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污水资源化及其农业利用(污灌)的对策 总被引:15,自引:1,他引:15
针对我国污水排放日益增加且含有大量污染物的问题,在简要回顾国内外污水资源化的同时,剖析了我国污水农业利用存在的问题,提出了加强污水农业利用的管理与技术措施,保证农业的可持续发展。 相似文献
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从高校水质、水量和出水水质标准等实际情况出发,考察分析高校生活污水产生、收集、处理及资源化回用全过程,就高校生活污水的中水处理方式提出了原位分散处理和集中处理两种系统,并对其组成、特点以及在不同条件下的适用性进行了分析。同时结合工程实践,介绍了几种适合高校生活污水集中处理回用适用技术,并对其工艺过程、技术特点、投资、运行费用以及处理效果进行了分析,结果表明:①MBR方法处理效率高,资源化利用率高达87.5%;②生物接触氧化处理技术COD去除率87.5%~92.5%,吨水投资3 000元,运行费用3.57元/t,运行管理简便;③采用适用技术处理高校生活区污水并中水回用,高校节水潜力巨大。 相似文献
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畜牧场固液分离及水冲系统简介及设计要点 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
畜牧场固液分离及水冲系统是在结合国外先进设备和国内畜牧场国情基础上提出的。系统工艺流程简单,分离后的固体干燥、无臭味、运输方便,可为牛舍提供垫料或做有机肥,分离后的污水可作为粪沟或清粪通道冲洗水,实现粪污的资源化利用。该工艺还能降低污水中的COD,BOD,TS的含量,减少后期整个场区的污水处理量,为污水二次处理工程节省投资费用,体现了养殖污染防治"资源化"和"减量化"的原则。为更好地指导工程实践,以下对系统进行了概括性介绍,并论述了设计中需要注意的要点。 相似文献
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为推进污水资源化利用、提高再生水利用配置水平,研究针对目前再生水利用配置过程存在的问题,提出了包含再生水用户市场调查、再生水水质综合评估、确定分类处理技术、制定精细化配置方案等步骤的城市再生水分类处理及精细化配置技术框架体系,然后以江苏省宿迁市为例进行分析。根据宿迁市中心城区再生水用户利用需求、污水处理厂出水水质调查结果,按照工业用水、城市杂用、景观环境、灌溉用水的利用途径提出了符合宿迁市实际情况的再生水分类处理技术,制定了针对典型污水处理厂的精细化配置方案。研究成果可为宿迁市推动再生水利用配置试点工作提供支撑,对国内其他城市再生水利用配置具有一定的借鉴意义。 相似文献
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危害分析关键控制点(HACCP)是一个识别危害并建立控制系统的工具和预防危害的系统方法,在介绍HACCP体系的基本原理和在国内外污水资源化领域应用的基础上,提出污水资源化过程中的关键控制点、监控系统、关键限值和纠偏行动等,以加强污水资源化过程的质量控制和风险管理,确保人体健康和生态安全。 相似文献
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张静萍 《国际沙棘研究与开发》2016,(4):59-62
本研究旨在实现水资源水质水量的优化配置,通过对水资源水质水量优化配置的生态经济学理论进行分析,指出水资源水质水量优化配置的概念,在内涵分析基础上确定了水资源水质水量优化配置的具体阈值原理和模型体系框架.同时对青海水资源水质水量的优化配置进行分析,指出不同区域的水资源水质水量需要进行针对性的优化配置. 相似文献
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郑云发 《国际沙棘研究与开发》2016,(7):34-37
农田水利建设一直是我国农业发展的重中之重,最初的农田一般仅依靠自然河水和雨水进行灌溉,而后由兴修的水利工程进行灌溉,农水建设发展到今天开始重视环境水生态.传统农田水利向环境水生态转变是一种必然的发展趋势.这种形式的转变能够最大限度地满足农业经济发展中的用水需求,而且不会对生态环境带来危害.本文主要分析农田水利发展对环境的影响,并概述了传统农业水利向环境水生态转变的过程. 相似文献
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M. A. Burton 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1994,8(2):61-81
The use of a simulation package to study the consequences of various water allocation policies during time of water shortage is described. The study shows that simulation can be a valuable aid to irrigation scheme managers in their decision making. 相似文献
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C. R. Jensen 《Irrigation Science》1982,3(2):111-121
Summary Barley plants (Hordeum distichum, L., cv. Zita) grown in a sandy soil in pots were adjusted during a pretreatment period of 5 days to three levels of soil water osmotic potential by percolating 61 of a nutrient solution with additional 0, 22.3 and 44.6 mM KCl. A drying cycle was then started and the plants were harvested when the soil water matric potential had decreased to –1.4 MPa, respectively 6, 7 and 8 days later.No significant differences in dry matter yields, transpiration coefficients and wilting percentages were found between treatments.During the drying cycle leaf water potential (
l
) decreased concomitantly with decrease in soil water potential (
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) with almost constant and similar differences (
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–
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) for all treatments despite differences in levels of potentials. The concomitant decrease in leaf osmotic potential () was due partly to dehydration (58%) and partly to increase in leaf solute content (42%) independent of treatment. The part of total osmotic solutes due to K decreased relatively during the drying cycle.Close relationships were found between and
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as functions of relative water content (RWC). Identical curves for the two levels of salt treatment agree with similar concentrations of K, Cl, and ash found for salt treated plants indicating that maximum uptake of macro nutrients may have been reached.During the main part of the drying cycle the turgor potential as function of RWC was higher and decreased less steeply with decreasing RWC in the salt treated than in the non-salt treated plants.In the beginning of the drying cycle additions of KCI lowered the transpiration rates of the salt treated plants resulting in a slower desiccation of the soil and hence an increased growth period. A delay in uptake from a limited soil water supply may be advantageous during intermittent periods of drought. 相似文献
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刘海龙 《国际沙棘研究与开发》2017,(3)
在水资源管理中,水量水质联合调控主要是为了协调生态环境.利用运筹学、系统方法论、宏观经济学为计算基础,通过控制流域污染物来达到水质控制的目标.基于此,本文对水资源管理中水量水质联合调控的模式进行探讨. 相似文献
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Mexico passed a new water law in 1992 that shifted from state-managed water policy to a regulated market-oriented policy with tradable water rights. Water trading will initially be closely supervised by government agencies, but the law includes a number of provisions that will allow liberalization of water markets as water users become more involved in operation and management of water and gain experience in water trading. Incentives for the Mexican water policy reforms include the growing economic value of increasingly scarce water; the rising budgetary costs from highly subsidized capital development and operations and maintenance for irrigation and water supply systems; and general liberalization of the Mexican economy, which has raised the cost of maintaining relatively inflexible water allocation systems that cannot respond to changing incentives. 相似文献
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《Agricultural Water Management》2004,65(1):1-19
The resource potential of shallow water tables for cropping systems has been investigated using the Australian sugar industry as a case study. Literature concerning shallow water table contributions to sugarcane crops has been summarised, and an assessment of required irrigation for water tables to depths of 2 m investigated using the SWIMv2.1 soil water balance model for three different soils. The study was undertaken because water availability is a major limitation for sugarcane and other crop production systems in Australia and knowledge on how best to incorporate upflow from water tables in irrigation scheduling is limited. Our results showed that for the three soils studied (representing a range of permeabilities as defined by near-saturated hydraulic conductivities), no irrigation would be required for static water tables within 1 m of the soil surface. Irrigation requirements when static water tables exceeded 1 m depth were dependent on the soil type and rooting characteristics (root depth and density). Our results also show that the near-saturated hydraulic conductivities are a better indicator of the ability of water tables below 1 m to supply sufficient upflow as opposed to soil textural classifications. We conclude that there is potential for reductions in irrigation and hence improvements in irrigation water use efficiency in areas where shallow water tables are a low salinity risk: either fresh, or the local hydrology results in net recharge. 相似文献
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尤小强 《国际沙棘研究与开发》2016,(6):74-77
在水利工程项目建设中,水闸工程项目占据着极其重要的作用.换言之,水闸工程质量的好坏,在很大程度上将直接关乎到整个水利工程项目的整体效果,包括使用寿命、功能发挥等.在工程建设过程中,水闸这一环节一旦出现了问题,对于整个工程及其下游地区,都会造成安全隐患,极大危害着当地居民的财产与生命安全.本文重点针对水利工程项目中的水闸设计环节,选取了春风河水利工程项目实例探讨,着重以该工程的水闸设计为研究对象,加以论述. 相似文献
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Results from a field experiment examining soil water fate within U.S. Golf Association (USGA) putting greens were used to examine the validity of a water flow simulation model. The experiment used six different sandy root zones each with depths of 300 mm overlying a 100 mm thick gravel layer. Data collected over two growing seasons consisted of measured rainfall, irrigation, drainage volume, and soil water contents; and calculated turfgrass evapotranspiration (ET). Turfgrass rooting was measured at the end of each growing season, and water retention curve and saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements were conducted at the end of the study. For each root zone treatment, HYDRUS-2D (H2D) was calibrated using a subset of the experimental data and then validated by comparing observed and predicted water contents at 76, 152 and 229 mm depth and over both growing seasons. Model efficiency (E) ranged from 0.33 to 0.78; Mean Absolute Error (MAE) ranged from 0.012 to 0.024 m3 m−3; and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) ranged from 0.015 to 0.028 m3 m−3, for the six treatments and both years. Also, RMSE values were at best slightly larger than and at worst twice as large as the mean standard deviation values of replicate measurements. Thus, H2D simulation performed reasonably well in describing the water content results of the field study. The calibration results provide evidence of hysteresis in water retention where water retention properties from the field appear to follow the sorption or wetting curve as compared with the laboratory measurements following the desorption or drying curve. This suggests that standard laboratory measurements of water release would not precisely predict water retention behavior in the field and over estimate water storage of these capillary barrier soils. The validation results provide evidence for turfgrass use of perched water held within these profiles, even though turfgrass rooting is shallow and water storage principally occurs deep within the root zone. Thus, the perched water of USGA putting greens should serve reasonably well as a water reservoir for subsequent turfgrass use, allowing for water conserving irrigation practices that makes use of this stored water. 相似文献