授粉的草莓产量和产值均显著高于蜜蜂授粉,且利润较蜜蜂授粉增加了33.80%。     

不同蜂授粉对设施草莓产量和品质的影响

通过比较熊蜂和蜜蜂对大棚栽培草莓的授粉效果试验得出,与蜜蜂相比,熊蜂的出巢时间早,工作时间长,趋光性差,撞棚膜现象发生少,且饲喂简单,饲料投入量少。采用熊蜂授粉的草莓平均产量可达16708.5kg/hm2,比采用蜜蜂授粉的棚增产35.0%;熊蜂授粉草莓单果质量为8.28g,比采用蜜蜂授粉的增加58.6%,差异显著;熊蜂授粉的草莓糖度为11.68%,蜜蜂授粉的草莓糖度为11.29%,差异不显著;熊蜂授粉的草莓畸形果率平均比蜜蜂授粉的低67.9%,差异显著。试验结果进一步说明了熊蜂比蜜蜂更适合用来进行设施草莓授粉。     

不同蜂授粉对设施草莓产量和品质的影响

通过比较熊蜂和蜜蜂对大棚栽培草莓的授粉效果试验得出,与蜜蜂相比,熊蜂的出巢时间早,工作时间长,趋光性差,撞棚膜现象发生少,且饲喂简单,饲料投入量少.采用熊蜂授粉的草莓平均产量可达16 708.5 kg/hm2,比采用蜜蜂授粉的棚增产35.0%;熊蜂授粉草莓单果质量为8.28 g,比采用蜜蜂授粉的增加58.6%,差异显著;熊蜂授粉的草莓糖度为11.68%,蜜蜂授粉的草莓糖度为11.29%,差异不显著;熊蜂授粉的草莓畸形果率平均比蜜蜂授粉的低67.9%,差异显著.试验结果进一步说明了熊蜂比蜜蜂更适合用来进行设施草莓授粉.     

熊蜂授粉对草莓产量和品质的影响

在大棚草莓上进行熊蜂授粉和自然授粉比较试验得出,熊蜂授粉的草莓平均产量为20 190.45 kg/hm2,比自然授粉增产38.81%;熊蜂授粉草莓平均单果质量为15.10 g,较自然授粉10.02 g提高37.02%,差异显著;熊蜂授粉草莓畸形果率降低81.82%,差异显著;熊蜂授粉草莓果实可溶性糖为11.82%,自然授粉为10.85%,差异不显著;熊蜂处理的草莓着色一致、色泽鲜亮、香甜可口,优于自然授粉,产值增加48.73%,效益显著。     

不同授粉方法对设施番茄果实生长发育的影响

为探讨不同的授粉方法对设施番茄坐果率、单果质量和品质的影响,在番茄开花期分别采用自然授粉法、激素处理法、蜜蜂授粉法、机械振荡授粉法和熊蜂授粉法等5种方法进行授粉处理,测定了番茄坐果率、结果数量、单果质量、畸形果率和品质性状,比较不同授粉方式下番茄果实生长发育的差异,以期为设施番茄生产者选择适宜的授粉方法提供参考依据。结果表明:在同一穗位不同授粉方法对各穗坐果率均有显著影响,熊蜂授粉、蜜蜂授粉、机械振荡授粉和激素处理4种方法分别比自然授粉的坐果率提高25.46%、23.18%、19.62%和11.42%。不同辅助授粉方法能够有效增加番茄结果数量,各果穗上的表现为熊蜂授粉法蜜蜂授粉法机械振荡法激素处理法CK。熊蜂授粉番茄4~5穗果后期平均单果质量比其它处理及对照提高5.9%~11.8%,而且4种授粉方法番茄1~5穗果的畸形果率比自然授粉法降低9.14~47.00个百分点。各授粉方法的综合效果为熊蜂授粉法机械振荡授粉法蜜蜂授粉法激素处理法自然授粉法。为使设施番茄栽培达到优质高效的目的,并降低成本投入,推荐使用熊蜂授粉法。     

陕北日光温室草莓熊蜂授粉技术

<正>在设施栽培环境下，高质量的授粉是保证草莓坐果率、减少畸形果的关键技术措施。近年来，熊蜂授粉成为替代蜜蜂授粉的一项技术措施，在陕西甘泉设施草莓生产中推广应用。结合试验调查，我们总结了温室草莓熊蜂授粉技术，     

设施果树熊蜂授粉试验

2005年进行了设施果园熊蜂授粉试验。结果表明:设施果树熊蜂授粉比蜜蜂授粉坐果率明显提高,其中油桃高25.5%、金太阳杏高1.02倍、李子高10.81%、大樱桃高66.41%、草莓高13.6%;果实成熟期提前3~5d;油桃、李子、大樱桃、草莓的单果质量分别高3.6、3.0、1.75、6.0g;油桃、李子、大樱桃平均株产分别高2.0、1.5、4.0kg。     

设施桃熊蜂授粉效果试验

2004~2006年以设施栽培的桃和油桃为对象,进行熊蜂授粉试验。结果表明,利用熊蜂传粉,桃和油桃的坐果率分别达95.7%和98.3%,畸形果率显著降低,单果重明显提高,666.7m2产量分别达2315.2kg和3315.9kg,果实成熟期比蜜蜂传粉提前3~4天,其增产提质的效果优于蜜蜂传粉。一群熊蜂可满足600m2设施桃的授粉需要。     

不同授粉方式对日光温室番茄产量、品质及效益的影响

人工辅助授粉是日光温室番茄栽培的重要环节,本试验比较、分析了生产中常用的熊蜂授粉、振动器授粉和激素蘸花等3种授粉方式对日光温室番茄产量、品质及效益的影响。结果表明:熊蜂授粉处理的番茄坐果率、单果质量、单株产量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性总糖含量均显著高于振动授粉和激素蘸花处理,而畸形果率显著低于振动授粉和激素蘸花处理,且减少人工投入,是日光温室番茄最佳的授粉方式。     

地熊蜂为重庆温室茄子授粉的效果研究

为了有效利用熊蜂授粉,在重庆地区开展了熊蜂为温室茄子授粉效果的研究。结果表明,与自然授粉（CK）相比,熊蜂授粉组的茄子坐果率提高了46.30%,畸形果率下降了70%,单果质量增加了37.45%,株产量增加了68.28%,VC含量增加了22.69%,总糖含量降低了7.27%。应用地熊蜂为重庆地区温室茄子授粉,不仅可以促进坐果率,提高产量,而且还可以改善果实品质。     

南疆日光温室番茄熊蜂授粉试验

以新疆南疆日光温室番茄为研究对象,进行熊蜂授粉技术试验。试验结果表明,熊蜂具有适合设施番茄授粉的形态结构和独特的生物学特性,出巢活动温度为9-12℃;熊蜂番茄授粉的坐果率为94．2％;单位面积产量比坐果灵蘸花授粉提高11．2％,果实可溶性固形物、维生素C、总糖含量分别提高12．9％、1％、23．1％;果实风味（糖酸比）也高于坐果灵蘸花处理,果实品质和商品性较好。因此,熊蜂授粉适合南疆生态气候区设施番茄栽培环境。     

The importance of male red mason bee (Osmia rufa L.) and male bufftailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L.) pollination in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.)

Summary

Male wild bees visit flowers to feed and, despite their lack of specialised organs for carrying pollen, simultaneously pollinate them. We analysed the pollinating efficiency of the males of two bee species for blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.): red mason bee (Osmia rufa L.) and bufftailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris terrestris L.). Both bee species are commercial pollinators and many males are produced during their rearing. Gauze sleeves were used to isolate the inflorescences and to keep the males inside (one per sleeve). In each experimental group, there were six shoots with four neighbouring inflorescences (n = 24). The sleeves were also used to prevent other bees from reaching the flowers, and to allow self-pollination. Non-isolated flowers were pollinated by free-range bees. The effect of male bee pollination was similar to that of free-range bee pollination. The percentages of flowers that developed into fruit were as follows: male bufftailed bumblebee pollination, 79.5%; free-range bee pollination, 71.1%; male red mason bee pollination, 65.1%; and self-pollination, 46.4%; while the mean numbers of fruit per raceme were 5.0, 4.4, 3.6, and 2.4, respectively. The number of non-pollinated flowers per raceme (ranging from 1.3 – 2.8) exhibited an inverse relationship to these numbers of fruit. Our observations showed that male wild bees can pollinate blackcurrant flowers successfully, and could potentially be useful in other crops.     

地熊蜂为重庆地区设施番茄授粉的效果研究

为评价地熊蜂在重庆地区设施番茄的授粉效果,在重庆市荣昌区龙舌嘴村开展授粉效果比较试验,分析地熊蜂授粉对设施番茄产量、果实品质及畸形果率的影响。试验结果显示,经地熊蜂授粉的设施番茄平均产量为2 206.44 kg/667 m2,与未授粉组相比显著提高了104.95%,授粉组的单果质量、果纵径、果最大横径、可溶性固形物含量、VC含量及总糖含量显著高于未授粉组。由此,认为地熊蜂适宜为重庆地区设施番茄授粉,且能够显著提高重庆地区设施番茄的产量与品质。     

Quality fruit improvement in sweet pepper culture by bumblebee pollination

The percentage of ovules that set seeds per fruit has been used to evaluate the bumblebee activity of a two campaigns greenhouse trial. The experiment was carried out with two commercial cultivars of sweet pepper, ‘bell’ type, called Bardenas and Vergasa. The averages of the percentages of seed set per fruit of the two campaigns were 49.8% (Bardenas) and 40.7% (Vergasa) on the pollination treatment, whereas the averages of the control (self-pollination) treatment were 27.5% and 25.7%, respectively. Percentages of seed set per fruit was strongly related with the number of bee visits, but weakly with duration of visits.     

不同花粉配比对‘金艳’猕猴桃坐果率和果实品质的影响

以‘金艳’猕猴桃为试材,在其盛花期将花粉与石松子粉以1∶2、1∶3、1∶4、1∶5、1∶6的不同质量配比对其进行授粉,同时于采收后对果实的横纵径、果形指数、单果质量、硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、抗坏血酸含量以及叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量等生理指标进行测定,探讨不同质量配比的花粉对猕猴桃坐果率和果实品质的影响,以期为猕猴桃生产中的授粉应用提供参考依据。结果表明:花粉与石松子粉以1∶2、1∶3、1∶4质量配比授粉时,‘金艳’猕猴桃均有较高的坐果率,可达90%及以上,且果实品质较好。综合各方面指标,并在节约生产成本的条件下,花粉与石松子粉的质量配比1∶4最佳。     

Sucrose metabolism in watermelon fruit is affected by fruit-setting method under plastic film greenhouses

Fruit set represents the very first step of fruit development. This study investigated the effect of different fruit-setting methods [1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-3-phenylurea (CPPU) treatment, artificial pollination, and honey bee pollination] on the concentrations of fructose, glucose, and sucrose, and the activities of sucrose metabolising enzymes of watermelon fruit under plastic film greenhouse conditions. No significant difference in fructose and glucose concentrations was observed among the three treatments at fully ripe stage of fruit [33 days after anthesis (33 DAA)]. However, artificial and honey bee pollination significantly increased sucrose concentration. Measurement of sucrose metabolising enzyme activities and correlation analysis demonstrated that the increased activity of SuSy-s (sucrose synthase, synthesis direction) is the key mechanism of increased sucrose concentration in the artificially pollinated and honey bee pollinated fruits. The concentrations of fructose, glucose, and sucrose were similar between artificially pollinated and honey bee-pollinated fruits at fully ripe stage (33 DAA). Therefore, we can conclude that artificial and bee pollination can improve the sweetness of watermelon fruit. In addition, the honey bee can provide a pollination service that is similar to that of artificial pollination for watermelon grown in a protected cultivation system.     

熊蜂授粉对大棚蔬菜产量和品质的影响

为了解熊蜂授粉对大棚蔬菜产量和品质的影响,开展自然授粉和熊蜂授粉对比试验。试验结果表明,熊蜂授粉可提高大棚试验农作物坐果率30%以上,单株产量提高17%以上;试验蔬菜维生素C、总糖、可溶性固形物含量均有所提高;熊蜂授粉可显著提高大棚蔬菜株产量和品质,增加大棚农作物种植效益。     

三系配套辣椒制种壁蜂授粉技术应用初探

2016~2017年以人工授粉作为对照,进行了三系配套辣椒制种壁蜂授粉试验。结果表明:三系配套辣椒制种壁蜂授粉时父母本的最佳配比为1∶3,父本、母本相间栽培。壁蜂在温室中的适应性较好,辣椒坐果率、单株结果数、种子千粒重及制种产量均高于人工授粉,并大幅度降低了制种成本,每个温室成本降低86.7%。壁蜂授粉技术的应用在三系辣椒制种中具有可行性,且制种效果好。