草莓新品种‘晶玉’

 ‘晶玉’草莓是以‘甜查理’为母本,‘晶瑶’为父本杂交育成的早熟草莓新品种。在湖北地区12月上旬成熟,果实长圆锥形或楔形,表面鲜红色;果实整齐,一、二级序果平均单果质量21.5 g;果肉细腻,香味浓,可溶性固形物含量为11.8%,果实硬度为0.348 kg · cm^-2。抗炭疽病,抗白粉病,平均产量30 000 kg · hm^-2以上。     

苹果对炭疽菌叶枯病抗性遗传的研究及其分子标记筛选

利用两个对炭疽菌叶枯病高抗的苹果品种（系）‘富士’和‘QF-2’及两个高感品种‘金冠’和‘嘎拉’为亲本配制了4个杂交群体‘富士’ב金冠’,‘金冠’ב富士’,‘嘎拉’ב富士’,‘富士’בQF-2’。以F1群体植株为试验材料,对苹果炭疽菌叶枯病的抗性进行鉴定评价和遗传分析。结果表明,4个群体中抗、感植株的分离比分别符合1︰1,1︰1,0︰1和1︰0的理论比值,初步推测苹果抗炭疽菌叶枯病性状受隐性单基因控制,抗病基因型为rr,感病基因型为RR和Rr。以‘金冠’ב富士’F1群体为试材,采用分离群体分组分析（BSA）方法,通过对均匀覆盖苹果染色体组的500对SSR引物的筛选,获得了一个与抗病性状相关的分子标记S0506206-24,该标记与抗性基因位点的连锁距离为9.8 cM。     

草莓新品种‘紫金四季’

 ‘紫金四季’草莓由‘甜查理’与‘林果’杂交选育而成,为四季性品种。果实圆锥形,平均单果质量16.8 g,最大果质量48.3 g,产量达31 185 kg · hm^-2;果面红色,光泽强;果肉红,味酸甜浓,耐贮运,可溶性固形物10.3%,总糖7.152%,可滴定酸0.498%,维生素C 0.697 mg · g^-1,硬度2.19 kg · cm^-2。     

草莓新品种‘妙香7号’

 ‘妙香7号’草莓由‘红颜’与‘甜查理’杂交育成。果实圆锥形,一级序果平均单果质量44.3 g,各级序果平均单果质量33.6 g;最大单果64.2 g。果实整齐,果面鲜红色,富有光泽。维生素C含量0.77 mg · g^-1,可溶性固形物9.9%,糖酸比10.5,果实硬度0.68 kg · cm^-2,耐贮性较好。山东泰安日光温室促成栽培条件下12月下旬果实成熟。     

草莓品种对炭疽病抗性的鉴定技术研究

从沈阳农业大学草莓试验园的发病草莓植株上分离获得胶孢炭疽菌[Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.)Sacc.],以6个草莓主栽品种为试材,进行品种抗病性鉴定技术研究。结果表明,点滴接种、菌片接种和喷雾接种3种方法均能使供试草莓植株感染炭疽病,其中以喷雾接种法发病率和病情指数最高。据此建立了草莓对炭疽病抗性鉴定技术体系:以菌悬液在植株6叶期喷雾接种,接种适宜孢子量1.0×105个/mL,保湿时间48h,接种后5d调查叶片病情和接种后7d调查叶柄及匍匐茎病情。草莓品种抗性鉴定结果表明,红颜属感病品种,丰香表现中感,哈尼、新明星表现中抗,而玛利亚和吐德拉抗性较强,此结果与其生产上的表现基本一致。     

葡萄白粉病菌应答基因VpSTART的克隆及表达分析

 在前期获得葡萄白粉病菌应答基因VpSTART的EST基础上,采用RACE和RT-PCR技术克隆该基因cDNA全长序列。VpSTART全长1 321 bp,3′端非编码区114 bp,包含一个1 206 bp开放阅读框,编码401个氨基酸。VpSTART蛋白分子量为45.3 kD,与欧亚种葡萄、玉米、拟南芥、蒺藜状苜蓿和蓖麻的蛋白同源性分别为99%、64%、58%、46%和25%。实时荧光定量PCR表明,VpSTART在‘商–24’葡萄花序、卷须和茎中表达量较高;感白粉病的‘湖南–1’葡萄叶片接种白粉病菌后VpSTART表达量与对照没有显著差异,而抗白粉病的‘商–24’葡萄接种12 h后VpSTART表达量增加,在24 ~ 96 h表现显著性差异;用SA、MeJA和Eth等不同信号分子分别处理‘湖南–1’和‘商–24’葡萄叶片1 ~ 48 h后,VpSTART基因的表达受SA负调控,受MeJA和Eth正调控。     

梨贝壳杉烯酸氧化酶基因PcKAO1 的克隆与表达分析

 以梨矮化砧木‘中矮1 号’新梢叶片为试材,根据苹果基因组中相关序列信息设计特异引 物,通过RT-PCR 的方法克隆了梨赤霉素合成过程中关键酶--贝壳杉烯酸氧化酶（KAO）基因的编码 框全长序列。该序列全长1 568 bp,开放阅读框（ORF）编码503 个氨基酸,相对分子量为57.59 kD,等 电点为9.47,氨基酸序列与其它物种已知的KAO 序列具有53.14% ~ 98.61%的相似性,且具有细胞色素 P450 家族蛋白典型的功能结构域和跨膜结构域,将该基因命名为PcKAO1,GenBank 登录号为 KC153027.1。用同样的方法克隆了对照梨品种‘早酥’（乔化）和‘锦香’（半矮化）的PcKAO1 基因, 通过比对分析发现3 个品种的PcKAO1 基因间仅有个别碱基差异,其编码的蛋白序列完全一致。RT-PCR 半定量分析表明：PcKAO1 基因在‘中矮1 号’各个检测的器官组织中均有表达,其中以种子和子房中的 表达量最高;在3 个品种的新梢叶片中,除新梢生长初期（5 月10 日）之外,其他时期矮化砧木‘中矮 1 号’均低于乔化和半矮化的对照品种‘早酥’和‘锦香’,而在这些时期‘中矮1 号’新梢生长逐渐减 缓乃至停长。     

草莓新品种‘皖香’

‘皖香’草莓是由日本草莓品种‘4377’和‘佐贺清香’杂交选育而成的早熟新品种。果实在年前和年后分别呈粉红色和鲜红色,长圆锥形,一、二级果序平均单果质量为（17.26 ± 3.75）g,产量达（24.89 ± 0.56）t ? hm^-2。果肉白色,味甜,香浓。可溶性固形物平均为11.7% ± 1.2%,果肉硬度（1.21 ± 0.15）kg ? cm^-2。田间综合表现佳,适合安徽及临近省份种植。     

苹果NBS-LRR1 基因的鉴定与表达分析

 NBS-LRR 蛋白是植物细胞内普遍存在的主要抗性蛋白家族,该家族的蛋白包含有NBS 结构域和LRR 结构基序,在植物抵御各种病原物的侵袭中发挥重要作用。从‘嘎啦’苹果中鉴定了一个NBS-LRR 类基因,命名为MdNBS-LRR1,（GenBank 登录号：JX126858）。该基因全长为3 116 bp,包含一个2 826 bp 的开放读码框,编码包含941 个氨基酸残基的蛋白质;其氨基酸序列含有典型的NBS-LRR类抗病基因所具有的NB-ARC 结构域。Blast 分析发现MdNBS-LRR1 与大豆NBS-LRR 类抗性蛋白具有较高的氨基酸序列一致性（60%）。RT-PCR 分析结果表明,MdNBS-LRR1 在‘嘎啦’苹果的幼叶、茎、功能叶、芽、皮和花等组织中均有表达,在幼叶中的表达量最高,茎中最低。苹果轮纹病病原菌侵染可促进MdNBS-LRR1 基因表达上调,接种后24 d 表达量最高,是对照的10.6 倍左右,另外,在‘嘎啦’苹果幼苗叶片中,SA、MeJA 和ACC 均可诱导该基因的表达,表明MdNBS-LRR1 基因的表达受到与抗病相关信号转导途径的调控。     

利用EMS和炭疽病粗毒素诱变筛选草莓抗炭疽病突变体

以甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)和暹罗炭疽菌(C.siamense)粗毒素为诱变剂,‘晶瑶’组培苗叶柄为原始材料,建立了抗炭疽病草莓材料诱变筛选体系,并筛选出了抗草莓炭疽病的突变体。结果表明:以0.8%的EMS溶液处理2 h可获得半致死效应;炭疽菌粗提物浓度为4%时为适宜的抗病选择压。对532个不定芽进行2次不连续离体筛选后获得43个抗性芽,成活率为8.1%。抗性芽再生植株移栽存活后,经炭疽菌离体接种鉴定,初步获得了抗炭疽病的草莓‘晶瑶’突变体株系13株,为后续进一步研究草莓炭疽病抗性机制提供了材料。     

‘红颜’草莓菌根磷转运蛋白基因的克隆及荧光定量表达分析

 采用MEGA5.0 软件对9 个森林草莓无机磷转运蛋白序列及58 个已知的其它植物磷转运蛋 白的氨基酸序列进行聚类分析,发现5 个基因与菌根磷转运蛋白基因分支聚在一起,初步判断是候选的 草莓菌根磷转运蛋白。根据其基因序列设计引物获得了5 个‘红颜’草莓候选菌根磷转运蛋白基因全长。 实时荧光定量PCR 结果表明,FaPT4、FaPT5 和FaPT8 在草莓菌根中显著上调表达,结合聚类分析结果, 证明这3 个基因是‘红颜’草莓菌根磷转运蛋白基因。     

Fruit nutrient content and lipoxygenase activity in relation to the production of malformed and button berries in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)

Fruit nutrient content and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity were determined in strawberry fruit to establish a relationship, if it exists, between nutrients, and LOX activity with the fruit malformation and nubbins or button berry disorders. Nearly 17% fruit were affected by malformation and 10% by nubbins in open-field-grown strawberries. ‘Etna’ produced higher proportion of malformed (22.7%) as well as button berries (16.9%) and ‘Sweet Charlie’ the lowest (8.9% and 3.3%, respectively). Dry matter content (%) was lower in malformed (5.2%) and button berries (3.23%) than normal berries (7.41%). The concentration of P and Mg did not differ significantly, but that of N and K was notably higher and of Ca and B was lower in malformed and button berries than normal berries. Consequently, the N/Ca and K/Ca ratios were higher in malformed and button berries. LOX activity was significantly higher in malformed as well as button berries than normal berries, with significant differences among cultivars. The correlations between N, K and malformed and button berries were positive and between Ca and B, and malformed and button berries were negative. Similarly, the correlation between LOX activity and malformed, and button berries were also positive, indicating that excess of N and K, and deficiency of Ca and B are related to the production of malformed and buttons or nubbins in strawberry.     

Effect of plant growth temperature on membrane lipids in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)

Changes in membrane lipid composition are important in the acclimation of plants. The influence of four day/night growing temperature combinations (18/12, 25/12, 25/22, and 30/22 °C) on membrane lipids of ‘Earliglow’ and ‘Kent’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) were studied. The monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGDG) and digalactosyl diglyceride (DGDG) were the major galactolipids in the strawberry leaves. ‘Earliglow’ contained a higher amount of galactolipids in the leaves than ‘Kent’. The major phospholipids in the strawberry leaves, roots, and fruit were phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). PC and PE were the two predominant phospholipids in the strawberry. The leaves and fruit of ‘Earliglow’ contained higher amounts of phospholipids compared to those of ‘Kent’, whereas ‘Kent’ strawberry roots had higher phospholipids. Palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), and α-linolenic (C18:3) acids were major fatty acids in galacto- and phospholipids of the ‘Earliglow’ and ‘Kent’ strawberry. PC is very rich in linolenic acid in leaves compared to the fruit and root tissues. PC had the highest ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids among all phospholipids. There was a significant increase in the content of galactolipids (MGDG, DGDG) and phospholipids (PC, PI, PG and PE) and unsaturation of their fatty acids in the cool day/night growth temperature. Increasing day/night growth temperatures decreased MGDG/DGDG ratios. The shifts in saturation and composition of fatty acids observed with strawberry may be an adaptation response of plants to the temperature changes.     

辣椒新品种‘碧螺 6 号’

 ‘碧螺6 号’是以辣椒自交系‘L98-16-6-39’为母本,‘Y99-3-18-40’为父本杂交育成的早 熟一代杂种。果实长羊角形,果面皱褶,青熟果绿色,成熟果红色。果长26.8 cm,果宽2.8 cm,肉厚2.5 mm,维生素C 含量1.035 mg · g^-1,干物质含量9.01%,粗蛋白含量1.06%。单果质量37.5 g,平均产量 48 840.3 kg · hm^-2。高抗细菌性斑点病,中抗病毒病、疫病与炭疽病。     

Temperature responses,flowering and fruit yield of the June-bearing strawberry cultivars Florence,Frida and Korona

The effect of night temperature on short day (SD) floral induction has been studied in three June-bearing strawberry cultivars of different geographic origin and compared with yield performance in the cool Nordic environment. At the optimum day temperature of 18 °C, the SD flowering response of the cultivars ‘Florence’ and ‘Korona’ increased significantly with increasing night temperature from 9 to 18 °C, while an optimum was reached at 15 °C in the cultivar ‘Frida’ that is selected under cool-environment conditions in Norway. Also, while saturated flowering response was obtained with 3 weeks of SD treatment at all temperatures in ‘Frida’, several plants of ‘Florence’ and ‘Korona’ failed to initiate flowers at 9 °C night temperature even with 5 weeks of SD. The effect of extended SD period was particularly pronounced in ‘Florence’. The slow SD floral induction response of ‘Florence’ was associated with a 2 week delay of anthesis in subsequent long day (LD) conditions at 21 °C. Yield performance of the same cultivars during 2 years under field conditions at Nes Hedmark and in North Norway also demonstrated that the yield potential of ‘Florence’ was not realized under the climatic conditions prevailing at these locations. In both years the yields varied significantly among the cultivars, ‘Frida’ having the highest yields followed by ‘Korona’, with ‘Florence’ far below. It is concluded that, in the Nordic environment, autumn (September) night temperatures are obviously sub-optimal for yield performance of some June-bearing strawberry cultivars, and that this effect is mediated by autumn temperature effects on flower initiation responses.     

Characterization of yield,sensitivity to Botrytis cinerea and antioxidant content of several rose species suitable for edible flowers

Yield, susceptibility to Botrytis and levels of antioxidants are important traits of fresh edible flowers. These parameters were determined for 12 garden rose cultivars selected as edible flowers: ‘Mount Shasta’, ‘San Francisco’, ‘Brandy’, ‘Maxim’, ‘Sweet Surrender’, ‘Amadeus’, ‘Eterna’, ‘Trier 2000’, ‘English sachet’, ‘Golden Celebration’, ‘Pat Austin’ and ‘Katharina Zeimet’. Yield of most cultivars ranged between 80 and 300 flowers/plant (for 64 weeks), which is higher than that produced by cultivars suitable for cut flowers. The yield makes the selected garden cultivars suitable for commercial growth as edible flowers.     

森林草莓‘Ruegen’果胶裂解酶基因的克隆及荧光定量表达分析

根据森林草莓(Fragaria vesca)果胶裂解酶(Pectate lyase)基因序列信息设计引物,克隆了森林草莓‘Ruegen’的果胶裂解酶基因PLA、PLB和PLC。利用MEGA5.0软件将这3个基因编码的氨基酸序列与其他植物的果胶裂解酶氨基酸序列进行聚类分析,同时采用荧光定量PCR的方法对‘Ruegen’植株不同器官及不同发育时期果实的果胶裂解酶基因表达量进行分析。结果表明:PLA、PLB和PLC在其植株各器官中均有表达,且在发育后期果实中的表达量明显高于其他器官,结合进化树以及果实发育过程中果胶裂解酶活性变化,推测果胶裂解酶基因对草莓果实发育后期的软化具有调节作用。     

Relationship between tipburn and leaf mineral composition in strawberry

Malformation of emerging leaves with distortion of leaf tips, a condition known as tipburn, is frequently observed in strawberry. Calcium (Ca) deficiency has been considered the main cause of tipburn. The aim of the present study was to analyse the relationship between leaf mineral composition and the incidence of tipburn in three short-day strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cultivars (‘Ventana’, ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Candonga’) submitted to different concentrations of Ca. The studies were conducted in a hydroponic system in a greenhouse. Calcium was added as Ca(NO₃)₂ at 2 mM, 3 mM, 4 mM and 5 mM. A completely randomized block design (4 Ca concentrations × 3 cultivars) with three replications was used. Each replicate consisted of 12 plants grown in a polyethylene bag (100 cm × 18 cm × 3 cm) filled with coconut peat. Crown diameter and tipburn incidence were evaluated throughout the experimental period, and at the end of the experiment leaf mineral composition was assessed. In general, plants with larger crown diameters had a greater incidence of tipburn. The ‘Candonga’ cultivar had the smallest incidence of tipburn, while the ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Ventana’ cultivars were more susceptible. There was no correlation between level of Ca applied and incidence of tipburn. The incidence of tipburn was associated with foliar K:Ca and K:Mg ratios. Ratios above 3.40 for K:Mg and 1.77 for K:Ca represented a risk of more than 50% of tipburn incidence, when overall means for all cultivars and levels of Ca were used.     

Comparison of two 6-benzyladenine formulations and carbaryl for post-bloom thinning of apples

Three trials assessed the effects of two 6-benzyladenine (BA) formulations, CyLex^® and Accel^®, and carbaryl/thiram (C/T) combination sprays as secondary or post-bloom thinners of ‘Fuji’, ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples. Ethephon was applied as a primary thinner at full bloom (FB) on ‘Fuji’ and ‘Delicious’, while NAA was used on ‘Golden Delicious’. CyLex and Accel were applied at different rates at 20 days after full bloom (dAFB) while C/T was applied as a tank mix either once, twice or three times at seven day intervals from 18 dAFB on ‘Fuji’. The ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ were treated with either Accel or C/T. In ‘Fuji’, all CyLex treatments achieved target crop load levels and resulted in increased fruit weights, but neither Accel nor C/T achieved thinning or fruit weight targets. In ‘Delicious’ Accel showed no thinning effect, while C/T thinned slightly. Accel had no thinning effect on ‘Golden Delicious’. Accel caused development of pygmy fruit in both ‘Fuji’ and ‘Delicious’. All C/T, CyLex and Accel treatments increased fruit soluble solids in ‘Fuji’, while the CyLex and Accel treatments also increased fruit firmness over ethephon alone. Although not achieving target levels of thinning, C/T was more effective than Accel, however neither Accel or C/T improved fruit size. It is concluded that Accel is an ineffective thinner of ‘Fuji’, ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’, while CyLex is an effective and consistent thinner of the difficult to thin cultivar ‘Fuji’.