香蕉作物施用肥料增效剂的效应

以香蕉和粉蕉为试验材料，研究施用肥料增效荆的效果。结果表明：施用肥料增效剂能极显著增加蕉果产量，增产量为7．85t/hm^2～22．15t／hm^2，相对增产19．6％～57．8％，收益增加。7704元／hm^2～23150元／hm^2，每公斤肥料增效剂增值8．87元～14．82元。肥料增效剂的适宜用量为1500kg／hm^2，施用肥料增效剂能加快出叶速度，提早现蕾28～60天，增强蕉株抗寒力，明显增加蕉叶N、P2O5、K2O、MgO、S、Zn和B的养分含量。     

氮肥增效剂对春小麦产量和效益的影响

为验证氮肥增效剂在春小麦上的施用效果,以春小麦品种永良15号为指示品种,设添加不同用量的氮肥增效剂NBPT、DMPP,常规施肥和不施肥处理(对照)共5个处理,在河西灌区研究了减量施肥条件下添加肥料增效剂对春小麦生长性状、产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明,较传统施肥(N 232.5 kg/hm2、P2O5 241.5 kg/hm2、K2O 56.3 kg/hm2)减N 14.0%、P2O5 37.9%,添加脲酶抑制剂(NBPT) 0.40 kg/hm2、硝化抑制剂(DMPP)2.00 kg/hm2时春小麦主要性状表现较好,产量最高,为4 693.3 kg/hm2,纯收益较传统施肥增加975.59元/hm2。在河西灌区,春小麦在化肥减量并添加氮肥增效剂条件下能够实现节本增效,可在小麦生产中应用。     

不同肥料增效剂在水稻上的应用效果研究

采用田间小区试验,研究不同肥料增效剂对南方丘陵地区水稻产量和肥料利用率的影响。结果表明:施肥量相同的条件下,施用肥料增效剂(双氰胺、氢醌、复合增效剂、多维肥精和聚天冬氨酸)能增加水稻有效穗0.9~2.1穗,增加每穗粒数3.4~10.6粒,水稻籽粒增产效果明显,增产幅度在3.51%~6.15%之间,施用双氰胺增产效果最好,产量达到7 982.8 kg/hm2。肥料增效剂能够有效增加水稻养分积累量,提高肥料利用效率,双氰胺氮、钾肥料利用率最高,分别达到64.21%和48.45%,磷肥利用率为24.67%,仅次于氢醌。添加肥料增效剂氮、磷、钾肥料利用率分别提高2.29%~8.44%、3.91%~7.40%、2.90%~8.72%。     

大豆施用肥料增效剂的应用效果

以春大豆为试验材料,研究利用沸石、腐殖酸钠等为主要无机、有机原料配方所研制的肥料增效剂的效果。结果表明:与不施肥对照相比,施用所研制的肥料增效剂能极显著提高大豆产量。在施用尿素、磷酸二铵、过磷酸钙300kg/hm2商品量3种条件下,采用25%、50%与75%等量比例肥料增效剂与75%、50%和25%等量比例尿素、磷酸二铵、过磷酸钙结合各处理的大豆产量,以75%等量比例增效剂与25%等量比例各肥料结合处理增产效果最好,分别比纯施尿素、磷酸二铵、过磷酸钙增产20.3%、5.7%和1.2%,表现出良好的节肥与增加肥效功能。     

滴灌条件下新型水溶肥对制种玉米产量及效益的影响

为了促进新型水溶肥的推广应用,以制种玉米LY263为指示作物,在河西绿洲灌区研究了新型水溶肥料、普通肥料和普通水溶肥对制种玉米产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明,在化肥用量较普通肥料减少26.2%的条件下,施用新型水溶肥系列产品玉米高效专用水溶肥Ⅰ型168～240 kg/hm2+Ⅱ型336～480 kg/hm2+Ⅲ型105～150 kg/hm2(70%～100%新型水溶肥),较常规施肥模式制种玉米增产0.5%～7.1%,纯收益增加1470.3～ 2 647.2元/hm2;较普通水溶肥模式增产0.7%～8.8%,纯收益增加1 979.6～3 156.5元/hm2。与普通水溶肥模式相比,施用80%新型水溶肥和100%新型水溶肥可实现制种玉米显著增产,70%新型水溶肥可确保制种玉米不减产,均可在河西灌区应用。     

氮、磷、钾肥对卡因菠萝产量和品质的影响

运用3414试验设计,在大田试验条件下研究氮、 磷、 钾肥不同配比对卡因菠萝产量和品质的影响,提出适宜的肥料用量。结果表明:施用氮（N）、 磷（P2O5）、 钾肥（K2O）卡因菠萝分别增产15.5、 4.8和12.6 t/hm2,增产率为16.8%、 4.5%和13.1%,增加纯收入34800、 11000和27600 Yuan/hm2,农学效率分别为39.3、 42.3和29.6 kg/kg; 施肥增产、 增收效果以及对产量的贡献率均表现为N＞K2O＞P2O5, 肥料农学效率则表现为P2O5＞N＞K2O。在 P2（100 kg/hm2）K2（500 kg/hm2）基础上,施氮降低果实中维生素C和可滴定酸含量,增加了可溶性糖含量,而在N2（400 kg/hm2）P2（100 kg/hm2）基础上,施钾增加果实中维生素C、 可滴定酸和可溶性糖含量,施用磷肥对果实品质影响不大。对卡因菠萝产量效应函数进行频率分析法寻优得出,卡因菠萝目标产量超过105 t/hm2, 95%置信区间的优化施肥量为氮（N）281.27~436.48 kg/hm2、 磷（P2O5）64.03~121.69 kg/hm2、 钾（K2O）428.59~628.55 kg/hm2,N、 P2O5、 K2O的最优施肥量配比为1∶0.15~0.43∶0.982.23。研究结论可为果农从事卡因菠萝栽培提供施肥参考。     

糖用甜菜氮磷钾配方施肥效益分析

采用"3414"试验设计方案,探讨NPK配方施肥对糖用甜菜产量、含糖率和产糖量的影响,并通过肥料效应方程对NPK配合比率进行了优化与解析。结果表明,随着NPK肥施用量的增加,糖用甜菜产量、含糖率和产糖量均呈先升后降的趋势,符合肥料报酬递减律;甜菜产量和产糖量的效应为NP2O5K2O,含糖率的效应为K2OP2O5N;肥料配合比率以全肥区(N 260 kg/hm2、P2O5130 kg/hm2、K2O 130 kg/hm2)为最佳,与高N区、高P区和高K区无显著差异,且产投比相对较高,可获得最高产量47.13 t/hm2、最佳种植效益17 069.34元/hm2、最高产糖量8.108 8 t/hm2、最佳企业效益33 217.32元/hm2。     

油菜长效专用配方肥施用效果研究

2012~2013年在冬油菜主产区布置15个田间试验研究油菜长效专用配方肥(N-P2O5-K2O-B:20-7-8-0.2,及5%的其他中、微量元素)的施用效果,为油菜一次性施肥配方的推广及改进提供依据。结果表明,与不施肥处理相比,常规施肥与专用肥均能明显提高油菜籽产量、收入及养分吸收量。与常规施肥相比,在减少总养分用量且肥料一次性施入的情况下,油菜长效专用配方肥在85%以上的试验点表现出增产或稳产效果,平均增产量为133 kg/hm2,增产率为8.1%,增加经济收益1 624元/hm2。施用油菜长效专用配方肥促进了油菜对养分的吸收,N、P2O5、K2O累积量较常规施肥分别增加10.8、2.1、7.9 kg/hm2。研究表明,油菜长效专用配方肥对油菜产量的贡献率平均为51.8%,农学利用率平均为5.5 kg/kg,均高于常规肥料。整体而言,施用油菜长效专用配方肥能提高油菜产量和施肥效益,可作为油菜轻简化施肥技术进行推广应用。     

冬小麦-夏玉米适宜氮磷用量和平衡施肥效应

在河北衡水对冬小麦-夏玉米适宜氮、磷用量及高产高效平衡施肥效应的研究表明,在土壤中等肥力水平下,冬小麦-夏玉米施用氮肥和磷肥均能显著增加产量和效益,冬小麦和夏玉米施用氮肥分别增产11.1%～32.2%(平均22.5%)和12.5%～24.1%(平均19.2%),分别增收853.50～2 775.00元/hm2(平均1 876.60元/hm2)和1 352.33～2 293.77元/hm2(平均1 651.04元/hm2);施用磷肥分别增产8.1%～14.0%(平均11.7%)和2.5%～13.2%(平均9.1%),分别增收563.4～1 380.6元/hm2(平均974.7元/hm2)和189.74～1 458.39元/hm2(平均765.31元/hm2).冬小麦-夏玉米适宜N用量范围分别为220～260 kg/hm2和220～280kg/hm2,适宜施氮水平的氮肥利用率分别为36.5%和26.3%;适宜P2O5用量分别为90～110 kg/hm2和95～115kg/hm2,适宜施磷水平的磷肥利用率分别为16.8%～17.3%和11.8%～20.5%.冬小麦-夏玉米高产高效平衡施肥较农民习惯施肥增产5.3%～9.0%,增收454.19～992.5元/hm2,提高氮肥利用率5.0～15.2个百分点.     

湖北省红薯生产现状及高产平衡施肥研究

调查表明,湖北省红薯施用化学氮(N)、磷(P2O5)肥分别平均为132.0kg/hm2和43.5kg/hm2,基本不施用化学钾肥和微量元素肥料.研究结果表明,平衡施肥可以促进红薯获取高产,氮磷钾肥施用比例(N:P2O5:K2O)以1:0.4～0.5:0.8～1.0为宜,其中氮肥(N)用量以150～225kg/hm2、钾肥(K2O)以120～225kg/hm2为好,氯化钾可以作为红薯钾肥来源,同时应根据实际情况配合施用锌、钼等微量元素肥料.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.