有机肥与植物种类对铁肥形态转化及其有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验的方法，研究了牛粪和植物种类对石灰性土壤中铁肥形态转化及其有效性的影响。结果表明，牛粪施用改变了土壤中铁（含外源铁）的有效性及其在各形态铁间的分配，从长期的观点来看，牛粪施用能提高土壤铁的有效性，有利于土壤铁有效供给的维持，与花生相比，油菜对土壤铁具有更高的利用和活性能力，种植油菜后，土壤交换态铁被耗竭，而有效铁、氧化锰结合态铁和无定形氧化铁结合态铁的含量明显提高。有机肥的合理施用和铁效率差异性植物间的轮作或间作是增加、维系土壤铁有效性的重要农艺措施。     

常见铁肥品种及其使用效果综述

铁是植物正常生长必需的微量营养元素之一。铁虽然在土壤中的丰度很高,但植物可以吸收利用的有效铁很少,导致植物极易缺铁,尤其是在干旱、半干旱的石灰性土壤上,缺铁现象较为严重。利用农艺和生物技术手段解决植物缺铁的效果尚不十分明显,施用铁肥仍是纠正植物缺铁常用的有效方法。国内常用铁肥品种主要有硫酸亚铁为主的无机铁肥和一些有机物与铁复合形成的铁肥(木质素磺酸铁、腐殖酸铁)。乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)铁肥稳定性相对较低,且EDTA会转化成二酮哌嗪,成为持久性有机污染物。国外推广使用乙二胺二邻羟苯基乙酸(EDDHA)、乙二胺二(2-羟基-4-甲酰-苯基)乙酸(EDDHMA)、乙二胺二(2-羟基-4-磺基-苯基)乙酸(EDDHSA)等新型螯合铁肥,用作土施或叶面喷施。另外市场上也出现了新型缓释铁肥和一些可生物降解螯合铁肥,如亚氨基二琥珀酸铁(IDHA/Fe3+)和乙二胺二琥珀酸铁(EDDS/Fe3+)。本文就常见的铁肥品种及其性质与效果等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

酸性根际肥对石灰性土壤pH和铁有效性的影响研究

在无植物栽培的条件下通过肥料在土壤中的扩散试验研究酸性根际肥对石灰性土壤 pH值、有效铁含量的影响 ,利用盆栽试验验证对石灰性土壤上花生缺铁失绿黄化症的矫正效果。结果表明 ,酸性根际肥 (pH 1.0～ 2 .0 )中的酸在土壤中扩散的影响半径可达 6cm ,但对土壤pH降低作用最显著的是在距肥料 2cm内 ;在施肥 2 8d内 ,距肥料 2cm处 ,土壤 pH值降低了 0 .9个单位 ,土壤铁有效性 (DTPA浸提量 )增加了 5 .9mg kg ;施用酸性根际肥可使花生叶绿素SPAD值与叶片活性铁含量显著提高 ,克服了花生缺铁黄化症状 ,使施肥区 (肥料周围 2cm内 )土壤pH值显著降低 ,并显著提高了该区土壤铁的有效性和花生对土壤Fe的吸收量。     

旱改水对土壤铜含量及其有效性的影响研

旱改水对土壤Cu含量及其有效性的影响研究结果表明 ,代换态铜是土壤中Cu的强度因子 ,而晶形铁结合态铜和残留态铜为植物无效态铜且需经形态转化才有效 ,其他形态铜既是容量因子也是强度因子 ,其有效程度大致为无定形铁结合态铜 >有机结合态铜 >氧化锰结合态铜 >碳酸盐结合态铜。旱改水促进碳酸盐结合态铜、氧化锰结合态铜尤其是残留态铜向代换态铜、无定形铁结合态铜和有机态铜转化 ,提高土壤铜有效性和可移动性 ,并使Cu淋溶损失 ,导致水旱轮作土壤耕层全Cu贫化     

旱改水对砂姜黑土中锌含量的影响研究

本文用连续分级浸提法,研究了旱改水对砂姜黑土中锌的含量、赋存形态和有效性的影响。砂姜黑土中的锌绝大部分以残留态存在,晶态铁结合态约占１０％,其余形态锌一般小于＃％。这些形态锌可以分为三类;一类为土壤锌的强度因子,即代换态锌,另一类是土壤锌的容量因子,即有机态、无定形铁结合态的晶形铁结合态锌;第三类为残留态 有效态锌主要来自代换态。旱改水后,晶形铁结合态锌向有机态和无定形铁结合态锌转化,使得土壤中锌     

铁肥对黄淮海平原盐渍土主要农作物的增产效应

在缺铁的黄淮海平原浅层咸水型盐渍化土壤上施用铁肥对各种农作物都有显著的增产作用。自１９８７－１９９０年的该类土壤上进行的铁肥增产效应试验结果表明，农作物产量与根外喷施的铁肥浓度间存在有非线性回归。喷施硫酸亚铁的最适浓度为０．８％－１．０％。喷施适宜浓度硫酸亚铁，不仅提高了作物产量而且对作物产品品质也有良好的作用。     

南极半岛海洋气候区的土壤Ⅶ. 矿物学特性

南极海洋气候区岩石风化和土壤形成过程中有明显的原生矿物蚀变作用和自生矿物成矿作用。本文以粗骨寒冻灰化土和石灰性扰动冻土两种有代表性的土壤类型为例,阐述了本区土壤矿物学特征。指出铝氧化物、绿泥石、碳酸盐是本区玄武岩类风化物质上发育土壤中的主要自生矿物类型,蒙脱石、特别是绿泥-蒙脱石混层矿物是南极海洋气候区土壤粘粒部分的特征矿物。不同土壤由于成土环境、成土过程、成土历史的差异,其土壤物质的矿物学组成、含量、形态、分布具有明显不同。土壤发生性铁氧化物与成土作用和土壤过程密切相关,其矿物类型、含量、形态特征、分布模式在不同的土壤中明显不同,是表征土壤发育程度与剖面形态表达的有效指标。     

氮锌配施对石灰性土壤锌形态及肥效的影响

通过分析石灰性土壤上施用锌肥后土壤中锌的形态变化,研究锌肥的有效性及后效,为指导合理施用锌肥提供理论依据。结果表明在潜在性缺锌的石灰性土壤施锌肥没有明显的增产效果,可增加小麦籽粒锌含量,但不同基因型反应差异很大;土壤中的锌主要以矿物态存在,占全锌91.5%~97.6%,其次为松结有机态锌(1.34%~5.53%)、碳酸盐结合态锌(0.47%~1.55%);施入土壤中的锌增加了交换态、松结有机态、碳酸盐结合态、氧化锰结合态锌含量,但大部分转化为矿物态;种植小麦可以使土壤中的锌向有效态转化;施氮增加了小麦对锌的吸收,也增加了锌矿化的比例;主成分分析结果表明,交换态、松结有机态和碳酸盐结合态均能不同程度反映土壤锌的有效性,石灰性土壤中碳酸盐结合态和有机结合态锌含量占有较为可观的比例,因此增加这两种形态储备容量是调节和控制土壤锌营养状况的重要措施。     

五价锑在中国南方两类典型土壤中的迁移特征

通过土柱出流实验研究锑在我国南方的红壤和棕色石灰土中的迁移行为,对实验结束后的土柱进行分级提取,得出土壤中不同形态锑的百分比。为分析氧化还原电位对锑迁移的影响,探讨了不同p H条件下锑在覆铁石英砂中的迁移行为。实验结果表明,锑在棕色石灰土中迁移时穿透曲线的峰值(C/C0=0.88)比在红壤(C/C0=0.26)中的高,出流所需时间短;在红壤中迁移时穿透曲线的"拖尾"现象较明显。第二次出流的情况正好相反,锑在红壤中的穿透曲线峰值明显升高C/C0达到0.58,而锑在棕色石灰土中的穿透曲线峰值较第一次明显降低(C/C0=0.70),说明红壤第一次淋洗不彻底,棕色石灰土第一次淋洗比较彻底。土柱实验结束后的土壤中锑主要以铁铝氧化物结合态存在,非专性吸附态、专性吸附态和残渣态含量很少,棕色石灰土中的弱结合态锑含量较红壤中多。不同p H条件下锑在覆铁石英砂中迁移特征为,当p H为4时锑在覆铁石英砂中的穿透曲线对称性较好,"拖尾"现象不明显,随着p H变大穿透曲线对称性变差,"拖尾"现象变明显。     

不同铁效率玉米品种苗期适应低铁胁迫的根系特征与铁积累差异

[目的]石灰性土壤高pH和高重碳酸盐含量严重影响土壤中有效铁含量,导致作物缺铁黄化、减产,铁高效玉米品种的推广应用是实现石灰性土壤玉米高产稳产的重要途径.本研究探讨不同铁效率玉米品种适应低铁胁迫的根系特征与铁积累差异,旨在为铁高效玉米品种的推广应用提供科学依据.[方法]试验以铁高效玉米品种正红2号(ZH2)、正大619...     

Iron fertilizers applied to calcareous soil on the growth of peanut in a pot experiment

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L., Fabceae) to evaluate iron compound fertilizers for improving within-plant iron content and correcting chlorosis caused by iron deficiency. Peanuts were planted in containers with calcareous soil fertilized with three different granular iron nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizers (ferrous sulphate (FeSO₄)–NPK, Fe–ethylendiamine di (o-hydroxyphenylacetic) (EDDHA)–NPK and Fe–citrate–NPK). Iron nutrition, plant biomass, seed yield and quality of peanuts were significantly affected by the application of Fe–citrate–NPK and Fe–EDDHA–NPK to the soil. Iron concentrations in tissues were significantly greater for plants grown with Fe–citrate–NPK and Fe–EDDHA–NPK. The active iron concentration in the youngest leaves of peanuts was linearly related to the leaf chlorophyll (via soil and plant analyzer development measurements) recorded 50 and 80 days after planting. However, no significant differences between Fe–citrate–NPK and Fe–EDDHA–NPK were observed. Despite the large amount of total iron bound and dry matter, FeSO₄–NPK was less effective than Fe–citrate–NPK and Fe–EDDHA–NPK to improve iron uptake. The results showed that application of Fe–citrate–NPK was as effective as application of Fe–EDDHA–NPK in remediating leaf iron chlorosis in peanut pot-grown in calcareous soil. The study suggested that Fe–citrate–NPK should be considered as a potential tool for correcting peanut iron deficiency in calcareous soil.     

Effects of green iron nanoparticles on iron changes and phytoavailability in a calcareous soil

Green iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) can be a practical solution to combat iron (Fe) deficiency in calcareous agricultural soils. The main aim of the present work was to assess the effects of green Fe NPs on Fe availability in calcareous soils. For this purpose, green Fe NPs were synthesized using green tea (G-Fe NPs), Shirazi thyme (T-Fe NPs), walnut green hull (W-Fe NPs), and pistachio green hull (P-Fe NPs) extracts and applied as a source of Fe fertilizer to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) plants. Results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) indicated that the green Fe NPs were amorphous in nature and the polyphenols obtained from plant-part extracts acted as both capping and reducing agents. Similar to the behavior of Fe-ethylenediamine-N,N''-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl) acetic acid (Fe-EDDHA) in calcareous soils, G-Fe NPs, T-Fe NPs, W-Fe NPs, and P-Fe NPs increased Fe release compared with the control and FeSO₄ treatment. Cumulative Fe release data fitted well to the power function, intra-particle diffusion, and Elovich kinetic models. According to the pot experiment, the increment in soil Fe availability upon Fe-EDDHA and Fe NPs application led to an increase in Fe uptake, growth, and photosynthetic pigment contents of the sorghum plants. Although further research is needed to evaluate the residual effect and environmental impact of green Fe NPs, they may be an appropriate substitute for traditional Fe fertilizers in calcareous soils.     

Source and mode of sulphur application on groundnut productivity

The effectiveness of 20 kg/ha sulphur (S) of the S‐containing compounds iron sulphate (FeSO₄), gypsum, phosphogypsum, elemental S, and pyrite on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) productivity was determined for plants grown on calcareous soil in the field. Plants grown with S compared to those without S had increased plant height, number of flowers, nodule numbers and weight, higher dry matter, seed, haulm (leaves and stems), and oil yields; higher tissue concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), S, iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn); and higher total uptake of mineral nutrients. Elemental S, pyrite, and FeSO₄ were more effective than gypsum and phosphogypsum, with FeSO₄ being the most effective source of S for improving plant growth traits, yield, and nutrient uptake. The most effective method of FeSO₄ application was half to the soil at planting time (basal) followed by the remainder in three equal foliar sprays at 30,50, and 70 days after plant emergence (DAE). Pyrite and elemental S were most effective when applied to the soil only, half as a basal soil dressing, and the remainder in two equal doses at 25 and 50 DAE. Plant concentrations of S, P, and potassium (K) were similar for each source of S, but elemental S, pyrite, and FeSO₄ enhanced N, Fe, manganese (Mn), and Zn uptake. Gypsum and phosphogypsum enhanced calcium (Ca) uptake. Elemental S and FeSCM provided similar results when half was applied to the soil followed by three equal foliar sprays. The best results from pyrite, gypsum, and phosphogypsum were obtained when soil applied.     

CHLOROSIS IN WILD PLANTS: IS IT A SIGN OF IRON DEFICIENCY?

ABSTRACT

Chlorosis in crops grown on calcareous soil is mainly due to iron (Fe) deficiency and can be alleviated by leaf application of soluble Fe²⁺ or diluted acids. Whether chlorosis in indigenous plants forced to grow on a calcareous soil is also caused by Fe deficiency has, however, not been demonstrated. Veronica officinalis, a widespread calcifuge plant in Central and Northern Europe, was cultivated in two experiments on acid and calcareous soils. As phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major causes of the inability of many calcifuges to grow on calcareous soil we added phosphate to half of the soils. Leaves in pots with the unfertilized and the P-fertilized soil, respectively, were either sprayed with FeSO₄ solution or left unsprayed. Total Fe, P, and manganese (Mn) in leaves and roots and N remaining in the soil after the experiment were determined. In a second experiment, no P was added. Leaves were either sprayed with FeSO₄ or with H₂SO₄ of the same pH as the FeSO₄ solution. Degree of chlorosis and Fe content in leaves were determined. Calcareous soil grown plants suffered from chlorosis, which was even more pronounced in the soils supplied with P. Newly produced leaves were green with Fe spray but leaves that were chlorotic before the onset of spraying did not totally recover. H₂SO₄ spray even increased chlorosis. This demonstrated that chlorosis was due to Fe deficiency. As total leaf Fe was similar on acid and calcareous soil, it was a physiological Fe deficiency, caused by leaf tissue immobilization in a form that was not metabolically “active”. Iron in the leaves was also extracted by 1,10-phenanthroline, an Fe chelator. In both experiments, significant differences between leaves from acid and calcareous soil were found in 1,10-phenanthroline extractable Fe but not in total leaf Fe, when calculated on a dry weight basis. Differences in 1,10-phenanthroline extractable Fe were more pronounced when calculated per unit dry weight than calculated per leaf area, whereas the opposite condition was valid for total leaf Fe.     

Peanut Straw Decomposition Products Promoted by Chemical Additives and Their Effect on Enzymatic Activity and Microbial Functional Diversity in Red Soil

ABSTRACT

The objectives of the present study were to determine the promotional effect of chemical additives on quality of peanut straw decomposition products and to evaluate the influence of the resulting products on soil biological properties. Straw was mixed with or without chemical additives, such as iron(II) sulfate (FeSO₄), alkali slag, or FeSO₄ combined with alkali slag, and decomposed for 50 days. The decomposition products were used as organic fertilizer and added to red soil for an incubation experiment. The chemical additives increased total organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and available N content but decreased the C:N ratios in decomposition products compared to controls. Adding FeSO₄ gave the highest humic acid content (HA, 30.34 g kg^?1) and ratio of humic to fulvic acid (HA/FA, 0.53) and the lowest ratio of HA absorption value at 465 nm to that at 665 nm (E₄/E₆, 6.05), suggesting high humification of decomposition products. Application of the resulting products to soil increased soil urease and invertase activities. BIOLOG analysis showed that microbial C utilization ability, Shannon–Weaver diversity, and McIntosh evenness indexes were improved by the organic fertilizer promoted by chemical additives. Principal component analysis indicated that microbial community structures were also influenced by different amendments in decomposition products. Our study provides a reference point for acquiring high quality straw compost and improving soil biological functions by organic fertilizer.     

Responses of earlirose rice to iron,zinc, and BPDS when grown on calcareous soil

Abstract

The Earlirose cultivar of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in calcareous Hacienda loam soil was extremely Fe deficient. The Fe deficiency was corrected by premixing 40 ppm Fe (as FeSO₄) into the soil before transplanting plants. The Fe deficiency appeared to be induced by high plant levels of Cu and Mn. Addition of Zn (40 ppm as ZnSO₄) intensified the Fe deficiency. The Fe addition did not overcome the effect of the Zn. BPDS (bathophenanthroline disulfonate), a chelator of Fe⁺⁺, had little effect on the results.     

Improving iron bioavailability and nutritional value of maize (Zea mays L.) in sulfur-treated calcareous soil

Soil factors such as pH, calcium, carbonate, and bicarbonate precipitation products in calcareous soils reduce iron (Fe) availability to crops and limit grain Fe concentrations. In the present greenhouse study, we evaluated the potential of Fe fertilizer amendments combined with organic amendments, like biochar (BC) and poultry manure, in sulfur (S)-treated low pH calcareous soils (pH_S1) to assess Fe biofortification of maize. Elemental sulfur (S) was used both for lowering soil pH and Fe solubilization. Soil pH was successfully lowered down from 7.8 to 6.5 by S application at the rate of 2.5 g kg^?1 soil. Pot experiment results revealed that Fe fertilizer combined with BC and S (pH_S1) significantly increased root and shoot dry weight, grain weight, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance by 69%, 86%, 28%, 74%, 57%, and 33%, respectively, relative to the control. Similarly, combined application of Fe + BC in S-amended (pH_S1) soil increased starch (34%), protein (64%), and fat (1 fold) while antinutrient phytate and polyphenols were decreased up to 29% and 40%, respectively, over control. Regarding the maize nutrients profiles, application of Fe with BC gave the maximum increase of Fe and ferritin was increased 1.7 fold at pH_S1. The results of this study showed that Fe fertilization with BC at pH_S1 soil is beneficial for crop growth and Fe bioavailability.     

Effects of foliar spray of nano-particles of FeSO4 on the growth and ion content of sunflower under saline condition

This study investigated the effects of foliar spray of normal and nano-particles of iron sulfate (FeSO₄) on the response of sunflower cultivars to salinity. Treatments included five cultivars (Alstar, Olsion, Yourflor, Hysun36 and Hysun33), two salinity levels (0 and 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)), and three levels of fertilizer application. Fertilizer treatments were the foliar application of normal and nano-particles of FeSO₄. Foliar application of FeSO₄ in either form increased leaf area, shoot dry weight, net carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation rate (A), sub-stomatal CO₂ concentration (Ci), chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm and iron (Fe) content and decreased sodium (Na) content in leaves. The extent of increase in chlorophyll a content by foliar spray of FeSO₄ nano-particles was significantly greater than normal form. The results showed that the FeSO₄ nano-particles increased biomass production of sunflower plants greater in comparison with normal form, although no significant difference was found between two forms.     

Effects of bicarbonate and different Fe sources on vegetative growth and physiological characteristics of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants in hydroponic system

In order to determine the best iron (Fe) sources under alkaline conditions, an factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with two factors of Fe fertilizer at four forms [iron sulfate (FeSO₄), Fe- ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Fe- diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and Fe- ethylenediamine-N,N’-bis (EDDHA), and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)] at three levels (0, 10 and 15 mM) with three replications. Results showed that the highest loss of vegetative growth (stem length, leaf number, leaf area, stem diameter, and leaf, stem and root dry weight) and ecophysiological parameters (F_v/F_m, SPAD and RWC) was observed in plants treated with FeSO₄. Alkalinity stress increased proline concentration especially in FeSO₄ treatment. Bicarbonate treatments decreased Fe concentration in plant tissues. Fe-EDTA and Fe-DTPA fertilizer sources acted similar or even better than EDDHA at 10 mM NaHCO₃ concentration, but the best Fe fertilizer source was Fe-EDDHA at 15 mM NaHCO₃ concentration.