北约旦地区降水侵蚀因子的近似估算研究

Despite being in arid and semi-arid areas, erosion is largely a result of infrequent but heavy rainfall events; therefore, rainfall erosivity data can be used as an indicator of potential erosion risks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of annual rainfall erosivity in North Jordan. A simplified procedure was used to correlate erosivity factor R values in both the universal soil loss equation (USLE) and the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) with annual rainfall amount or modified Fournier index (F_mod). Pluviometric data recorded at 18 weather stations covering North Jordan were used to predict R values. The annual values of erosivity ranged between 86-779 MJ mm ha^-1 h^-1 year^-1. The northwest regions of Jordan showed the highest annual erosivity values, while the northeastern regions showed the lowest annual erosivity values.     

华南兴国县影响土壤侵蚀时空动力学的环境因素

By using soil erosion maps of four different time periods and a digital elevation model (DEM), in combination with the remote sensing and GIS technologies, soil erosion dynamics in Xingguo County of Jiangxi Province in South China were analyzed on both temporal and spatial scales in soils of different parent materials, altitudes and slopes. The results showed that from 1958 to 2000 severe soil erosion was coming under control with a decreasing percentage of the land under severe erosion. It was also found that the soils developed from Quaternary red clay, granite and purple shale were more susceptible to soil erosion and that areas sitting between 200 to 500 m in altitude with a slope less than 3° or between 7° to 20° where human activities were frequent remained to be zones where soil erosion was most likely to occur. These areas deserve special attention in monitoring and controlling.     

川中丘陵区人工刨地耕作方式下紫色土坡耕地侵蚀速率的137Cs和210Pbex双核素示踪法研究

Purple soils are widely distributed in the Sichuan Hilly Basin and are highly susceptible to erosion, especially on the cultivated slopes. Quantitative assessment of the erosion rates is, however, difficult due to small size of the plots of the manually-tilled land, the complex land use, and steep hillslopes. 137Cs and 210Pbex (excess 210Pb) tracing techniques were used to investigate the spatial pattern of soil erosion rates associated with slope-land under hoe tillage in Neijiang of the Sichuan Hilly Basin. The 137Cs and 210Pbex inventories at the top of the cultivated slope were extremely low, and the highest inventories were found at the bottom of the cultivated slope. By combining the erosion rates estimates provided by both 137Cs and 210Pbex measurements, the weighted mean net soil loss from the study slope was estimated to be 3100 t km-2 year-1, which was significantly less than 6930 t km-2 year-1 reported for runoff plots on a 10°cultivated slope at the Suining Station of soil Erosion. The spatial pattern of soil erosion rates on the steep agricultural land showed that hoe tillage played an important role in soil redistribution along the slope. Also, traditional farming practices had a significant role in reducing soil loss, leading to a lower net erosion rate for the field.     

中国黄土高原丘陵沟壑区天然降雨下不同土地利用方式的水土流失效应（英文）

The Loess Plateau,which is located in the arid and semi-arid areas of China,experiences significant soil erosion due to intense human activities and soil erodibility.It is necessary to explore and identify the land-use types or land-use patterns that can control soil erosion and achieve certain agricultural production capabilities.This study established runoff plots with two slope gradients(5°and 15°) in north of Yan'an,one area of the Loess Plateau,with 3 single land-use types(cultivated land,CL;switchgrass,SG;and abandoned land,AL) and 2 composite land-use types(CL-SG and CL-AL).Prom 2006 to 2012,we continuously monitored the rainfall characteristics,runoff depth,soil loss,vegetation coverage,and soil physical properties.The results indicated a general trend in the number of runoff and soil loss events for the 5 land-use types:CL = CL-SG CL-AL SG AL.The general trend for runoff depth,soil loss,their magnitudes of variation,and the slopes of rainfall-runoff regression equation was CL CL-SG CL-AL SG AL,whereas the rainfall threshold for runoff generation exhibited the opposite trend.Results of nonparametric test regarding runoff depth/EI_(30) and soil loss/EI_(30),where EI_(30) is the product of rainfall kinetic energy and the maximum rainfall intensity over 30 min,and the runoff depth-soil loss relationship regression indicated that the effect of CL-AL was similar to that of SG;SG was similar to AL;and CL-AL,SG,and AL were superior to CL with regard to soil and water conservation.Runoff depth and soil loss significantly increased as the slope gradient increased.Runoff depth and soil loss were significantly correlated with the soil particle size composition and bulk density,respectively.The strongest significant correlations were found between runoff depth and vegetation coverage as well as between soil loss and vegetation coverage,which showed that vegetation coverage was the primary factor controlling soil erosion.Therefore,the composite land-use type CL-AL and the artificial grassland(SG) are appropriate options because both soil conservation and a certain degree of agricultural production are necessary in the study area.     

珠江三角洲土地利用/覆盖变化对地表温度的影响

Remote sensing and geographic information systems （GIS） technologies were used to detect land use/cover changes （LUCC） and to assess their impacts on land surface temperature （LST） in the Zhujiang Delta. Multi-temporal Landsat TM and Landsat ETM＋ data were employed to identify patterns of LUCC as well as to quantify urban expansion and the associated decrease of vegetation cover. The thermal infrared bands of the data were used to retrieve LST, The results revealed a strong and uneven urban growth, which caused LST to raise 4.56℃ in the newly urbanized part of the study area. Overall, remote sensing and GIS technologies were effective approaches for monitoring and analyzing urban growth patterns and evaluating their impacts on LST.     

利用遥感和GIS研究兴国县土壤侵蚀的变化

The spatial and temporal dynamics of soil erosion in Xingguo County, Jiangxi Province, China were studied using multi-period remote sensing images and GIS. The results indicated that the soil erosion status of the region has been improving, particularly since the 1980s, with the erosion rate showing an evident decline over the past 30 years. The improvement showed not only in the decline of eroded soil area, but also with the reduction in the extent of erosion. The extent of erosion mainly changed by one level, and the change primarily occurred with the severely or moderately eroded soil types. However, in general, soil erosion was still an overriding problem in the region with some areas becoming more serious, especially those with large quantities of granite.     

利用遥感和GIS技术估算果洛藏族自治州草地生产力和载畜量

Remote sensing data from the Terra Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and geospatial data were used to estimate grass yield and livestock carrying capacity in the Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Golog, Qing-hai, China. The MODIS-derived normalized difference vegetation index (MODIS-NDVI) data were correlated with the aboveground green biomass (AGGB) data from the aboveground harvest method. Regional regression model between the MODIS-NDVI and the common logarithm (LOG10) of the AGGB was significant (r² = 0.51, P < 0.001), it was, therefore, used to calculate the maximum carrying capacity in sheep-unit year per hectare. The maximum livestock carrying capacity was then adjusted to the theoretical livestock carrying capacity by the reduction factors (slope, distance to water, and soil erosion). Results indicated that the grassland conditions became worse, with lower aboveground palatable grass yield, plant height, and cover compared with the results obtained in 1981. At the same time, although the actual livestock numbers decreased, they still exceeded the proper theoretical livestock carrying capacity, and overgrazing rates ranged from 27.27% in Darlag County to 293.99% in Baima County. Integrating remote sensing and geographical information system technologies, the spatial and temporal conditions of the alpine grassland, trend, and projected stocking rates could be forecasted for decision making.     

中国滇池流域土地利用方式对土壤侵蚀和养分状况的影响

Soil erosion and loss of soil nutrients have been a crucial environment threat in Southwest China. The land use and its impact on soil qualities continue to be highlighted. The present study was conducted to compare soil erosion under four land use types(i.e.,forestland, abandoned farmland, tillage, and grassland) and their effects on soil organic carbon(SOC), total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) in the Shuanglong catchment of the Dianchi Lake watershed, China. There were large variations in the erosion rate and the nutrient distributions across the four land use types. The erosion rates estimated by137 Cs averaged 2 133 t km-2year-1under tillage and abandoned farmland over the erosion rate of non-cultivated sites, and the grasslands showed a net deposition. For all sites, the nutrient contents basically decreased with the soil depth. Compared with tillage and abandoned farmland, grassland had the highest SOC and TN contents within 0–40 cm soil layer, followed by forestland. The significant correlations between137 Cs, SOC and TN were observed. The nutrient loss caused by erosion in tillage was the highest. These results suggested that grassland and forestland would be beneficial for SOC and TN sequestration over a long-term period because of their ability to reduce the loss of nutrients by soil erosion. Our study demonstrated that reduction of nutrient loss in the red soil area could be made through well-managed vegetation restoration measures.     

黄河流域生态环境脆弱性评价

Using remote sensing （RS） data and geographical information system （GIS）, eco-environmental vulnerability and its changes were analyzed for the Yellow River Basin, China. The objective of this study was to improve our understanding of eco-environmental changes so that a strategy of sustainable land use could be established. An environmental numerical model was developed using spatial principal component analysis （SPCA） model. The model contains twelve factors that include variables of land use, soil erosion, topography, climate, and vegetation. Using this model, synthetic ecoenvironmental vulnerability index （SEVI） was computed for 1990 and 2000 for the Yellow River Basin. The SEVI was classified into six levels, potential, slight, light, medium, heavy, and very heavy, following the natural breaks classification. The eco-environmental vulnerability distribution and its changes over the ten years from 1990 to 2000 were analyzed and the driving factors of eco-environmental changes were investigated. The results show that the eco-environmental vulnerability in the study area was at medium level, and the eco-environmental quality had been gradually improved on the whole. However, the eco-environmental quality had become worse over the ten years in some regions. In the study area, population growth, vegetation degradation, and governmental policies for eco-environmental protection were found to be the major factors that caused the eco-environmental changes over the ten years.     

基于SOTER的海南岛土壤水侵蚀模拟

The actual and potential water erosion rates of soils with different land covers in Hainan Island,China,were estimated based on the universal soil loss equation(USLE) and a 1:200000 Soils and Terrain digital Database(SOTER) Ddatabase,from which soil water erosion factors could be extracted.92.8% of the whole island had a current erosion rate of lowerthan 500t km^-2 a^-1.Soil erosion risk was considered to be high because of its abundant rainfall.Without vegetation tcover,the potential soil erosion ratewould be extremely high and 90.8% ofthe island would have a soil erosion rate higher than 2500t km^-2a^-1.Relative erosion vulnerability of different soil zones,landform types,and lithological regions of the island was compared by introducing a relative erosion hazard parameter α.Cambosols developed from siltstone and mudstone in low hill regions were pinpointed as soils with the highest erosion risk in the island.     

GIS技术在通用土壤流失方程中的应用研究

通用土壤流失方程(USLE)在我国应用,重要的是要对各相关因子值进行科学的确定。结合遥感与地理信息系统(GIS)技术,可以实现以USLE为平台的区域土壤流失遥感监测。本研究介绍了USLE中因子的GIS生成以及土壤流失量的GIS生成过程,其研究成果可作为水行政部门决策与执法的依据,也可作为研究区域基础地理信息资料进行储存备份与延伸应用。     

基于RS和GIS技术对中国陕西省北部地区土壤水蚀风险评估

运用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术来进行中国陕西省北部地区的土壤水蚀风险评估。综合运用RS和(31S技术以及修订的通用土壤流失方程式(简称RusLE)来定量化地评估土壤侵蚀。建立了一个关于土壤侵蚀、斜坡长度/坡度、降雨侵蚀和人类活动的评估系统。评估值输入修订的世界土壤亏损方程式中，用来计算土壤退化进程的风险，土壤退化又叫土壤侵蚀。利用榆林和靖边两地区的1987年和1999年的陆地卫星TM传感图像来制作研究区土地使用/覆盖情况的地图，然后用这些地图产生RusLE方程中的人类活动因子。使用ERmapper/Info两个软件来管理和处理主要数据，及处理卫星图像和表格数据源。根据统计分析，3985．9km^2(33．12％)的土地面积有轻微到中度的土壤侵蚀，2941．4km^2(24．44％)的土地面积有高的土壤侵蚀，总土地面积中3522．1km^2(29．27％)正面临着很高的土壤侵蚀风险，总体上来说，研究区处于高的土壤水蚀风险中。     

沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀敏感性评价

根据沂蒙山区遥感影像解译和水土流失遥感调查数据等资料,在通用土壤侵蚀方程的基础上,选择降雨侵蚀力、土壤可蚀性值、坡度和植被覆盖等自然因子建立土壤侵蚀敏感性评价指标体系。利用GIS方法对影响土壤侵蚀敏感性的单因子进行计算,并将各因子进行栅格化。运用空间分析方法对沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀敏感性进行综合评价,将沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀敏感性分为极敏感区、高度敏感区、中度敏感区、轻度敏感区和一般敏感区5个等级区域,并分析了不同土壤侵蚀敏感区的空间分布。     

水土流失定量遥感方法及其应用的研究

本文介绍了水土流失定量遥感方法，应用实验和结果，并讨论了它的实质和应用前景等。该法的监测模型虽有与ＵＳＬＥ和ＲＵＳＬＥ相同的表达形式，但其因子琥式算法系由我国实测资料所建，故有更人合我国实际的应用效果，尤其它适用于遥感和ＧＩＳ数据的微机处理。     

基于GIS的南四湖沿岸农业面源氮磷负荷估算研究

以济宁市沿南四湖县区乡镇为主要研究区,根据降雨径流和土壤侵蚀量,运用遥感(RS)影像和地理信息系统(GIS),确定土壤通用流失方程(USLE)各参数,运用USLE对南四湖沿岸氮磷流失模数进行定量估算,为南四湖沿岸农业氮磷流失的消减与控制提供科学依据。结果表明:USLE模型计算的氮磷流失量主要集中在湖西区域,以喻屯镇、王鲁镇和唐口镇的流失量居于前列,最高的喻屯镇氮、磷流失量分别达439.9t/a和271t/a;湖东区域,石桥镇、马坡镇、欢城镇和韩庄镇的氮磷流失量居于前列,最高的石桥镇氮和磷流失分别为174t/a和120.6t/a。农田实际调查的氮和磷的流失量与模型计算值趋势较一致,两者呈极显著线性正相关(p<0.01)。氮的模型计算流失量略低于实际调查流失量,而磷的模型计算流失量远远高于实际调查流失量。主要是因为南四湖沿岸农田氮的流失是氮的主要流失形式,远高于畜禽养殖和生活排污的氮流失。而磷的流失主要来自畜禽养殖,其次才是农田流失磷。     

广西岩溶地区土壤侵蚀变化遥感监测——以“珠治”工程广西项目区河池片区为例

采用RS、GIS技术,以通用土壤流失方程为基础,对"珠治"工程广西项目区河池片区进行了土壤侵蚀遥感监测,定量研究了治理措施实施后岩溶地区的土壤侵蚀变化规律。结果表明:治理后土壤侵蚀得到了遏制,土壤侵蚀总量从治理前的311 848 t减少到治理后的284 877 t,减少了8.65%,其中剧烈侵蚀的侵蚀量和侵蚀面积减少最为明显;土地利用方式对土壤侵蚀影响明显,其中未利用地、耕地的土壤侵蚀最为严重,林地、草地对土壤侵蚀的发生具有减弱作用。     

基于多因子层次覆盖模型的潜在土壤侵蚀等级评价——以内蒙古林西县为例

以内蒙古林西县作为研究案例,采用降雨侵蚀力、主要地形体、土壤可蚀性、植被盖度及水土保持措施等参数,利用TM影像、DEM、土壤类型图、土地利用类型图等地理辅助数据与地面实测土壤理化性质及多年降水数据,在GIS与RS技术支持下,对5个单因子作用下研究区潜在水土流失风险进行评价.并基于多因子层次覆盖评价模型,对复合因子及多因子综合作用下研究区潜在水土流失状况进行评价.结果表明:地形、土壤与植被盖度3个因子对土壤侵蚀的贡献量较大,土地利用方式与降雨强度对土壤侵蚀的贡献量较小.5个因子综合作用的结果是:林西县有近77%的土地面积面临强度及强度以上水土流失的危险.其中轻度及微度水土流失面积占总土地面积的比例较小,二者共占总土地面积比例14.8%,主要分布在林西县西北部的中高山坡度较低地区;强度水土流失占22.8%,主要发生在北部的中山区及中部的河谷平川区;极强度水土流失占43.8%,主要发生在中部及南部低山丘陵区;剧烈水土流失面积占10.8%,集中分布在北部中山高坡区.     

基于USLE和GIS/RS的滇池流域土壤侵蚀研究

人类不合理的土地利用方式是水土流失发生的主要原因之一。研究滇池流域的土壤侵蚀现状,对于控制流域内生态环境恶化,建立良好的生态环境具有十分重要的意义。采用USLE模型并结合RS,GIS技术对滇池流域土壤侵蚀进行估算,分析不同坡度和不同植被类型对侵蚀的影响,同时提出了基于植被覆盖度的植被覆盖与作物管理因子计算方法。结果表明:滇池流域土壤侵蚀量为233.96万t,土壤侵蚀以中、轻度侵蚀为主,强烈以上侵蚀较弱。侵蚀主要发生在8°～35°的区域,灌木林地的侵蚀模数最大。在GIS支持下,通过土壤侵蚀模型进行定量评价,可高效、客观地反映土壤侵蚀情况,对减少流域内新增土壤侵蚀风险,控制非点源污染有着重要的参考价值。     

土壤侵蚀遥感监测方法及其思考

土壤侵蚀监测一直是遥感和地理信息系统应用的一个重要领域。纵观国内外土壤侵蚀遥感监测方法,概括起来有遥感影像目视解译监测法、遥感光谱分析监测法、人机交互式解译监测法、智能化土壤侵蚀监测法和模型参数化监测法5种。分析各种方法的优势及其在实际应用中所面临的困难,提出基于知识库与空间信息耦合的土壤侵蚀监测方法,以满足水土保持及其管理工作的需要。     

重庆市土壤侵蚀敏感性评价

重庆市位于长江上游生态屏障的最前沿，其水土流失对整个长江流域生态安全和三峡水利枢纽工程的安全运行有着重要影响。依据1999年重庆市水土流失遥感调查结合水土流失观测资料，评价了重庆市土壤侵蚀强度及区域分布。根据USLE方程中5N因子对土壤侵蚀敏感性影响，建立了土壤侵蚀敏感性评价指标体系，对重庆市土壤侵蚀敏感性进行评价。结合GIS技术，分析了重庆市土壤侵蚀敏感性的空间分布，探讨了土壤侵蚀的敏感性原因，并提出了有关水土保持对策。