台湾桤木生物生态学特性及引种栽培技术

本文对原产地台湾与引种地南非和福建等的台湾桤木与四川桤木的生物生态学特性和生长状况进行比较分析。结果表明：台湾桤木具有生长快、根瘤固氮能力强等特性，适合我国南方引种栽植、发展商品林。通过在四川引种试验，提出了台湾桤木的育苗方法与栽培技术。     

红桤木引种栽培试验

2005-2007年,从美国引进红桤木在江苏六合和安徽南陵进行引种造林试验,结果表明红桤木具有较好的生长适应性,是一个优良的速生树种。造林3 a时,平均树高生长量分别达到3.98 m和5.01 m,地径生长量达到5.9cm和7.14 cm。实生红桤木个体间早期生长差异较大,地径与苗高生长显著相关。引种红桤木4年生时已大量开花结实,进入性成熟期。     

桤木属植物的引种和早期适应性

引进国外桤木属植物11种54个种源,在浙江富阳进行育苗和适应性观察。绿桤木、欧洲绿桤木、裂叶桤木、毛赤杨和南美桤木共5种20个种源,幼苗因不能越夏而全部死亡。其它6种桤木存活苗木表现不一。其中,欧洲桤木表现最佳,在夏季高温干旱气候下未见受害,其4个优良种源2年生苗高达2．18～2．41m,与我国桤木相当。锯叶桤木生长正常,无受害症状。灰桤木和齿叶桤木轻度受害,但不同种源之间存在差异。红桤木和薄叶桤木苗木遭受严重高温干旱危害,7、8月发生叶枯、脱落、梢枯现象,生长停止,部分植株死亡。台湾桤木放叶最早、落叶最迟,生长快速,但易受冬季低温冻害。在桤木、赤杨、台湾桤木、欧洲桤木和齿叶桤木5个树种之间,叶绿素a、b及总量和气孔导度存在显著差异,净光合速率和光饱和点也有可见的差别。今后可以进一步挑选欧洲桤木、锯叶桤木和灰桤木优良种源扩大引种试验,尤其欧洲桤木有望在长江中下游平原地区引种成功和推广应用。     

江南桤木引种育苗技术

1997年在四川省新都、简阳县考察，首次引种江南桤木，经过4年获得成功，并探明了江南桤木的生长特性和各项育苗技术。     

元坝区台湾桤木年生长节律与生物量研究

在1987年福建省成功引种台湾桤木的前提下,我区于2000年引种台湾桤木,并在不同的土壤和海拔高度设立了三个试验点。观察结果表明:台湾桤木在我区生长发育正常,两年后可开花结实。1 a生萌条高生长达1.5m以上,3 a生台湾桤木在冲积沙壤的高生长量大于四川桤木10.4%,径生长量大于21.2%;在紫色土上的高生长量大于22.7%,径生长量大于17.2%;在山地黄壤上的高生长量大于26.5%,径生长量大于15.1%;台湾桤木在冲积沙壤的高生长大于紫色土上的高生长10.4%,大于山地黄壤上的高生长0.07%;在冲积沙壤的径生长大于紫色土上的径生长20.4%,大于山地黄壤上的径生长10.8%。     

5种桤木属植物苗期生长性状比较研究

对国外引种的欧洲桤木Alnus.glutinosa、意大利灰桤木A.cordata、喜马拉雅灰桤木A.nitida和国内的台湾桤木A.formosana、四川桤木A.cremastogyne等5种桤木属植物种苗期生长性状做了比较研究,主要比较了5种桤木的种子千粒重、发芽率、发芽势、苗期叶绿素含量、光合特性、单株叶面积、根系形态与结构、根瘤、株高、地径、生物量等生长指标,并对生长影响因子做了主成份分析。结果表明:5种桤木中欧洲桤木株型最好,生物量最大,优于其它4种桤木;根系、单株总叶面积和叶绿素含量是影响桤木生物量构成的主要因素,欧洲桤木有一定推广应用潜力。     

美国红桤木苗期生长规律研究

美国红桤木在我国南京周边地区的引种栽培研究结果表明:光照、温度和水分等环境条件是影响红桤木幼苗死亡率的关键因素.红桤木1 a生播种苗的苗高生长呈"S"形曲线,整个生长经历了一个慢一快一慢的过程.对比南京江宁和六合两试验基地1 a生红桤木播种苗的苗高和地径表明,2个试验地的环境因素对地径的生长量影响不大,红桤木在南京地区具有生长快、适应性广等特点.     

上犹县桤木引种栽培现状及培育建议

介绍了江西省上犹县引种栽培桤木的现状,在适于桤木生长的相似生境下,就生长量的大小与优良乡土树种苦楝等进行了比较,对当前存在的问题提出了具体建议。     

台湾桤木生态生物学特性及引种推广前景

台湾桤木（Alnus formosana）为桦木科桤木属落叶乔木，原产台湾省，是台湾重要的造林树种。南非于1982年引种台湾桤木，在排水良好的湿润土地上，8年生台湾桤木引种试验林，单株树高最高达20m，胸径达27.8cm，木材产生长量达15m^3/hm^2，其中6年－8年间，木材产生量为24m^3/hm^2，生长表现良好，被认为是南非最有潜力的商用造林树种之一。我国福建于1987年引种台湾桤木，在南平来舟、同安小坪、东山杏陈三地共营造试验林7hm^2，结果表晨，台湾桤木生长发育正常，已开花结实，林分长势良好，－4.5℃未受冻害，病虫害少，抗逆性较强，在土壤湿润的土地上，8年生台湾桤木林分，平均树高14.1m，胸径15.6cm,木材蓄积量146.7m^3/mh^2-250.2m^3/hm^2，引种是成功的。一般认为，台湾桤木适应性较广，生长迅速，木材用途广泛且易于加工，并能提高林地肥力，是具有较好的引种推广前景的商用造林树种。     

崇西潮滩湿地木本工程物种引种的初步研究

崇西湖滩湿地高潮区引种工程物种成活率及生长状况的研究结果表明：（1）根据物种的成活率来看,对潮汐干扰适应性表现最好的物种有落雨杉、沼生栎和喜树;表现较好的有细叶水团花、江南桤木、木麻黄、枫杨、重阳木、鸟桕和白杜;表现一般的有彩叶杞柳、海滨木槿和构树;表现较差的为常青白蜡;不能适应的有美国复叶槭、朴树、榉树、苦楝、枸杞、桑和枣。除了喜树和构树没有变化外,其他工程物种第2年的成活率较第1年都有了不同程度的下降;（2）综合各工程物种引种2年后的生长指标（高度、冠辐和胸径等）,成活的乔木物种中,江南桤木的生长态势最好,生长速度最快,其他生长态势较好的有落雨杉、沼生栎和木麻黄;成活的灌木中,海滨木槿、彩叶杞柳和细叶水团花的生长态势较好;（3）综合引种物种的成活率和生长指标,崇西湿地高潮区在今后大规模营建有林湿地的过程中,江南桤木是应该重点引种的乔木物种,其他推荐的引种乔木还有落雨杉、沼生栎、木麻黄;细叶水团花是最适宜引种的灌木,而彩叶杞柳和海滨木槿可以进行适量的引种,并加以精细的维护和管理,同样可以达到增加景观多样性的效果。     

Differences in leafminer (Phyllonorycter, Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera) and aphid (Tuberculatus, Aphididae, Hemiptera) composition among Quercusdentata, Q. crispula, Q. serrata, and their hybrids

Leafminer (Phyllonorycter, Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera) and aphid (Tuberculatus, Aphididae, Hemiptera) composition were studied in three deciduous oak species, Quercus dentata, Q. crispula, and Q. serrata, and their hybrids in Tomakomai Experimental Forest of Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, northern Japan. Identification of trees in this forest was done mainly on the basis of discriminant analysis on leaf morphology with reference to trees in pure Q. dentata and Q. crispula stands and a Q. serrata stand mixed with Q. crispula. The results suggested that hybridization occurred in all combinations (i.e. Q. dentata–Q. crispula, Q. crispula–Q. serrata, and Q. serrata–Q. dentata) and the frequency of hybrids was approximately 10%. The composition of Phyllonorycter and Tuberculatus species differed between Q. dentata and Q. crispula or Q. serrata, but did not differ between Q. crispula and Q. serrata. Thus, Q. dentata could differ from Q. crispula and Q. serrata in chemical properties that determine herbivore host selection, survival, and performance, possibly reflecting eco-physiological differences or phylogenetic distances. The study insects were divided into three groups: species specialized to Q. dentata (three Phyllonorycter and one Tuberculatus species), those to Q. crispula and Q. serrata (six Phyllonorycter and two Tuberculatus species), and a species collected at least from Q. dentata and Q. crispula (one Tuberculatus species). Putative hybrid trees of Q. dentata and Q. crispula harbored both Q. dentata-specific and Q. crispula-specific insects.     

基于cpDNA rps16序列分析兰考泡桐与白花泡桐和毛泡桐的遗传关系

【目的】通过测序法分析兰考泡桐与白花泡桐和毛泡桐在叶绿体rps16序列上的遗传差异,旨在分析三者之间在叶绿体基因上的变化特点和规律,探讨其种间的遗传关系。【方法】选取兰考泡桐、白花泡桐和毛泡桐各15个样本,对其提取的DNA用PCR扩增获得特异片段,并将其纯化与测序。利用软件Clustal X 2.0对所得序列进行排序;运行MEGA 4软件,进行多序列比对,分析其序列特征,并计算出K2P遗传距离。【结果】(1)对获得的rps16序列进行测定分析,得兰考泡桐序列长度分别为932 933 bp;白花泡桐序列长度为932 bp;毛泡桐序列长度分别为916918 bp。对所得rps16序列进行排序后的长度为938 bp,平均GC含量为34.31%。3个种所代表的个体之间共有10个变异位点,占整个序列长度的1.07%。其中有9个变异位点属于碱基插入或缺失类型,占变异位点总数的90%,占整个序列长度的0.96%。有1个变异位点属于碱基替换类型,占整个变异位点总数的10%,占整个序列长度的0.11%。(2)整个rps16片段的序列共有10个变异位点,其中兰考泡桐与白花泡桐在总的变异位点上,具有一致的碱基位点9个,占总变异的90%。而兰考泡桐与毛泡桐相比,没有相同的碱基。【结论】根据三种泡桐的rps16序列的序列特征和变异位点的分析,表明在叶绿体遗传方面,兰考泡桐具有与白花泡桐更多相似的遗传物质,其亲缘关系较近。综上所述,推测兰考泡桐与白花泡桐可能来自同一母系遗传。     

《瑶溪二十四景诗》的山水园林文化机理

古人崇尚自然山水,从对自然山水的喜爱、感悟,发展成对中国传统文化影响深远的山水文化观。《瑶溪二十四景诗》正是受传统山水文化观影响的清代文人刘彤以诗文描述的瑶溪二十四处景色。对景诗的赏析,能感受到瑶溪蕴含的人居环境山水文化,更能为现代“诗文造园”带来启发。现代诗文造园者往往更需要具备学识广博的才能,通晓山水园林文化意境的特点,因地制宜、巧用心思,精细设计施工,才能创作出与环境相融,并能引人共鸣的优秀园林作品。     

Allelopathy assessments for the environmental biosafety of the salt-tolerant transgenic Eucalyptus camaldulensis, genotypes codA12-5B, codA 12-5C, and codA 20C

Allelopathy tests were conducted on salt-tolerant transgenic eucalyptus trees conferring bacterial codA gene in the designated net-house conditions under Type II use (contained use) of the Japanese law on environmental biosafety aiming for Type I (field use) application. Three transgenic and corresponding nontransgenic genotypes were employed for four different tests: (1) sandwich bioassay; (2) soil germination method; (3) gas chromatography (GC) for volatile substances from the plants; and (4) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on phenolic compounds from fresh leaves, which are the primary allelopathic substances on the species. The simple approaches, the bioassays, indicated no significant difference between the transgenic and nongenetically modified genotypes. There was no qualitative difference between the transgenic and nontransgenic lines by GC or HPLC. Absence of any quantitative difference was suggested by repetitive examination and subsequent analysis of variance assessments with the chromatographic methods and bioassays. Moreover, it was also indicated that bioassays should be the primary assessment method for allelopathy in considering the simplicity, speed, low cost, and reproducibility of these methods. Overall, substantial equivalence was considered on the three transgenic genotypes with codA gene when compared with the nontransgenic Eucalyptus camaldulensis lines. The experiments supported the application to isolated field testing of the transgenic Eucalyptus camaldulensis genotypes as the first case and experience in Japanese regulatory approval processes Type I Use for the deliberate release to the environment.     

应用昆虫病原线虫防治天牛和木蠹蛾的研究

林木蛀干害虫生活在树皮和木质部内,这种场所温度稳定、湿度较大、又不受紫外光的直按照射,为昆虫病原线虫的寄生和繁殖提供了良好的环境。为了进一步扩大病原微生物在林木害虫上的应用,1986—1987年进行了线虫对天牛和木蠹蛾的毒杀和防治试验。     

Cassine, an antimicrobial alkaloid from Senna racemosa

The leaves of Senna racemosa yielded the piperidine alkaloid cassine and an inositol methyl ether. Antimicrobial screening of the compounds revealed antibacterial activity of cassine with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 2.5 mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and 5.0 mg/ml for Candida albicans.     

Effect of drought on diameter increment of Quercus ilex, Phillyrea latifolia, and Arbutus unedo in a holm oak forest of NE Spain

The present study was carried out to elucidate the drought growth responses of Quercus ilex L., Phillyrea latifolia L., Arbutus unedo L., and other accompanying woody species of the Mediterranean holm oak forest. We submitted holm oak forest stands in Prades mountains (NE Spain) to a 2-year experimental drought. We reduced soil water availability about 15% by plastic strips and funnels that partially excluded rain throughfall and by ditch interception of water runoff. Mean stem diameter increment showed a great variation depending on the species. A. unedo had larger growth rates than Q. ilex and P. latifolia, but it was also the species that experimented the highest growth reduction in the drought plots (77%), suggesting a higher drought sensitivity than Q. ilex (55%) and P. latifolia (no drought effect). The growth reduction was specially marked in the larger trees. Aboveground stand biomass increment, estimated from stem diameter by allometric relationships, was 1.9 Mg ha⁻¹ per year in the control plots. The 15% reduction in the upper soil moisture produced 42% reduction in this biomass increment. In the drier conditions predicted in this Mediterranean area in the frame of climate change, an important reduction of growth rates can be hence expected, accompanied by a gain of dominance of drought-tolerant species such as P. latifolia in detriment of more mesic species such as Q. ilex.     

绿竹BoGPIAP基因克隆与异位表达研究

糖基化磷脂酰肌醇锚定蛋白(GPIAP)因其结构和功能的多样性,决定了它在各种生物学过程中都发挥着重要作用。采用同源克隆的方法从绿竹(Bambusa oldhamii)中获得一个GPIAP同源基因,命名为BoGPIAP,cDNA全长1 772 bp,其中包括1 356 bp的开放阅读框,编码一个451 aa的的蛋白。蛋白结构分析表明,该蛋白包含1个典型的GPIAP家族保守区域(47-211)和1个CCVS结构域,在N-端和C-端分别具有1个跨膜信号肽和1个GPI锚定信号肽,属于GPIAP家族。构建BoGPIAP与GFP融合的表达载体,在洋葱表皮细胞中瞬时表达,结果显示BoCOBL::GFP融合蛋白定位于细胞膜上,证明BoGPIAP基因编码的蛋白为膜蛋白。分别构建BoGPIAP的正义、反义表达载体并转化烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)。PCR检测结果表明,BoGPIAP已转入烟草。与野生型相比,转反义基因植株细弱,纤维细胞壁明显变薄;而转正义基因植株粗壮,纤维细胞壁明显变厚。表明BoGPIAP可能对竹子纤维细胞壁的发育具有调控作用。     

杉木、马尾松、甜槠等林分下土壤养分状况研究

对中等立地上杉木、马尾松,甜槠等林分的土壤养分状况进行了综合比较,结果表明：不同林分对土壤有机质及矿质养分的影响不尽相同,阔叶林能增加土壤有机质积累,改善土壤养分状部;马尾松林对提高土壤有效性Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ含量具有一定作用,特别是对提高有效Ｐ作用很大;杉木纯林不利于改善土壤养分状况及土壤理化性质;针阔混交林能改良土壤养分状况,尤其能较好地改良土壤有效性微量元素状况,防止地方衰退,有利于林业持续发展,另     

杜鹃叶山茶Camellia azalea 与红山茶组10 个物种间的杂交亲和性研究

采用常规育种的方法,以杜鹃叶山茶Camellia azalea和山茶属红山茶组10个原生物种作为杂交育种亲本,设计20个杂交组合,研究其种间杂交亲和性。结果显示,杜鹃叶山茶与红山茶组原生种间反交时的杂交亲和性和育种效率要显著于正交组合。与杜鹃叶山茶进行杂交的亲和性,最好的是多齿红山茶C. polyodonta、南山茶C. semiserrata和浙江红山茶C. chekiangoleosa,其次是尖萼红山茶C. edithae、长毛红山茶C. villosa、滇山茶C. reticulata和全缘红山茶C. subintegra,较差的是厚叶红山茶C. crassissima和怒江红山茶C. saluenensis,最差的是毛蕊红山茶C. mairei。