橘斑簇天牛成虫性别的快速鉴别方法

橘斑簇天牛Aristobia approximator是余甘子Phyllanthus emblica主要的蛀干害虫。通过对其成虫外部9个形态特征进行观测分析,对照生殖器解剖结果,提出野外快速、准确、无损伤鉴别成虫性别方法。结果表明：体长、触角长、前胸背板宽、腹部第5节长、腹部末端超出鞘翅长在雌雄间差异不显著(P>0.05),触角正反面色泽一致。触角超出鞘翅末端长在雌雄间差异极显著(P<0.01),腹部第5节后缘及肛背板后缘形状差异显著,均可以作为野外成虫性别鉴别的特征,而以肛背板后缘雌虫具“W”形黑色宽弧边、雄虫具“U”形黑色浅弧边的野外目测鉴别最简便快捷、准确率最高(100%)。研究结果对橘斑簇天牛性比调查、种群动态预测、科学防控等具有重要参考价值。     

茶尺蠖和灰茶尺蠖幼虫及成虫的鉴别方法

茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua和灰茶尺蠖Ectropis grisescens是茶园主要害虫,两者为近缘种,外形十分相似,难以区分。为了便于茶叶技术人员识别这两种尺蠖,本研究通过饲养观察,比较了这两种尺蠖幼虫和成虫的形态差异,提出了一种鉴别方法,即通过幼虫第2腹节背面八字形黑色斑纹的形态及该节上2对小黑点的位置进行幼虫鉴别,通过前后翅上外横线的形态进行成虫鉴别。采用分子鉴定对该方法进行了验证,结果表明该方法判别准确,且易于掌握,能准确区分茶尺蠖和灰茶尺蠖。本研究结果对这两种尺蠖的正确识别和田间防治十分有益。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycosphaerella</Emphasis> species occurring on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus globulus</Emphasis> in Portugal

Mycosphaerella leaf disease (MLD) is caused by species of Mycosphaerella and several anamorphic form genera that have been connected to Mycosphaerella. Until recently, MLD of eucalypts was largely ignored in Portugal. However, serious damage to Eucalyptus globulus has been reported since 1999 when frequent and severe defoliation of young trees was observed. The severity of this disease prompted a preliminary study of the Mycosphaerella species associated with major symptoms of a leaf blotch disease in commercial plantations of E. globulus in Portugal, which is presented here. The species were identified by molecular methods based on the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 cluster, together with morphological characters. In addition to confirming the species previously recorded, Mycosphaerella vespa is reported for the first time from Portugal, while the status of Mycosphaerella grandis remains to be resolved.     

取食乌蔹莓的两种相似蛾类:条纹小斑蛾与广鹿蛾的鉴定

本文研究发现,在江苏发生于乌蔹莓上的一种天敌条纹小斑蛾Thyrassia penangae Moore被误定为乌蔹莓鹿蛾Amatasp.,并在乌蔹莓上首次鉴定出了广鹿蛾Amata emma(Butler)。条纹小斑蛾(乌蔹莓鹿蛾)与广鹿蛾外形很相似,容易混淆。本文通过比较形态学方法,明确了两者的鉴别特征。前翅基部有无黄色纵条纹是区分两种的主要外形特征,并列出了它们在触角和雌雄外生殖器上的区别特征。研究结果为进一步厘清两种相似蛾类各自的生物学特性提供了科学依据。     

Computer-aided consultation and identification system for insect pests infesting fruits

A computer database has been developed on insect pests infesting fruits, for use by phytosanitary inspectors and pest risk analysts in China. A total of 304 species is covered. Besides basic nomenclatural, biological and distributional information on each pest, the database includes dangerousness scores calculated according to a new system, and an identification system based on external characters.     

Assessing synergism of combined applications of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichoderma harzianum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas fluorescens</Emphasis> to control blast and bacterial leaf blight of rice

Laimaphelenchus suberensis sp. nov. obtained from declining Quercus suber trees of Herdade da Gouveia de Baixo, Alentejo, Portugal, is described and illustrated based on morphological, biometrical and molecular characters. The diagnosis of Laimaphelenchus species has been commonly based on the presence or absence of a vulval flap and on the shape structure of the tail tip. The species described here has been included in the Laimaphelenchus group without vulval flap, and can be distinguished from morphologically similar species by its tail tip shape structure that has a stalk-like terminus and three diffuse tubercles with 4–6 finger-like protrusions. For the molecular analyses, the mitochondrial DNA region from the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI), the D2-D3 expansion segments of the large subunit (LSU) and small subunit (SSU) of rRNA gene were amplified and sequenced. Sequences of L. suberensis sp. nov. clustered separately from all Laimaphelenchus spp. with available sequences in Genbank, confirming its identification as a new species. This is the second report of the genus Laimaphelenchus in Portugal, associated with Q. suber: L. heidelbergi and L. suberensis sp. nov.     

Species Identification of European Cereal and Grass Cyst Nematodes by Larval Characters1

Second-stage juveniles of heteroderid species often present more reliable diagnostic characters than cysts. For identification of European cereal and grass cyst nematodes, size and position of the phasmids, swelling of the cuticle behind the lip region, expression of the lateral fields, shape and size of the stylet knobs and measurements of, for example, the tail and the hyaline tail portion are useful. A key presented, based on larval characters, allows identification of seven European cereal and grass cyst nematode species and their distinction from other European heteroderids not reproducing on Gramineae. Species identification is often difficult in the Heterodera avenae/H. mani complex and evidence exists that additional species are present within this group.     

豆科绿肥作物害虫苜蓿叶象甲的鉴定与预警

苜蓿叶象甲Hypera postica是我国苜蓿Medicago sativa上的重要害虫, 主要分布在新疆、甘肃、内蒙古等畜牧业主产区。作者2023年4月在安徽省芜湖市南陵县调查紫云英Astragalus sinicus虫害时, 在当地紫云英留种田中发现疑似苜蓿叶象甲严重为害紫云英茎叶, 对紫云英生长和产量产生严重影响。为明确该种害虫的分类地位, 在田间收集了幼虫并带回室内饲养, 在对幼虫和成虫形态学初步鉴定的基础上, 采用DNA条形码进行了分子鉴定, 最终确定为苜蓿叶象甲, 且发现该地区苜蓿叶象甲种群存在明显的种内分化。结合苜蓿叶象甲的生物学与生态学特性, 对其在我国的传播及其对绿肥作物的危害做出了预警, 并提出了防治建议。     

Screening sticky traps under low magnification for adult Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) and Aleyrodes spp. (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae)

Whiteflies are commonly transported in international plant trade, accounting for 25% of arthropods found in association with imported plant material in England and Wales between 1996 and 2006. Several species are of quarantine significance and rapid, accurate identifications are essential in order for phytosanitary services to decide upon appropriate action. Whitefly taxonomy is based on the puparium, but these are often difficult to detect when present at low densities. Adults are more conspicuous and are readily caught on yellow sticky traps. Screening traps under low magnification for adult Bemisia tabaci , Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Aleyrodes spp. using pigmentation characters was evaluated; 5151 adults were examined on 238 traps and their identity predicted. Twenty-one percent of the adults were slide mounted and examined under high magnification to check their identity. The overall accuracy of the initial whitefly species prediction under low magnification was 98%. The speed and reliability of detecting adult B. tabaci on sticky traps was greatly improved and the number of adults requiring slide preparation reduced (by an average of 46% per trap) resulting in significant financial savings, compared to randomly selecting adults for slide mounting. Protocols are presented for removing adults from traps and making microscope-slide preparations.     

异距琵甲(鞘翅目:拟步甲科)生物学特性的研究

异距琵甲在宁夏2年发生1代,以成虫和不同龄期的幼虫越冬,4月上旬至10月上旬产卵,卵期10～14 d,幼虫一般为12龄,幼虫期380～445 d;越冬幼虫于次年6月下旬至9月上旬化蛹,蛹前期16～28 d,蛹期14～20 d,羽化成虫经240～275 d性成熟开始交配产卵。该虫食性杂,不喜光,活动有明显的节律性。成虫具防御腺进行自卫,防御腺分泌物可作药物应用。     

Image‐driven electronic identification keys for invasive plant species in the Netherlands

For several years work has been ongoing to compile information to facilitate the identification of non‐native plants that (potentially) pose a threat to the biodiversity of the ecozone comprising Northern Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and North‐Western France. Such identification information may also be used for species that are regulated by other countries and are likely to be present as contaminants in commercial exports originating from the Netherlands. This information system comprises a set of interactive image‐driven identification keys for invasive plants at various growth stages for use in a range of different situations: seed contaminants in bird feed, weeds in bonsai plants, seedling identification, identification keys of invasive terrestrial plants and invasive aquatic plants. The advantage of image‐driven identification keys using a multiple entry system lies in limiting misunderstandings in terminology and failure in identification, in the absence of certain characters, as is sometimes the case in dichotomous keys. The interactive keys are linked to the species information in the Q‐bank database, including datasheets, worldwide distribution maps, specimen level information, barcodes of selected species, etc. This information is now available at http://www.q-bank.eu/Plants/     

Epitrix flea beetles: new threats to potato production in Europe

Epitrix tuberis and E. cucumeris are major pests of potatoes in North America. E. tuberis causes the most serious damage because the larval feeding can cause superficial serpentine tunnelling on the surface of tubers as well as deeper pits. This damage can make crops unmarketable. By contrast, E. cucumeris mainly damages the foliage, and yield losses can occur when the adults reach high densities. In 2004, potato tuber damage characteristic of E. tuberis was seen in Portugal. In 2008, damage was more widespread and severe. E. cucumeris and a lesser known species, E. similaris, were recorded in affected fields. E. similaris has since been found across Galicia, Spain. E. similaris is thought to be the most likely cause of the tuber damage in Portugal, but it is possible that E. cucumeris or an as yet undetected Epitrix species is causing the damage. In 2010, a pest risk assessment for the Euro‐Mediterranean area identified the movement of adults and pupae with seed or ware potatoes and associated soil as being the highest‐risk pathways for the spread of Epitrix. In 2012, EU emergency measures were agreed to reduce the risk of further introductions and the rate of spread of these pests.     

Exploration of glycoprotein structures: Sequences and consequences

The vast expansion in our knowledge of the detailed molecular structure of many glycoproteins has been achieved by purpose-designed methodologies. In this review, principal experimental methods for gaining fundamental evidence are assessed with respect to well-known iV-glycoproteins (e.g. ribonucleases), 0,N-glycoproteins (e.g. glycophorin A) and O-glycoproteins (e.g. submaxiilary gland mucins and some sulfated forms). Relevant properties of N-carbohydrate-peptide links (N-acetylglucosaminyl-asparagine) and O-linkages (N-acetylgalac-tosaminyl-Thr (or -Ser)) are reviewed and the classification and structure of more elaborate glycoproteins is outlined. Key reactions, both chemical and enzymic, effect the cleavage of N- and O-oligosaccharide side-chains from core protein, and subsequent calibrated chromatographic analysis can permit the identification of certain oligosaccharide groupings characteristic of glycoforms (families of glycoproteins different only in the oligosaccharide chain lengths and bond structures). Basic sequencing of individual oligosaccharides is generally achieved by chemical methods (e.g. methylation analysis, degradation with periodate) and by the action of well-characterised specific exo- and endoglycosidases. Degradation of a glycoprotein chemically (e.g. by cyanogen bromide) or enzymically by endopeptidases to glycopeptides provides means for locating oligosaccharide position(s) on the core protein. The presence of O-sulfate ester groups on oligosaccharide side-chains presents further challenging problems for sequencing investigations. Some correlations between oligosaccharide sequences and biological function are considered. While, in the main, the best-known glycoprotein structures are for those of mammalian origin (e.g. Igs), evidence points to other areas of interest in plants (especially yeasts), invertebrates and micro-organisms. Allusion is made to current comparative and fundamental physico-chemical techniques, especially gel permeation chromatography, membrane-transfer, FAB-MS and NMR (NOE, COSY, etc.).     

Genetic validation of historical plant pathology records – a case study based on the fungal genus Phoma from the ICMP culture collection

Fungal taxonomy and classification, and fungal identification tools, are increasingly based on DNA sequencing technologies. In contrast, many historical records of fungi are based on morphologically identified specimens. Scientific collections of specimens or living cultures provide a resource to enable these early records to be genetically validated using modern techniques. This project uses a set of cultures deposited prior to 2008 in the International Collection of Microorganisms from Plants (ICMP) culture collection as Phoma, a genus of high biosecurity importance that is notoriously difficult to identify accurately using morphological characters. Of the 265 cultures sequenced, 23% had been misidentified. These misidentifications mean that six species previously thought to be present in New Zealand probably do not occur there. Fifty specimens had not previously been identified to species level; amongst these were eight species newly reported from New Zealand. Genetic validation projects such as this, using existing scientific collections, are essential for maintaining a robust global biosecurity system.     

Epitrix similaris and Epitrix cucumeris in Portugal: damage patterns in potato and suitability of potential host plants for reproduction

The potato flea beetle species Epitrix similaris and Epitrix cucumeris were identified in mainland Portugal in 2009. This was the first finding of the species E. similaris in the EPPO region, and the first report of the species E. cucumeris, established in the Atlantic Islands of Azores (Portugal) for three decades, in the mainland EPPO zone. Preliminary information on the damage patterns caused by E. similaris and E. cucumeris on potato and their host plant preferences is provided. Leaf feeding by the adults causes the characteristic shot‐hole pattern common to flea beetles. The larvae of both species develop on the root system and cause damage to the tubers. In field experiments, tuber damage by E. similaris presented three patterns: superficial tracks (serpentines), black splinters, and shallow holes. In the laboratory E. cucumeris was observed to be able to feed on very small immature tubers, causing serpentines and holes as well. However, in some cases it developed exclusively on roots. The adults of both Epitrix species hardly fed and reproduced on sweet pepper plants but fed and reproduced on the remaining five solanaceous plants tested (aubergine, Datura stramonium, tomato, potato and Solanum nigrum). E. similaris produced a much higher number of progeny on potato and on S. nigrum than on the other host plants. E. cucumeris produced more offspring on S. nigrum than on the other host‐plants.     

Pine Wilt Disease: a threat to European forestry

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pinewood nematode (PWN) and causal agent of Pine Wilt Disease (PWD), was detected for the first time, in 1999, in Portugal, and in Europe. Despite the efforts of the Portuguese National Forestry and Quarantine Authorities, the disease has spread to new forest areas in the centre of mainland Portugal, in 2008, and to the island of Madeira, in 2009. More recently, two foci of PWD were reported from Spain. The free circulation of non-treated wood and wood products, as part of global trade, may explain this phenomenon, which constitutes a threat to other European forestlands. This review gathers the most recent up-to-date information about PWD in Europe, as well as in other countries, presenting integrative management procedures for detection and control, and the scientific knowledge generated over the last decade, to understand the complex biological system behind the disease.     

南美斑潜蝇触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对南美斑潜蝇触角形态和感器进行了观察.结果表明,南美斑潜蝇触角为具芒状,由柄节、梗节、鞭节三部分组成,鞭节上着生触角芒.触角感器有五种,分别为刺形感器、毛形感器、锥形感器、钟形感器和腔锥形感器,所有的触角感器都分布在鞭节上.雌雄成虫在触角形态、感器种类与分布上没有显著性差异.     

鸢尾种苗中截获的草莓滑刃线虫形态和分子鉴定

草莓滑刃线虫是一种重要的叶和芽寄生线虫,可侵染多种重要花卉、经济作物,被列入我国检疫性有害生物名录。目前,草莓滑刃线虫的鉴定以形态学鉴定为主,但一线口岸常分离不到雌虫,鉴定困难。本研究采用形态特征和分子特征相结合的方法对草莓滑刃线虫进行鉴定:对鸢尾种苗中截获的滑刃属线虫群体雌虫、雄虫进行形态观察和形态测计并与已报道文献进行比较;PCR扩增该群体的rDNA-ITS区并测序,构建基于ITS序列的系统发育进化树;采用草莓滑刃线虫特异引物对该群体DNA样本进行扩增。结果表明:该群体与草莓滑刃线虫俄罗斯种群的测量值相接近;系统进化关系分析显示,该群体与NCBI公布的草莓滑刃线虫均处于同一进化支;采用草莓滑刃线虫特异引物PCR扩增可产生片段大小为169 bp的目的条带。