孕酮对LPS诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞表达TNF-α、IL-1β、TLR4、CD14和MD2的影响

先分离培养小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,经差速贴壁法纯化后,随机分为6组：空白对照组、0.5mg/L脂多糖（LPS）组、10-6 mol/L孕酮（P4）组、LPS＋10-5 mol/L P4组、LPS＋10-6 mol/L P4组、LPS＋10-7 mol/L P4组。各组在处理12、24h分别提取上清液,ELISA法测TNF-α和IL-1β的含量;各组在处理24h分别提取细胞总RNA,用RT-PCR法测TLR4、CD14、MD2mRNA的表达。结果显示,处理12、24h,0.5mg/L LPS组TNF-α和IL-1β的含量均极显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）;10-6 mol/L P4组与对照组差异不显著（P〉0.05）;LPS＋10-5 mol/L P4组极显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）;LPS＋10-6 mol/L P4组显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;而LPS＋10-7 mol/L P4组TNF-α的表达差异不显著（P〉0.05）,IL-1β的表达差异显著（P〈0.05）。说明P4可降低LPS刺激小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TNF-α和IL-1β的分泌,且呈剂量依赖关系。LPS单独处理,TLR4和CD14mRNA的表达极显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）;10-6 mol/L P4单独处理与对照组无显著差异（P〉0.05）;分别添加1-5、10-6、10-7 mol/L P4组均极显著降低LPS诱导TLR4和CD14mRNA的表达（P〈0.01）,而MD2mRNA的表达差异不显著（P〉0.05）。说明P4可极显著降低LPS刺激小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TLR4和CD14mRNA表达,但对MD2mRNA表达影响不显著。结果显示,P4能抑制LPS刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TNF-α和IL-1β的分泌,此过程与细胞TLR4和CD14表达下降相关,而与MD2的表达无关。     

Expression of Toll-like receptors and downstream genes in lipopolysaccharide-induced porcine alveolar macrophages

The aim of the present study was to determine the age-related kinetic changes of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and downstream genes expression, and secretion of cytokine in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated porcine alveolar macrophages (AM). For this purpose, AMs were isolated from 5-day-old newborn piglets and 120-day-old young pigs. mRNA expression and cytokine measurement was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. First, AMs were incubated for 24 h in the absence or presence of increasing concentrations of LPS. Results showed the up-regulation of TLRs 2, 4, 5 and 9 mRNA from all concentrations of LPS used, as compared to non-stimulated cells, and TLR4 was the highest expression in both ages (P<0.05). Furthermore, quantitative analysis demonstrated increased expression of mRNAs encoding TLRs 2, 4, 5 and 9, LBP, CD14, MD2, MyD88, IRAK4 and TRAF6 in both ages in a time-dependant manner (P<0.05). Overall, LPS inducible mRNA for TLR4, LBP, CD14 and MyD88 had higher expression in newborn piglets compared with those of young pigs (P<0.05). The level of cytokine protein IL6 and TNFα in supernatant fluid significantly varied with time of incubation and age of animals. Their concentration increased immediately at 1 h after LPS stimulation and remained significantly higher up to 48 h in both ages. Production of pro-inflammatory cytokine protein IL6 and TNFα in supernatant was significantly higher in young pigs than those of piglets. This study suggests that differential age-related changes in the expression of TLRs and downstream genes, and pro-inflammatory cytokine could contribute to a different age-related innate immune response during pulmonary infection. Further investigation is warranted to determine the precise effects of LPS on porcine AMs by means of a functional study across a wider age range.     

牛磺胆酸对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞Gsα基因表达的影响

本试验旨在探讨牛磺胆酸(taurocholate acid,TCA)对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞刺激性G蛋白α(Gsα)基因表达的影响,为阐明TCA对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的作用机制提供线索。采用荧光定量PCR技术检测TCA对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞Gsα mRNA表达的影响。试验结果显示,高(15 μg/mL)、中(1.5 μg/mL)和低剂量(0.15 μg/mL)的TCA作用组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞Gsα mRNA的表达均显著高于对照组和LPS刺激组(P＜0.05)。结果表明,TCA能显著促进小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞Gsα mRNA的表达。     

TLR2和TLR4受体封闭肽对LPS诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TNF-α表达的影响

Toll样受体(Toll-likereceptors,TLRs)是参与天然免疫的一类重要的模式识别受体,在天然免疫和获得性免疫反应过程中发挥着重要的作用。观察TLR2和TLR4受体封闭肽对LPS刺激下小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosisfactor-α,TNF-α)mRNA表达的影响,探讨TLR2和TLR4受体在LPS刺激小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞过程中对TNF-αmRNA表达影响的机制。分离培养小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,采用荧光定量PCR技术检测了TLR2和TLR4受体封闭肽对LPS刺激下小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TNF-α基因表达的影响。结果显示,与LPS刺激组相比较,CP对照组TNF-α基因的表达量无显著性差异(P>0.05),TLR2和TLR4受体封闭肽作用组TNF-α基因和蛋白的相对表达量极显著性降低(P<0.01)。由此可知,TLR2和TLR4受体封闭肽对促炎性细胞因子TNF-α基因的表达存在抑制效果。     

硒化大蒜多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞功能的影响

【目的】研究硒化大蒜多糖(sGPS)对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞功能的影响,以期为硒化大蒜多糖的作用挖掘和临床应用提供依据。【方法】依次通过分离、纯化得到大蒜多糖(GPS),并经硝酸-亚硒酸钠硒化修饰得到sGPS₃、GPS₅和sGPS₆。以小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞为研究对象,用6.25、12.5、25、50、100μg/mL sGPS₃、GPS₅、sGPS₆及10μg/mL脂多糖(LPS组)处理小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞48 h,同时设置不加药物的细胞为对照组,用中性红法测定其吞噬功能,CCK-8法测定其増殖能力,筛选出活性最好的硒化大蒜多糖;然后用ELISA法检测活性最好的硒化大蒜多糖对巨噬细胞上清液中一氧化氮(NO)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-12(IL-12)含量的影响;再通过小鼠碳廓清实验、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验测定空白对照组(生理盐水)及高(2 mg/mL)、中(1 mg/...     

Functional characterisation of bovine TLR5 indicates species-specific recognition of flagellin

Mammalian toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) senses flagellin of several bacterial species and has been described to activate the innate immune system. To assess the role of bovine TLR5 (boTLR5) in the cattle system, we cloned and successfully expressed boTLR5 in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells, as indicated by quantitative PCR and confocal microscopy. However, in contrast to huTLR5-transfected cells, exposure of boTLR5-transfected cells to flagellin neither activated nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) nor CXCL8 production. Subsequent comparison of the flagellin response induced in human and bovine primary macrophages revealed that flagellin did not lead to phosphorylation of major signalling molecules. Furthermore, the CXCL8 and TNFα response of primary bovine macrophages stimulated with flagellin was very low compared to that observed in human primary macrophages. Our results indicate that cattle express a functional TLR5 albeit with different flagellin sensing qualities compared to human TLR5. However, boTLR5 seemed to play a different role in the bovine system compared to the human system in recognizing flagellin, and other potentially intracellular expressed receptors may play a more important role in the bovine system to detect flagellin.     

Induction of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in avian macrophages inhibits infectious laryngotracheitis virus replication in a nitric oxide dependent way

LPS is one of the pathogen associated molecular patterns that activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway eliciting antiviral host responses in mammals although information on such responses in avian species is scarce. Our objectives were to characterize the LPS induced innate responses particularly the expression of LPS receptors (TLR4, CD14) in avian macrophages and observe whether TLR4 mediated induction of NO can elicit antiviral response against infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) replication. We found that LPS was capable of inducing the expression of TLR4, CD14 and NO production but not the type 1 interferons in an avian macrophage cell line, MQ-NCSU. We also showed that TLR4 mediated NO production can lead to antiviral response against ILTV replication when MQ-NCSU cells were treated with LPS and the resultant supernatant was then transferred to ILTV replicating cells to assess antiviral activity. Antiviral activity of NO was blocked by a selective inhibitor, S-methylisothiourea sulfhate that inhibits inducible NO synthase. This observation confirms that the antiviral activity is positively correlated with NO production. The data show that LPS can be a potential innate immune stimulant that can be used against ILTV infection in chickens that require further evaluation in vivo.     

在猪肺泡巨噬细胞上Notch信号通路调控LPS诱导的炎性反应研究

Notch信号通路可以与TLR信号通路相互作用,协作调控炎性因子的产生以及巨噬细胞的激活.然而,在猪巨噬细胞上,Notcb信号通路是如何调控炎性反应的还不清楚.本研究以LPS/TLR4诱导炎性反应为模型,利用猪肺泡巨噬细胞来研究LPS处理对Notch信号通路的影响及Notch信号通路对LPS诱导炎性反应的调控作用.结果...     

松针多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞免疫调节作用的研究

本试验旨在研究松针多糖对正常状态及脂多糖(LPS)刺激状态下小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的免疫调节作用。试验采用不同浓度的松针多糖作用于正常的和经LPS刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,设空白对照组(加入100μL RPMI-1640培养基)、阳性对照组(加入100μL终浓度为5μg/m L的LPS)、松针多糖组(分别加入100μL 25、50、100、200μg/m L的松针多糖)和LPS+松针多糖组(加入与松针多糖组相同浓度的松针多糖和终浓度为5μg/m L的LPS,液体终体积为200μL)。噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测细胞活力,中性红吞噬试验检测巨噬细胞吞噬能力,Griess法检测一氧化氮(NO)的分泌量,酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法检测巨噬细胞培养上清液中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的分泌量。结果表明:1)对空白对照组相比,各松针多糖组巨噬细胞相对增殖率均显著或极显著提高(P0.05或P0.01),50、100和200μg/m L松针多糖组巨噬细胞中性红吞噬率显著或极显著提高(P0.05或P0.01),各LPS+松针多糖组巨噬细胞中性红吞噬率均极显著提高(P0.01),200μg/m L松针多糖组巨噬细胞NO分泌量极显著提高(P0.01),50、100和200μg/m L松针多糖组巨噬细胞TNF-α和IL-1β分泌量显著或极显著提高(P0.05或P0.01),50、100和200μg/m L松针多糖组巨噬细胞IL-10分泌量极显著降低(P0.01)。2)与阳性对照组相比,各松针多糖组巨噬细胞相对增殖率均极显著降低(P0.01),100和200μg/m L LPS+松针多糖组巨噬细胞中性红吞噬率极显著升高(P0.01),50、100和200μg/m L LPS+松针多糖组巨噬细胞NO分泌量极显著提高(P0.01),各LPS+松针多糖组巨噬细胞TNF-α分泌量显著或极显著提高(P0.05或P0.01),50、100和200μg/m L LPS+松针多糖组巨噬细胞IL-1β分泌量显著或极显著提高(P0.05或P0.01),100和200μg/m L LPS+松针多糖组巨噬细胞IL-10分泌量极显著降低(P0.01)。由此可见,松针多糖通过发挥其促炎作用调节巨噬细胞的免疫功能,进而增强机体抗疾病的能力。     

Leukotriene C4 release and gene expressions of IL-8 and MCP-1 in porcine alveolar epithelial type II cells

Leukotrienes (LT) and chemokines are important chemotactic compounds in regulating the recruitment and activation of immune cells during pulmonary inflammatory reactions. Results showed that LTC4 release by porcine alveolar epithelial type II cells (AEC IIs) is significantly enhanced by either LTB4 or LPS stimulation. The basal level of IL-8 gene expression in AEC IIs was only 1/3 of that observed in alveolar macrophages (AMs) while AEC IIs expressed a higher basal level of monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 (MCP-1) and also in response to LPS stimulation than do AMs. The increasing basal and LT-induced MCP-1 gene expressions after 8h of incubation were observed in AEC IIs but decreased in AMs. These findings suggest that AEC IIs play an important role in initial inflammatory reactions of the lung by releasing LTC4, and that they also modulate later inflammatory reactions, evidenced by consistent elevation of MCP-1 gene expression after and during exogenous challenge in pigs.     

人参多糖对脂多糖刺激小鼠巨噬细胞的免疫调控作用

本试验旨在研究脂多糖(LPS)刺激条件下人参多糖(GPS)对小鼠单核巨噬细胞形态及免疫功能的调节作用.采用LPS刺激小鼠巨噬细胞(RAW264.7),通过测量不同浓度(1、0.5、0.1 mg/mL)GPS对细胞形态、生物酶活性、促炎症因子分泌及TLR4/NF-κB信号通路mRNA表达量的影响来研究不同浓度的GPS对L...     

硒对树突状细胞和巨噬细胞功能的调控作用

旨在探讨硒对树突状细胞（dendritic cells,DCs）和巨噬细胞功能的影响,试验将硒分别与髓源性树突状细胞（bone marrow derived dendritic cells,BMDCs）和腹腔巨噬细胞共同培养后,用流式细胞术检测未成熟BMDCs和巨噬细胞的吞噬活性以及BMDCs上的MHCⅡ、CD86、CD80和CD40的表达量,测定经硒处理后的成熟BMDCs对刺激同种异体淋巴细胞增殖和抗原递呈能力,并用ELISA检测BMDCs和巨噬细胞上清液中细胞因子（IL-12、IL-1β、IFN-γ、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、NO）水平的变化。结果显示,当硒的质量浓度在0.18~0.09 mg·L^-1时,BMDCs和巨噬细胞的吞噬活性显著增强（P<0.05）,并且BMDCs上的MHCⅡ、CD86和CD80的表达量显著升高（P<0.05）,对刺激同种异体淋巴细胞的增殖和抗原递呈能力也显著增强（P<0.05）。此外,在BMDCs的上清中,IFN-γ、IL-12和IL-10的含量显著升高（P<0.05）;在巨噬细胞的上清中,IFN-γ、TNF-α和NO的含量显著升高（P<0.05）。结果表明,一定质量浓度的硒可以增强树突状细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞的功能,值得进一步探究硒对免疫功能的影响。     

The role of alveolar macrophages in the pathogenesis of recurrent airway obstruction in horses

When challenged with allergens and pro-inflammatory agents, such as Aspergillus fumigatus (AF), hay dust solution (HDS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the innate immune response will not only activate the immune system but also increase the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar space. The aim of this study was to assess the response of equine alveolar macrophages to different aerosolized challenges and to investigate the differences in this response between horses susceptible or nonsusceptible to recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). Seven susceptible and 5 nonsusceptible horses were challenged with saline, LPS, HDS, or AF, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology, total cell counts, and lung function were assessed. In addition, alveolar macrophages were isolated 6 and 24 hours after challenge, and macrophage mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukins (IL) IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were measured by means of real-time (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). There was a significant difference in lung function, neutrophil ratios, and total cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid between RAO-susceptible and nonsusceptible horses. In addition, the expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-8 by alveolar macrophages after challenges were higher in susceptible horses, than in nonsusceptible horses. In contrast, I1-6, considered an anti-inflammatory cytokine, showed a higher expression in nonsusceptible horses 6 hours after inhalation challenge with allergens and pro-inflammatory antigens. These data suggest that the differences between susceptible and nonsusceptible horses to RAO are not only dependent on adaptive immunity but also start with an innate immune response.     

PYY对LPS诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TNF-α、IL-6分泌的影响

为明确PYY对巨噬细胞炎性细胞因子分泌的调节作用,本试验分离培养健康小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,不同浓度PYY预处理后,以LPS刺激。ELISA方法检测细胞培养上清中TNF-α、IL-6含量,半定量PCR方法检测细胞中TNF-α、IL-6mRNA表达变化。结果显示：高浓度的PYY1-36（10-9-10-7 mol/L）和PYY3-36（10-8-10-7 mol/L）对LPS诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TNF-α分泌具有显著抑制作用（P〈0.05）;PYY1-36对LPS诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞IL-6分泌无明显作用（P〉0.05）;不同浓度PYY3-36（10-11-10-7 mol/L）对LPS诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞IL-6分泌均具有显著抑制作用（P〈0.05）。表明PYY对LPS诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞炎性细胞因子TNF-α及IL-6的分泌具有一定的抑制作用,提示PYY可能通过抑制炎性细胞因子的分泌而抑制炎症性疾病的发生发展。     

In vivo administration of ligands for chicken toll-like receptors 4 and 21 induces the expression of immune system genes in the spleen

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of conserved proteins that play an important role in pathogen recognition in addition to the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. To date, several TLRs have been identified in chickens, each recognizing different ligands. TLR stimulation in chickens has been shown to play a role in host-responses to pathogens. However, the mechanisms through which TLRs modulate the chicken immune system have not been well examined. The present study was conducted to characterize the kinetics of responses to TLR4 and TLR21 stimulation in chickens following intramuscular injections of their corresponding ligands, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), respectively. To this end, relative expression of cytokine genes in the spleen was determined at 2, 6, 12 and 24 h after injection of TLR ligands. The results indicated that LPS strongly induced the up-regulation of some immune system genes early on in the response to treatment, including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-1β. Furthermore, treatment with CpG ODN promoted the up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II, IFN-γ and IL-10. The response to CpG ODN appeared to be somewhat delayed compared to the response to LPS. Moreover, we found a significant increase in IFN-α gene expression in response to LPS but not CpG ODNs. Future studies may be aimed to further characterize the molecular mechanisms of TLR activation in chickens or to exploit TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants.     

In vitro expression and inhibition of procoagulant activity produced by bovine alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood cells

Local and systemic activation of coagulation is frequently associated with bacterial sepsis. The coagulopathy is due, at least in part, to expression of tissue factor (TF) by monocytes and macrophages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of procoagulant activity by bovine alveolar macrophages, leukocytes and platelets, and to determine the relative potency of three chemical inhibitors of TF expression (pentoxifylline, retinoic acid, and cyclosporin A). Bovine alveolar macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Pasteurella haemolytica or recombinant bovine tumour nervous factor (TNF) and dose- and time-dependent effects on TF expression were studied. LPS and TNF induced TF expression in alveolar macrophages and LPS treatment of whole blood induced TF expression in mononuclear cells. Neutrophils and platelets also expressed procoagulant activity, but this activity was not inhibited by anti-bovine TF monoclonal antibody. Pentoxifylline (40 mol/L), retinoic acid (0.01 mmol/L) and cyclosporin A (0.08 mol/L) inhibited TF expression when added concurrently with LPS or TNF, but not when added 4 h after stimulation. TF mRNA was not detected in unstimulated alveolar macrophages by Northern blot analysis. In contrast, exposure to LPS or TNF for 6 h induced marked expression of TF mRNA, which was inhibited by treatment with pentoxifylline, retinoic acid and cyclosporin A. Expression of TNF by alveolar macrophages stimulated with LPS was also inhibited by these compounds. Our results indicate that procoagulant activity expressed by alveolar macrophages and monocytes is associated with expression of TF, whereas procoagulant activity expressed by neutrophils and platelets is not. The concentrations of pentoxifylline and retinoic acid necessary for inhibition of TF expression in vitro may not be achievable in vivo owing to their toxic effects. However, the in vitro concentration of cyclosporin A that inhibited TF expression did not exceed the plasma concentration observed in humans, and therefore may be useful for inhibition of TF expression in vivo.Abbreviations BAL bronchoalveolar lavage - LPS lipopolysaccharide - cDNA cloned deoxyribonucleic acid - cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate - GAPDH glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase - mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid - TF tissue factor - TNF tumour necrosis factor - DPBS Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline