小檗公式在小麦条锈菌侵染过程中的表达特征

 小檗是小麦条锈菌的转主寄主,自然条件下在小檗上进行有性生殖不仅是条锈菌毒性变异的重要途径,也为病害的流行提供了初侵染源。目前条锈菌与小麦互作已经有较为细致深入的研究,而条锈菌与小檗分子互作的研究未见报道。NPR1是植物调控防卫反应的一个关键基因,本研究克隆得到小檗NPR1基因(BhNPR1),并对BhNPR1及其下游病程相关基因的表达模式进行了分析。与小麦NPR1基因受条锈菌夏孢子侵染诱导不同,BhNPR1的表达水平在条锈菌担孢子侵染小檗过程中保持稳定。另外,条锈菌侵染小檗过程中NPR1下游的病程相关基因BhPR5和BvPDF1.2a的表达量变化也不明显,而BhPR1和BhPR2则显著上调表达。这些结果表明BhNPR1及多个病程相关基因不参与对条锈菌的防卫反应,这可能是导致小檗先天免疫缺陷而成为多种锈菌共同的转主寄主。     

本氏烟NbWRKY40亚家族转录因子抗病相关功能研究

 植物WRKY类转录因子的IIa亚类广泛参与调控植物的生物胁迫和非生物胁迫过程。本研究根据拟南芥和普通烟中具有抗病和抗胁迫功能的IIa亚类WRKY40转录因子的序列,利用基因同源克隆法,获得本氏烟中NbWRKY40基因。序列分析表明在本氏烟中有5个属于IIa亚类的基因,其序列之间具有高度相似性。qRT-PCR检测发现NbWRKY40基因是受寄生疫霉侵染诱导上调表达的基因,通过VIGS技术研究该类基因在本氏烟中的抗病相关功能,用半活体营养型寄生疫霉进行抗病性试验,结果表明NbWRKY40基因的沉默降低了本氏烟对寄生疫霉的抗性,且在侵染点的细胞坏死程度增强,过氧化氢积累和胼胝质沉积都明显减少。NbWRKY40基因沉默同样降低了本氏烟对死体营养型灰霉菌的抗性。检测NbWRKY40基因沉默后4个不同抗病信号通路下游基因的表达,发现基因沉默导致参与抗病和SA途径的PR1b、PR2b基因受疫霉侵染诱导表达的水平明显下降。综上,推测NbWRKY40基因可能依靠SA介导的信号通路参与调控本氏烟抗病性。     

玉米大斑病菌CaM基因的克隆及三氟拉嗪的抑菌作用

 以玉米大斑病菌为材料,根据同源序列法分别进行了3'端和5'端的RACE扩增,获得了玉米大斑病菌钙调素基因cDNA全长。利用genomic walking技术获得了CaM基因启动子序列,该序列含有多个与转录调控有关的保守序列(如TATA-box、Spl、AP-2和TFⅡD)。Southem杂交结果表明,玉米大斑病菌CaM基因在基因组中以单拷贝形式存在。用CaM特异性抑制剂三氟拉嗪(trifluoperazine)处理玉米大斑病菌,发现其对孢子萌发和附着胞形成的抑制作用与浓度呈正相关,同一浓度下,抑制剂对附着胞形成的抑制作用大于对孢子萌发的抑制。推测CaM基因在玉米大斑病菌的致病过程中起着至关重要的作用。     

β-氨基丁酸诱导烟草产生PR蛋白及对TMV的抑制作用

 本文研究了β-氨基丁酸(BABA)诱导系统侵染寄主烟草NC89产生PR蛋白及其对TMV的抑制作用。用5mmol/LBABA对抗性烟和非抗性烟进行叶面喷施处理均可以抑制烟草叶片中TMV的产生,平均抑制率分别达到59%和49%。BABA和SA处理均可以诱导2种烟草叶片中PR1、PR2和PR5基因的表达,其中对PR1的诱导作用相对较强。分别用BABA和SA处理非抗性烟草,在处理后的不同时间内2种药剂对PR1基因的诱导规律基本相同。用BABA和SA分别预处理非抗性烟草2d后接种TMV,2种药剂对烟草叶片中PR1基因的影响是完全不同的,其中,BABA处理后接种TMV抑制PR1基因的表达,在接种后第72h已经检测不到PR1基因的存在,SA处理后接种TMV对PR1基因的影响呈现弱-强-弱的变化趋势,在接种后第24hPR1的表达量达到最强,以后逐渐减弱。试验结果表明:BABA能够提高非抗性烟草对TMV的抗性,但是BABA诱导烟草产生抗TMV的作用机制可能是一种不同于目前普遍公认的SA的作用机制。     

拟南芥的抗病信号传导途径

 拟南芥是研究植物与病原物相互作用的模式植物。植物感病和抗病取决于病原物无毒基因产物和寄主抗病基因产物的识别,以及随后的相关防卫反应的激活。在拟南芥的抗病过程中,水杨酸、茉莉酸、乙烯等信号分子都不同程度地参与着抗病过程中的不同环节,起着非常重要的作用。由于这些信号分子在对不同病原菌的抗性中的作用存在差异,因而将抗病信号传导分为依赖于水杨酸和依赖于茉莉酸/乙烯的途径。本文将着重讨论这些信号分子在植物系统获得抗性以及诱导系统抗性中的作用。     

基底硬度对玉米大斑病菌主要侵染结构和黑色素沉积的影响

 基底硬度是调控植物病原真菌侵染结构形成的重要物理信号。为探讨基底硬度对玉米大斑病菌(Setosphaeria turcica)侵染能力的影响,本研究利用不同硬度的PDA培养基进行模拟试验,并在不同叶龄的玉米叶片上进一步验证,结果表明,基底硬度越大,气生菌丝越少,菌丝分枝越多;硬基底上,病菌的分生孢子产量高,是软基底和适中硬度基底上的29.93和6.82倍,且硬基底上病菌附着胞形成率显著高于软基底。研究发现,在硬基底上生长的大斑病菌菌落颜色较深,菌丝中黑色素含量高。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析病菌黑色素合成途径中相关基因的表达情况,发现在硬基底上StMR1、StPKS、St4HNR、StSCD、St3HNR、StLAC1、StLAC2和StLAC4基因的相对表达量均高于软基底。上述结果说明,基底硬度影响了病菌形态结构的发育,导致了与侵染相关的黑色素含量的变化和侵染结构的形成,研究结果为探究植物病原真菌的侵染机制和病害防控提供了理论依据。     

喷施外源GA对SMV侵染的野生大豆抗病性的影响

 大豆花叶病毒(SMV)是影响大豆生产的主要病害之一,在全球范围内对大豆生产造成影响。赤霉素(GA)是重要的植物激素之一,喷施外源GA对SMV侵染的野生大豆抗病反应的影响尚不清楚。通过测定喷施外源GA后接种SMV的野生大豆植株内源水杨酸(SA)含量,抗氧化酶活性及抗病基因表达,发现与对照相比,喷施外源GA的野生大豆植株的株高、根长、叶面积、植株干重、内源水杨酸含量、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及抗病相关基因GmPR-1、GmPR-10和GmNPR1的表达显著增加。说明在病毒侵染野生大豆之前喷施GA可以促进植株的生长,诱导植株抗病反应,降低病毒危害。     

喷施外源GA对SMV侵染的野生大豆抗病性的影响

 大豆花叶病毒(SMV)是影响大豆生产的主要病害之一,在全球范围内对大豆生产造成影响。赤霉素(GA)是重要的植物激素之一,喷施外源GA对SMV侵染的野生大豆抗病反应的影响尚不清楚。通过测定喷施外源GA后接种SMV的野生大豆植株内源水杨酸(SA)含量,抗氧化酶活性及抗病基因表达,发现与对照相比,喷施外源GA的野生大豆植株的株高、根长、叶面积、植株干重、内源水杨酸含量、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及抗病相关基因GmPR-1、GmPR-10和GmNPR1的表达显著增加。说明在病毒侵染野生大豆之前喷施GA可以促进植株的生长,诱导植株抗病反应,降低病毒危害。     

侵染美人蕉的CMV基因组全序列及其致病性分析

 对一株从美人蕉上分离到的CMV(Cah1-CMV)进行了全长克隆、全序列分析及寄主生物学研究。结果显示:其RNA1全长为3 356 nt,编码993个aa的1a蛋白;RNA2全长为3 045 nt,编码843 aa的2a蛋白和111 aa的2b蛋白;RNA3全长为2 220 nt,编码279 aa的3a蛋白和218 aa的CP蛋白。系统进化树分析显示:Cah1-CMV是CMV亚组IB株系。但是,该株系可以通过汁液摩擦接种侵染烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)、心叶烟(N.glutinosa)和番茄(Lycopersivon esculentum)鉴别寄主,可引起心叶烟顶端坏死,而在其他茄科寄主上均为典型花叶。将Cah1-CMV的2b替换到Fny-CMV中,产生FCah12b-CMV重组体,分析其在心叶烟上的致病性。结果显示:侵染早期,FCah12b-CMV引起心叶烟顶端叶黄褐坏死,与其母本病毒Cah1-CMV的症状相似,而非Fny-CMV症状;侵染后期,FCah12b-CMV并不引起植株系统性坏死。Northern blot-ting结果显示:Cah1-CMV、FCah12b-CMV和Fny-CMV在系统叶中的积累水平不存在明显差异。以上结果说明Cah1-CMV的2b基因在Cah1-CMV致病过程中具有重要功能,但并不是整株症状的决定因子;致病性差异与其基因组RNA在寄主体内的积累水平并不呈正相关性。     

Costs and trade-offs associated with induced resistance

Plants resist attack by pathogens and herbivorous insects through constitutive and inducible defences. Based on differences in signalling pathways and spectra of effectiveness, different types of induced resistance have been defined. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) occurs in distal plant parts following localized infection by a necrotizing pathogen. It is controlled by a signalling pathway that depends upon the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and the regulatory protein NPR1. In contrast, induced systemic resistance (ISR) is induced by selected strains of non-pathogenic plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR). ISR functions independently of SA, but requires NPR1 and is regulated by jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET). It is generally believed that induced resistance evolved to save energy under pathogen or insect-free conditions, although costs still arise when defences are activated following attack. Costs can arise from the allocation of resources to defence and away from plant growth and development, and there are also ecological costs which result from trade-offs between induced resistance and the plant's interaction with beneficial organisms e.g. mycorrhizal fungi. To date, few studies have examined the costs and trade-offs associated with induced resistance to pathogens. There is a clear need for long-term studies of costs and trade-offs associated with induced resistance in crops under commercial conditions. Without such information, the potential offered by induced resistance is unlikely to be realized.     

Introgression of a Tombusvirus Resistance Locus from Nicotiana edwardsonii var. Columbia to N. clevelandii

ABSTRACT A new variety of Nicotiana, N. edwardsonii var. Columbia, was evaluated for its capacity to serve as a new source for virus resistance genes. Columbia was developed from a hybridization between N. glutinosa and N. clevelandii, the same parents used for the formation of the original N. edwardsonii. However, in contrast to the original N. edwardsonii, crosses between Columbia and either of its parents are fertile. Thus, the inheritance of virus resistance genes present in N. glutinosa could be characterized by using Columbia as a bridge plant in crosses with the susceptible parent, N. clevelandii. To determine how virus resistance genes would segregate in interspecific crosses between Columbia and N. clevelandii, we followed the fate of the N gene, a single dominant gene that specifies resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Our genetic evidence indicated that the entire chromosome containing the N gene was introgressed into N. clevelandii to create an addition line, designated N. clevelandii line 19. Although line 19 was homozygous for resistance to TMV, it remained susceptible to Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) strain W260, indicating that resistance to these viruses must reside on other N. glutinosa chromosomes. We also developed a second addition line, N. clevelandii line 36, which was homozygous for resistance to TBSV. Line 36 was susceptible to TMV and CaMV strain W260, but was resistant to other tombusviruses, including Cucumber necrosis virus, Cymbidium ringspot virus, Lettuce necrotic stunt virus, and Carnation Italian ringspot virus.     

Inverse effects of Arabidopsis NPR1 gene on fusarium seedling blight and fusarium head blight in transgenic wheat

In this study, the Arabidopsis thaliana NPR1 (non‐expressor of PR genes) gene was integrated into an elite wheat cultivar, and the response of the transgenic wheat expressing NPR1 to inoculation with Fusarium asiaticum was analysed. With seedling inoculation, the transgenic lines showed significantly increased fusarium seedling blight (FSB) susceptibility, whereas floret inoculation resulted in enhanced fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance. Quantitative real‐time PCR revealed that expression of two defence genes, PR3 and PR5, was associated with susceptible reactions to FSB and FHB, whereas the PR1 gene was activated in resistance responses. This inverse modulation by the constitutively expressed NPR1 gene suggests that NPR1 has a bifunctional role in regulating defence responses in plants. Therefore, it is unsuitable for improving overall resistance to FSB and FHB in wheat.     

Rhizobacteria-mediated Induced Systemic Resistance: Triggering, Signalling and Expression

Selected strains of rhizosphere bacteria reduce disease by activating a resistance mechanism in the plant named rhizobacteria-mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR). Rhizobacteria-mediated ISR resembles pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in that both types of induced resistance render uninfected plant parts more resistant towards a broad spectrum of plant pathogens. Some rhizobacteria trigger the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent SAR pathway by producing SA at the root surface. In other cases, rhizobacteria trigger a different signalling pathway that does not require SA. The existence of a SA-independent ISR pathway has been demonstrated in Arabidopsis thaliana. In contrast to pathogen-induced SAR, ISR induced by Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r is independent of SA accumulation and pathogenesis-related (PR) gene activation but, instead, requires responsiveness to the plant hormones jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene. Mutant analyses showed that ISR follows a novel signalling pathway in which components from the JA and ethylene response are successively engaged to trigger a defensive state that, like SAR, is controlled by the regulatory factor NPR1. Interestingly, simultaneous activation of both the JA/ethylene-dependent ISR pathway and the SA-dependent SAR pathway results in an enhanced level of protection. Thus combining both types of induced resistance provides an attractive tool for the improvement of disease control. This review focuses on the current status of our research on triggering, signalling, and expression of rhizobacteria-mediated ISR in Arabidopsis.     

枯草芽孢杆菌PTS-394诱导番茄对灰霉病的系统抗性

本文研究了枯草芽孢杆菌PTS-394对番茄的防御相关酶活性、抗病信号转导通路的标志基因表达的诱导情况和诱导抗病性对灰霉病的防治效果。结果显示,菌株PTS-394灌根番茄后,在24~72 h内番茄顶端叶片中PAL、PPO、POX、LOX的活性都有不同程度的持续增加,且72 h时达到最高峰值,随后在96 h下降,与对照相比差异显著;此外,番茄抗病信号通路节点基因NPR1和水杨酸(SA)信号通路激发的防卫基因PR-1a,在24~72 h得到了显著持续高表达。以上结果表明,利用菌株PTS-394灌根番茄后,能够诱导植株产生系统抗病性。菌株PTS-394灌根番茄后48 h,离体叶片挑战接种番茄灰霉菌,结果显示,菌株PTS-394处理的番茄叶片病斑面积仅为对照处理的50%,防控效果达47.1%;温室盆栽试验显示,菌株PTS-394处理后对番茄灰霉的防治效果为58.2%。综上所述,枯草芽孢杆菌PTS-394灌根番茄后,可以触发番茄植株系统性的抗病性,增强植株免疫能力。     

A Single Locus Leads to Resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to Bacterial Wilt Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Through a Hypersensitive-like Response

ABSTRACT Strains of Ralstonia solanacearum have been shown to cause bacterial wilt in some, but not all, ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana. We demonstrate here that after inoculation of the leaves of resistant ecotype S96 with R. solanacearum strain Ps95 necrosis around the inoculation site rapidly appeared and no further symptoms developed in the plant. Leaves of susceptible ecotype N913 completely wilted 7 days after inoculation with Ps95, and symptoms spread systemically throughout the whole plant within 2 weeks after inoculation. These results suggest that the resistance of Arabidopsis S96 to R. solanacearum is due to a response similar to the hypersensitive response (HR) observed in other plant diseases. Northern blot analysis of the expression of defense-related genes, known to be differentially induced during the HR in Arabidopsis, indicated that pathogenesis-related protein PR-1, glutathione S-transferase (GST1), and Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) mRNAs increased significantly in S96 leaves between 3 to 12 h after infiltration with Ps95. The induction of these genes in susceptible ecotype N913 by Ps95 was clearly delayed. Genetic analysis of crosses between resistant ecotype S96 and susceptible ecotype N913 indicated that resistance to Ps95 is due to a single dominant locus.     

河南省地黄病毒病初步鉴定

 利用血清学、RT-PCR并结合核苷酸序列测定等方法,对河南省地黄病毒病进行了初步鉴定。结果表明,烟草花叶病毒(TMV)为侵染地黄的主要病毒;对TMV地黄分离物(TMV-RH) CP基因的序列分析结果表明,TMV-RH与TMV-U1株系CP基因的核苷酸同源性为86.5%,氨基酸同源性为94.3%;与已发表的TMV其它株系CP基因的核苷酸同源性在76.3%~88.5%之间,氨基酸同源性在79.3%~95.0%之间,同源性较低。根据不同株系CP的氨基酸序列进化树分析,推测该分离物可能为TMV的一个新株系。