倒仓破碎对缩短发酵周期后生活垃圾堆肥腐熟度的影响

为了满足日益增长的垃圾处理发展的需要,解决城市生活垃圾产生与消纳、处理之间的矛盾,以北京市南宫堆肥厂垃圾堆肥工艺和密闭隧道发酵仓为研究对象,以马家楼转运站筛分出的15-80mm粒径垃圾作为堆肥原料,以14d高温隧道发酵（不倒仓不破碎）→21d后熟化发酵→21d最终熟化发酵工艺为对照,以8d高温隧道发酵（不倒仓不破碎）→12d后熟化发酵→12d最终熟化发酵工艺为处理1,8d高温隧道发酵（第3d倒仓破碎1次）→12d后熟化发酵→12d最终熟化发酵工艺为处理2。通过不同发酵阶段采样和各类指标的测定,探求缩短堆肥发酵周期后倒仓破碎工艺对于生活垃圾堆肥腐熟度的影响。结果表明,处理1产品的腐熟度较差,处理2与对照处理的堆肥产品腐熟度差异不明显。将高温隧道发酵时间由14d缩短为8d,并且第3d倒仓破碎1次,后熟化与最终熟化时间分别由21d缩短为12d,可以在保证堆肥产品品质的基础上显著提高堆肥效率,使南宫堆肥厂的垃圾处理能力得到大幅提高,该成果为南宫堆肥工艺优化的实施和改进及其推广应用提供了技术支持。     

堆高对生活垃圾中15 mm筛下物堆肥腐熟的影响

为了解小粒径生活垃圾的独立堆肥适宜性,并筛选最佳堆高,本文以北京市马家楼垃圾转运站筛分后的0～15 mm生活垃圾为研究对象,在南宫堆肥厂隧道发酵仓分别以2.5、2.0、1.5和1.0 m 4个堆高进行强制通风条件下密闭静态高温发酵对比试验。通过高温发酵（8 d）前后采样测定堆肥水浸提液的电导率（EC）、腐殖酸光学特性（E4/E6）、水溶性碳（WSC）质量分数、水溶性铵态氮（NH4+-N）质量分数和发芽率指数（GI）,堆肥固相碳氮比（C/N）和粪大肠菌值等腐熟度指标,并应用模糊评价法进行腐熟度评价。结果表明：0～15 mm粒径的生活垃圾可单独堆肥,且1.5和1.0 m 的2个堆体的腐熟程度最好,综合考虑后推荐在隧道发酵仓中采用1.5 m为最适宜堆高。     

不同粒径生活垃圾对腐熟度影响统计分析(简报)

为了解不同粒径生活垃圾之间腐熟度的差异以及影响腐熟度最大的粒径范围,该文以南宫堆肥厂的物料为研究对象,将15～80 mm混合垃圾细分为15～30、30～40、40～50、50～60及60～80 mm五个粒径组,分别进行物理组成分析,并在发酵的0、8、18、42天分别采样测定其腐熟度指标铵态氮(NH 4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)、水溶性碳(WSC)、发芽率指数(GI)、pH值、电导率(EC)和固相碳氮比(C/N),利用SAS统计软件对数据进行统计分析并建立了多元回归模型。结果表明:较大粒径垃圾中可填埋和可焚烧物较多,更适宜填埋和焚烧处理;不同粒径垃圾对腐熟度的影响不同,其中15～30 mm垃圾堆肥产品的GI和固相C/N等指标反映其腐熟程度较好,并且在多元模型中其腐熟度与混合垃圾腐熟度的相关频率最高、系数较大,由此可见15～30 mm垃圾对堆肥腐熟度的贡献最多。该研究为今后垃圾前处理及堆肥工艺的优化改进提供了必要的数据支持和研究基础。     

鸡粪堆肥腐熟度参数及波谱的形状研究

本研究从农业固体废弃物资源化利用角度出发,设计了以鸡粪、玉米秸秆为原料和填充料的高温堆肥体系,应用物理分析法、化学分析法、波谱分析法和植物生长分析法研究了高温堆肥的腐熟度参数及指标。结果表明,温度是表征高温堆肥腐熟度的最直接参数。随着堆肥进程的进行,C/N、NH4+-N含量呈下降趋势,HA/FA呈上升趋势,它们能较好地反映高温堆肥腐熟程度,可以作为堆肥的腐熟指标。堆肥胡敏酸可见光谱、红外光谱、核磁共振光谱对堆肥有机质结构变化和腐熟度判定具有重要的参考价值;堆肥过程中堆肥腐熟指标变化与种子发芽率变化规律具有一定的相关性。     

菌、热及菌热联合对垃圾堆肥腐熟的比较分析

为研究菌剂、余热及其联合作用对堆肥腐熟度的影响,采用强制通风静态堆肥系统,以现有堆肥工艺为对照（CK）,比较研究了添加菌剂（T1）、余热利用（T2）、添加菌剂并利用余热（T3）3种工艺垃圾对堆肥过程中腐熟度的影响。结果表明：从温度、pH、电导率（EC）、腐植酸光学特性（E4/E6）、水溶性碳（WSC）、固相C/N和发芽率指数（GI）来看,4个处理均达到腐熟;添加菌剂（T1）对EC、E4/E6、WSC、C/N和GI有显著影响;除E4/E6、WSC和C/N外,循环热风（T2）对其余腐熟度指标有显著影响,菌剂和余热的联合作用可显著提高堆肥的腐熟度,且二者对堆肥腐熟度的影响是一种协同作用。     

北京南宫静态堆肥隧道仓不同区间的垃圾堆肥腐熟度模糊评价

以南宫堆肥厂27 m长的静态高温堆肥发酵隧道仓为研究对象,对其10个不同区间的垃圾堆肥腐熟度进行分析并进行了模糊评价。结果表明：经过14d的高温静态发酵,10个区间的垃圾堆肥物理组分均发生了明显变化;垃圾堆肥含水率均未达到一次发酵结束时的要求;从电导率、pH值、E₄/E₆、固相C/N、GI等指标来看,10个区间的垃圾堆肥均达到了基本腐熟。模糊评价结果表明：南宫堆肥厂的堆肥隧道仓中,各区间垃圾堆肥的腐熟程度并不一致：隧道仓第6区间(13.5～16.2 m)的垃圾堆肥腐熟程度最好;第1区间(0～2.7 m)、第9区间(21.6～24.3 m)、第10区间(24.3～27 m)垃圾堆肥腐熟程度最差;其他区间的垃圾堆肥腐熟度居中。     

有机固体废弃物堆肥的腐熟度评价指标

有机固体废弃物堆肥的腐熟度指标是评价堆肥稳定及安全农用的重要参数，通过综述堆肥的物理、化学、生物学指标，提出评价堆肥的腐熟度时，物理指标一般作为辅助指标，化学指标中T值≤0．6、水溶性C／总有机N≤0．70可以稳定应用，核磁共振和红外光谱分析可以精细地评价腐熟后堆肥产品中各组分，发芽率指标可作为堆肥产品安全稳定的生物指标。在应用时要与BOD、CEC、腐殖化参数等多方面结合来评价堆肥的腐熟程度。     

污泥堆肥过程中的理化性质及微生物学特性

为寻求经济与环保的方式解决当前城市污泥的排放出路,促进污泥无害化及资源化利用,以期筛选出高效优质的有机肥料配方,并符合现行的有机肥料行业标准NY 525-2002。研究根据污泥的特性和当地条件选择合适的调理剂（如树枝、草炭、糠醛渣、畜禽粪便等）进行配比,通过静态堆置发酵技术,研究污泥堆肥过程中一些理化性质和微生物学特性动态变化。结果表明：经过42d的堆肥发酵,5个处理均达到腐熟,处理2、处理3配方合理,既可更多地消化污泥,又可得到养分含量较高的产品,符合现行的有机肥料行业标准NY 525-2002;堆肥过程中细菌较放线菌和真菌高出2～3个数量级,且细菌增长速度较另外2种菌快,细菌总数在第3天达到最高,真菌和放线菌相对滞后,在第7天总数达到最高,微生物数量的变化也反映着污泥堆肥的腐熟度。     

有机固体废弃物堆肥的腐熟度评价指标

有机固体废弃物堆肥的腐熟度指标是评价堆肥稳定及安全农用的重要参数,通过综述堆肥的物理、化学、生物学指标,提出评价堆肥的腐熟度时,物理指标一般作为辅助指标,化学指标中T值≤0 6、水溶性C/总有机N≤0 70可以稳定应用,核磁共振和红外光谱分析可以精细地评价腐熟后堆肥产品中各组分,发芽率指标可作为堆肥产品安全稳定的生物指标。在应用时要与BOD、CEC、腐殖化参数等多方面结合来评价堆肥的腐熟程度。     

垃圾堆肥对难溶性磷转化及土壤磷素吸附特性影响

在城市生活垃圾进行工厂化堆肥过程中,加入难溶性磷矿粉,探讨堆肥对难溶性磷的转化能力及堆肥产品培肥后对土壤磷素吸附特性的影响。结果表明,加入磷矿粉可使堆肥中活性有机磷、中等活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷、高稳性有机磷及速效磷含量均有不同程度的提高,与对照相比分别增加212.69%、80.36%、61.21%、62.74%、157.89%。通过电镜观察表明,堆肥后磷矿粉典型的矿物特征消失,表面呈蜂窝状。将堆肥后的产品进行培肥试验表明,富磷垃圾肥处理可明显改善土壤磷素的吸附特性,与施化肥相比,最大吸附量(Q_m)下降8.76%,最大缓冲容量(Q_m·K)下降13.58%,而磷素的吸附饱和度(DPS)、零净吸附浓度磷(EPC₀)则呈不同程度的增加,幅度依次为98.52%、7.13%。试验结果显示,通过堆肥生产富磷垃圾肥可为解决中国磷素资源缺乏、化学磷肥利用率低等问题提供一条生物学途径。     

Saline water and municipal solid waste compost application on tomato crop: Effects on plant and soil

A field experiment was conducted in Southern Italy to evaluate the effects of different water quality and fertilizers on yield performance of tomato crop. In mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer and irrigation with fresh water (Electrical Conductivity, EC, = 0.9 dS m^?1) (FWF); mineral N fertilizer and irrigation with saline water (EC = 6.0 dS m^?1) (SWF); municipal solid waste (MSW) compost and irrigation with fresh water (EC = 0.9 dS m^?1) (FWC); MSW compost and irrigation with saline water (EC = 6.0 dS m^?1) (SWC). At harvest, weight and number of fruits and refractometric index (°Brix) were measured, total and marketable yield and dry matter of fruit were calculated. The results indicated that MSW compost, applied as amendment, could substitute the mineral fertilizer. In fact, in the treatments based on compost application, the tomato average marketable yield increased by 9% compared with treatments with mineral fertilizer. The marketable yield in the SWF and SWC treatments (with an average soil EC in two years to about 3.5 dS m^?1) decreased respectively of 20 and 10%, in respect to fresh water treatments. At the end of the experiment, application of compost significantly decreased the sodium absorption rate (SAR) of SWC treatment in respect of SWF (?29.9%). Significant differences were observed among the four treatments both on soil solution cations either exchangeable cations. In particular compost application increased the calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) contents in saturated soil paste respect to the SWF ones (31.4% and 59.5%, respectively). At the same time saturated soil paste sodium (Na) in SWC treatment recorded a decrease of 17.4% compared to SWF.     

有机固体废弃物好氧高温堆肥化处理技术

好氧高温堆肥化是有机固体废弃物资源化处理利用的有效途径之一,其关键技术是如何为微生物繁殖生长提供良好的环境,堆肥水分含量、pH值、C/N值、通气量、翻堆频率等均影响堆肥化的进程和效率。结合城市污泥、城市垃圾及家禽粪便垫料堆肥化处理的生产经验,阐述了堆肥过程的主要技术要求及其调控方法。     

城市固体废弃物堆肥与化肥对不同土壤植物生长的影响研究

温室盆栽试验研究城市固体废弃物堆肥与化肥对不同土壤黑麦草生长的影响,结果表明,堆肥和化肥可明显增加黑麦草干物质产量,阳春和大安2种土壤处理C50干物质产量分别比对照增加39.53%和109.38%,而NPK处理则分别增产267.44%和406.25%。堆肥与化肥配施处理(NPK C25对阳春和NPK C50对大安)产量最高。堆肥处理明显增加土壤pH、有机碳、土壤有效态磷、钾、铁、锰、锌和铜含量。     

生活垃圾堆肥过程中有机态氮形态的动态变化

利用接种不同外源微生物进行城市生活垃圾的堆肥试验,研究在堆肥过程中不同形态有机态氮组分的变化规律。结果表明,随着堆肥的进行,全氮与酸水解性氮含量均呈下降的趋势,其中外源微生物处理能加速全氮与酸水解性氮含量的降低,但至堆肥结束时,与不加外源微生物处理相比,并没有引起氮素的损失。氨基酸态氮含量则呈现先降低后增加的趋势,堆肥结束时,外源微生物处理氨基酸态氮含量明显高于不加微生物处理,表明外源微生物处理可促进氨基酸态的形成;酰胺态氮与氨基糖态氮含量有相同的变化趋势,各处理都是在堆肥的升温期、高温期增加,随着堆肥温度的下降而降低,在堆肥的腐熟阶段,则呈现较为平稳的走势。但相对于堆肥的不同时期,由于处理不同,酰胺态氮与氨基糖态氮含量有明显的差异,其中外源微生物处理酰胺态氮含量明显低于不加微生物处理,而氨基糖态氮则相反。     

Effect of enriched municipal solid waste compost application on soil available macronutrients in the rice field

Abstract

A study was conducted in the Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, to transform the normal compost into bioactive compost, which has multiple benefits to the crop system. The key players in this transformation process were Azotobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., Phosphobacteria sp. and the waste materials like poultry litter and spent wash. This enrichment process increases both the quality and nutrient content of the municipal solid waste compost significantly. A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of application of different levels of enriched municipal solid waste compost on the availability of the macronutrient content to the rice field soil. The effect of enriched compost on soil available nutrients was significant. The soil ammonium nitrogen and soil nitrate nitrogen content was found to be high in the plots where the enriched compost was applied along with inorganic fertilizer with the values of 38.87 mg kg^?1 and 32.87 mg kg^?1, respectively. In addition, the availability decreased towards crop growth. The soil available P and K were also increased with enriched compost application to about 22.46 kg ha^?1 and 647 kg ha^?1 compared with control values of 19.44 kg ha^?1 and 518 kg ha^?1, respectively. Both phosphorus and potassium content decreased towards advancement of crop growth.     

Assessing solid waste compost application as a practical approach for salt-affected soil reclamation

Abstract

A short-term pot experiment was made to evaluate the effectiveness of municipal solid waste compost amendment on salt-affected soil. Hordeum maritimum plants were cultivated in pots filled with a clay-loam soil containing 0 or 40 t ha^?1 of compost and irrigated with tap water at 0 or 4 g l^?1 NaCl. Soil properties and heavy metal (Zn^{2 +}, Pb^{2 +}, Cd^{2 +}) accumulation were investigated. Municipal solid waste compost application significantly increased the soil contents of carbon, nitrogen and potassium under both non-saline and saline conditions. Soil heavy metal concentrations increased substantially too, but the recorded values were below the toxicity limits. Interestingly, plants subjected to the salt–compost interaction were more vigorous, compared with those grown on non-amended soil. Altogether, our data indicate that short-term utilization of municipal solid waste compost at 40 t ha^?1 may be of potential interest in the perspective of the rehabilitation of salt-affected soils. Yet, it must be stressed that the present findings are preliminary and need to be further evaluated under field conditions before practical recommendations can be inferred.