Influence of Atrazine and Roundup pesticides on biochemical and molecular aspects of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails

The excessive use of pesticides in agriculture has sparkled the interest of scientists in investigating the harmful effects of these compounds. The present study evaluates the pesticides Atrazine and Roundup (glyphosate) on biochemical and molecular aspects of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. The results showed that LC₁₀ of these two pesticides caused considerable reduction in survival rates and egg production of treated snails. Additionally, Atrazine proved to be more toxic to B. alexandrina snails than Roundup. In treated snails, glucose concentration (GL) in the hemolymph as well as lactate (LT) and free amino acid (FAA) in soft tissues of treated snails increased while glycogen (GN), pyruvate (PV), total protein (TP), nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) levels in snail’s tissues decreased. The activities of glycogen phosphorylase (GP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and phosphatases (ACP and ALP) enzymes in homogenate of snail’s tissues were reduced in response to the treatment with the two pesticides while lipid peroxide (LP) and transaminases (GOT and GPT) activity increased (P < 0.001). The changes in the number, position and intensity of DNA bands induced by pesticides may be attributed to the fact that pesticide can induce genotoxicity through DNA damage. It was concluded that the pollution of the aquatic environment by Atrazine and Roundup pesticides, would adversely affect the metabolism of the B. alexandrina snails, and have adverse effects on its reproduction.     

三种常用农药对环棱螺、圆田螺和河蚬的急性毒性研究

采用急性毒性试验方法,研究了3种常用农药毒死蜱、丁草胺和三唑酮对3种本地底栖生物环棱螺Bellamya quadrata、圆田螺Cipangopaludina cathayensis和河蚬Corbicula fluminea的毒性效应,同时测定了螺类不同大小个体对供试农药的敏感性。结果显示:毒死蜱、丁草胺和三唑酮对环棱螺的96 h-LC50值分别为4.32、3.62和15.2 mg/L,对圆田螺的96 h-LC50值分别为6.31、4.31和16.9 mg/L,对河蚬的96 h-LC50值分别为8.75、6.83和26.5 mg/L;毒死蜱和丁草胺对3种供试生物均为中等毒性,三唑酮属低毒。环棱螺幼螺对毒死蜱、丁草胺和三唑酮的敏感性分别比大螺高2.52、1.84和1.72倍,圆田螺幼螺对毒死蜱、丁草胺和三唑酮的敏感性分别比大螺高2.26、2.26和2.67倍。因此,在田间使用3种供试农药时需注意对供试底栖生物尤其是其幼体的保护。     

Biological and biochemical parameters of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails exposed to the plants Datura stramonium and Sesbania sesban as water suspensions of their dry powder

Four plant species, as a dry powder of their leaves, were tested against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. The bioassay tests revealed the plants Datura stramonium and Sesbania sesban to be more toxic to the snails than the other two ones. Therefore, they were tested against snails’ fecundity (M_x), reproduction rate (R_o) and their infection with S. mansoni miracidia. In addition, total protein concentration and the activities of the transaminases (AsT and AlT) and phosphatases (AcP and AkP) enzymes in hemolymph and tissues of snails treated with these plants were determined. As well, glucose concentration in snails’ hemolymph was evaluated.Exposure of snails for 4 weeks to LC₁₀ and LC₂₅ of the plants D. stramonium and S. sesban dry powder markly suppressed their M_x and R_o. The reduction rates of R_o for snails exposed to LC₂₅ of these plants were 62.1% and 76.4%, respectively. As well, a considerable reduction in the infection rates of snails exposed to these plants either during, pre- or post-miracidial exposure was recorded. Thus, infection rates of snails treated during miracidial exposure with LC₁₀ of D. stramonium and S. sesban were 41.7% and 52.2%, respectively, compared to 92.6% for control group (P < 0.01). These plants, also, reduced the duration of cercarial shedding and cercarial production/snail. So, snails exposed to LC₂₅ of these plants shed 372.8 and 223.2 cercariae/snail, respectively, compared to 766.3 cercariae/infected control snail (P < 0.01).The results, also, revealed that glucose and total protein concentrations in hemolymph of snails treated with LC₁₀ and LC₂₅ of these plants were decreased, meanwhile, the activities of the enzymes AsT, AlT, AcP and AkP were elevated (P < 0.01). However, the activity of AcP in tissues of treated snails was decreased compared to that of control ones. It is concluded that LC₂₅ of the plants D. stramonium and S. sesban negatively interferes with biological and physiological activities of B. alexandrina snails, consequently it could be effective in interrupting and minimizing the transmission of S. mansoni.     

Use of some plant extracts to control Biomphalaria alexandrina snails with emphasis on some biological effects

The present work was carried out to evaluate, the molluscicidal activity of cold water, boiled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of some plant species against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. Preliminary screening tests on 10 plant species showed that the highest molluscicidal potency was recorded for Euphorbia splendens, Atriplex stylosa and Guayacum officinalis. Exposure of B. alexandrina snails to plant’s methanol extracts led to a significant reduction in their survival and growth rates. In addition, newly hatched snails were susceptible to plant’s methanol extracts than elder ones. LC₂₅ of methanol extract from these plants caused a considerable reduction in the infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia to the snails. It caused a reduction in number of cercariae per snail during the patent period and in the period of cercarial shedding. The results, also, revealed that the glucose concentration in treated snails was increased in haemolymph, while soft tissue glycogen decreased. The activities of glycogen phosphorylase, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), glucose-6-phosphatase and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in homogenate of snail’s tissues were reduced (P < 0.001) in response to treatment with plants methanol extract, while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activity increased (P < 0.001). It was concluded that the application of LC₂₅ of methanol extracts of E. splendens, A. stylosa and G. officinalis may be helpful in snail control as it interferes with the snails’ biology and physiology.     

Biological and biochemical responses of Biomphalaria alexandrina to some extracts of the plants Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L.

The molluscicidal activity of cold water, boiled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L. plants against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails was carried out. The tests revealed plant’s ethanol extract was more toxic to the snails than the other tested extracts. Therefore, it was tested against snails’ fecundity (M_x), reproduction rate (R₀) and their infection with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. In addition, biochemical parameters and the activities of some enzymes in tissues of snails treated with the two tested plants were determined. As well, glucose concentration in snails’ hemolymph was evaluated. Exposure of B. alexandrina snails to plant’s ethanol extract led to a significant reduction in their survival and snails’ fecundity, reproduction rate. In addition, it caused a considerable reduction in the infectivity of S. mansoni miracidia to the snails. Also, it caused a reduction in number of cercariae per snail during the patent period and in the period of cercarial shedding. The results revealed that the glucose concentration in hemolymph and Lactate level in soft tissues of treated snails were increased (P < 0.001) while glycogen, total protein, the lipid content and the pyruvate level in snail’s tissues decreased (P < 0.001). The activities of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvatekinase (PK) and cytochrome oxidase (CY) enzymes in homogenate of snail’s tissues were reduced (P < 0.001) in response to treatment with the two tested plants while protease (PR) activity increased (P < 0.001). It is concluded that the application of LC₂₅ of ethanol extract of S. siniacum and A. judaica L. may be helpful in snail control as it interferes with the snails’ biology and physiology.     

Effect of Basudin, Selecron and the phytoalkaloid Colchicine (pesticides) on biological and molecular parameters of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails

The results showed that survival rates of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails, reproductive potential and hatchability of eggs were evaluated post exposure to Basudin, Selecron and Colchicine. As well, DNA and RNA changes in the cells of ovotestis-digestive gland complex of treated snails were estimated. The current molluscicide Bayluscide was used as a reference compound.The pesticide Selecron proved to be more toxic to B. alexandrina snails than Basudin and Colchicine. Juvenile snails were dead post 3 weeks of exposure to the sublethal concentration LC₀ of either Selecron or Basudin, while 26.75% of snails still alive at Bayluscide treatment. In addition, exposure of adult snails to LC₀ of Selecron for 24 h/week for 4 weeks markedly reduced their reproductive rate (R₀) by 89.9%. Moreover, snails’ eggs failed to hatch post 24 h of exposure to LC₉₀ of either Selecron, Basudin or Bayluscide. Electrophoretic analysis indicated a decrease in the molecular weight of intact DNA in the ovotestis-digestive gland complex of snails treated with 250 ppm of Colchicine and LC₂₅ of Selecron, as it scored 1.2 and 76 bp, respectively, compared to 166.46 bp for control group, while the vice versa was recorded for RNA intensity. It was concluded that the tested pesticides have deleterious effects on snails’ reproductive rate, their eggs and the intensities of DNA and RNA in their ovotestis-digestive gland complex. Therefore, it is expected that reaching of such pesticides to snails’ habitats in water courses during plant pests control could minimize the population density of the snails intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis, hence probably interrupt and reduce the transmission of this parasite.     

A juvenile hormone analog, pyriproxifen, affects some biochemical components in the hemolymph and fat bodies of Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae)

Endocrine system has a critical role during the developmental stages of insects by synthesis of several regulatory hormones. One of these hormones is juvenile hormone that several insecticides have been driven based on its biochemical structure e.g. pyriproxifen. Due to various disadvantages of fenitrothione spraying, this study was carried out finding the possible usage of pyriproxifen to control the destructive population of Eurygaster integriceps. After bioassay treatments to acquire the appropriate concentrations, the treatment repeated to find possible changes in the biochemical compounds of hemolymph and reserved macromolecules in fat bodies. Results showed significant discrepancies in amount of biochemical components of the hemolymph and the reserved macromolecules in E. integriceps after pyriproxifen treatment. In hemolymph, activity level of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase as enzymatic components and uric acid as non-enzymatic one increased but acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, protein, trehalose and lipid showed adverse results. In fat bodies, the amount of all measured reserves including glycogen, lipid and protein decreased and showed significant differences. These kinds of changes have been supported by several studies due to using insecticides. These negative effects on overall physiology of the Sunn pest by depleting the essential compounds cause sensitivity to fungal infections and several shortages for normal development and reproduction of insect. Also, the adaptability of pyriproxifen to increase the effect of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, should be considered to initiate a new pest management program to decrease the production loss made by E. integriceps in wheat fields.     

溴氰菊酯对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的毒力及对其运动和摄食的影响

采用药液浸渍法、沙柱法以及与荧光染料Cy3共孵育的方法,以丙溴磷、克百威和阿维菌素为对照药剂,测定了溴氰菊酯对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫Ditylenchus destructor的毒力以及对其运动扩散和摄食的影响。结果表明:溴氰菊酯对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫具有一定的杀灭活性,其LC50值为459.8mg/L,活性低于丙溴磷(159.9mg/L)、克百威(331.9mg/L)和阿维菌素(257.3mg/L);溴氰菊酯对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫运动扩散的抑制作用IC50值为3.1mg/L,其活性低于阿维菌素(0.8mg/L),但高于丙溴磷(8.3mg/L)和克百威(16.1mg/L)。当丙溴磷和克百威质量浓度分别低至0.6和40mg/L时,可刺激90%以上的线虫摄食;当丙溴磷和克百威质量浓度最低分别为360和300mg/L时,可抑制全部线虫的摄食;溴氰菊酯与阿维菌素则对线虫的摄食无刺激作用;用10mg/L的丙溴磷处理线虫2h后再分别用阿维菌素和溴氰菊酯处理,发现阿维菌素和溴氰菊酯质量浓度最低分别为20和200mg/L时可抑制全部马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的摄食。研究表明,溴氰菊酯对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫具有较高的活性,其在线虫防治领域的开发应用潜力较好。     

六种农药对两种果蝇成虫室内毒力和主要解毒酶活性的影响

为明确田间常用农药对伊米果蝇Drosophila immigrans和海德氏果蝇D. hydei的毒力和解毒机制,采用药膜法在室内测定6种田间常用农药原药对2种果蝇实验种群成虫的LC_(10)、LC_(20)和LC_(50),并研究其中3种农药的亚致死剂量(LC_(10)、LC_(20))对果蝇谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)3种主要解毒酶活性的影响。结果表明,乙基多杀菌素对伊米果蝇的毒力最大,LC_(10)、LC_(20)和LC_(50)分别为0.29、0.51和1.51 mg/L;甲维盐对海德氏果蝇的毒力最大,LC_(10)、LC_(20)和LC_(50)分别为0.14、0.36和2.09 mg/L;吡虫啉对2种果蝇的毒力均最低。不同亚致死浓度的乙基多杀菌素处理伊米果蝇24 h后,CarE和AchE活性均显著高于对照,而GST活性在低浓度时显著高于对照;高浓度甲维盐仅对海德氏果蝇AchE活性有显著抑制作用;吡虫啉可抑制伊米果蝇AchE和海德氏果蝇CarE活性。表明伊米果蝇和海德氏果蝇可通过改变3种解毒酶的活性来防御杀虫剂对其造成的影响。     

In vitro and in vivo effects of some pesticides on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) erythrocytes

We investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of some pesticides on rainbow trout erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme. The enzyme was purified 1691-fold with a specific activity of 16.235 U/mg protein and a yield of 63%. Cypermethrin, and propoxur inhibited glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme in vitro and deltamethrin inhibited both in vivo and in vitro. The obtained IC₅₀ values for deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and propoxur were 0.63, 1.02, and 12 mM, respectively. The activity of the control was determined as 5.17 ± 0.62 U/g Hb in in vivo studies. The enzyme activities of the groups treated with 0.25 g/L deltamethrin were measured at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h, and found to be 4.32 ± 0.47, 3.57 ± 0.39, 3.47 ± 0.45, 2.86 ± 0.37, and 2.31 ± 0.32 U/g Hb. In vivo experiments showed that deltamethrin significantly inhibited the G6PD enzyme activity after the 48th h (p < 0.05).     

Effect ofMelia azedarach fruit extract on juvenile hormone titer and protein content in the hemolymph of two species of noctuid lepidopteran larvae [insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]

The effect of an enriched methanolic extract ofMelia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) fruits on the size of the corpora allata (CA), the juvenile hormone (JH) titer and the protein content in the hemolymph of two lepidopteran pests in Egypt,Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) andAgrotis ipsilon (Hufn.), was studied. Different concentrations of the extract were incorporated into an artificial diet on which the larvae were allowed to feed. InS. littoralis, a significant reduction in the CA volume of larvae treated at the 1000 ppm extract levelvs that of control larvae was observed. In A.ipsilon, a reduction was found in the right CA gland only. Larvae of both species that had fed on a diet withMelia extract had a higher mean JH-II titer in the hemolymph than did control larvae. In both species, the content of hemolymph protein was decreased significantly after feeding for 6 days on a diet treated with concentrations above 50 ppm extract, followed by 6 days on a normal diet. The results show that aM. azedarach fruit extract has an effect on the neuroendocrine control in the insects. The effect on the hemolymph protein levels is discussed in connection with changes in the morphology/physiology of the gut.     

花鼠乳酸脱氢酶C基因cDNA的克隆、分析及原核表达

为研究花鼠乳酸脱氢酶C(lactate dehydrogenase C,LDH-C)对花鼠免疫不育控制的影响,以花鼠睾丸c DNA为模板,通过RT-PCR技术得到花鼠LDH-C基因c DNA编码区,并进行序列分析,构建花鼠LDH-C的原核表达载体,导入到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达,并采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和免疫印迹法对表达产物进行鉴定。结果显示:扩增出的c DNA片段为999 bp,编码332个氨基酸,含有完整的开放阅读框;负电荷残基与正电荷残基均为36个;预测蛋白质分子量为37k D,理论等电点为7.04,无信号肽和跨膜区,推测其是一种非分泌、疏水性蛋白。α螺旋、无规则卷曲以及延伸链是s LDH-C蛋白二级结构的主要成分。重组菌在IPTG诱导下获得了约37 k D带有His-Tag的目的蛋白。     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定香菇中56种农药残留

建立了香菇中多菌灵、啶虫脒、氟虫腈等56种农药残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (UPLC-MS/MS) 检测方法。样品以酸化乙腈为提取剂,涡旋提取,N-丙基乙二胺 (PSA) 和十八烷基键合硅胶 (C₁₈) 粉末分散固相萃取净化,经BEH-C₁₈超高效液相色谱柱分离后,在电喷雾正离子 (ESI+) 模式下,通过多反应监测 (MRM) 模式测定。结果表明:56种农药在一定的浓度范围内线性关系良好,决定系数 (R2) 均大于0.99;56种农药的平均回收率在71%~121%之间,相对标准偏差为0.6%~9.2%,符合农药多残留分析的要求。考察了溶剂和滤膜对检测结果的影响。结果发现,当定容溶剂含有高比例的水相时,哒螨灵等化合物在过聚四氟乙烯 (PTFE) 或尼龙材质的滤膜时有明显损失。基质效应测定结果显示,灭多威等40种化合物表现为弱基质效应,甲胺磷等16种化合物表现为中等强度基质效应。研究表明,建立的QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法能够对香菇中56种农药残留进行快速、准确的测定。     

Influence of malathion on the catalytic potential of glutamate dehydrogenase in sheep brain

Malathion stimulated sheep brain glutamate dehydrogenase. The maximal velocity (V_max) and Michaelis-Menten constant (K_m) showed alterations characteristic of nonessential activation. The activation energy required by the enzyme subjected to pesticidal stress was found to decrease, suggesting a decrement in energy barrier for the catalysis of the enzyme. The possible implications of malathion-stimulated glutamate dehydrogenase activity are discussed.     

铁皮石斛中3种常用农药的残留动态及最佳清除方法研究

以被苯醚甲环唑、多菌灵及烯酰吗啉污染的铁皮石斛为研究对象,采用乙腈提取,固相分散法净化,高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪分析了3种农药在铁皮石斛鲜条及栽培基质中的残留消解动态,并检测了不同水洗时间、不同溶液浓度（氯化钠和碳酸氢钠）条件下农药残留的去除情况,通过响应面方法确定了农药最佳去除方法。结果表明:3种常用农药在不同添加水平下的回收率为78.5%~106%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.7%~4.5%,满足农药残留检测要求;田间试验采用推荐剂量和两倍推荐剂量处理,苯醚甲环唑在铁皮石斛鲜条和基质中的半衰期分别为3.8~3.9 d和4.1~5.6 d;多菌灵的半衰期分别为2.6 d和2.8~3.1 d;烯酰吗啉的半衰期分别为2.8~2.9 d和3.6~5.1 d。响应面法结果显示:经质量分数为5.49%的氯化钠和1.27%的碳酸氢钠混合溶液浸泡5 min后再用清水冲洗45 min,残留的苯醚甲环唑去除率最高;用5.34%的氯化钠和1.22%的碳酸氢钠混合溶液浸泡5 min后再用清水冲洗45 min,多菌灵的去除率最高;而用2.07%的氯化钠和0.80%的碳酸氢钠混合溶液浸泡5 min后再用清水冲洗59 min,烯酰吗啉的去除率最高。本研究可为铁皮石斛质量安全评价体系的建立提供基础数据。     

青杨天牛幼虫响应低氧胁迫的转录组分析

为探究青杨天牛Saperda populnea幼虫低氧适应的分子机制，分别对青杨天牛幼虫进行常氧（21%氧浓度）、中度缺氧（14%氧浓度）和重度缺氧（7%氧浓度）处理，采用高通量测序技术对低氧胁迫下青杨天牛进行转录组测序与组装、功能注释与分类、差异基因筛选与分析，采用实时荧光定量PCR（quantitative real-time PCR，qPCR）技术对转录组测序结果进行验证。结果表明，与常氧处理相比，14%和7%氧浓度处理下青杨天牛幼虫显著差异表达基因数分别为31个和1 525个。低氧胁迫后青杨天牛幼虫的显著差异表达基因功能主要富集到跨膜转运蛋白活性、细胞或亚细胞组分运动、微管运动等。低氧胁迫后青杨天牛幼虫差异表达基因代谢通路主要富集到氮代谢、蛋白质消化吸收、昼夜节律和环磷酸腺苷（cyclic adenosine monophosphate，cAMP）信号通路等。qPCR检测结果与转录组测序结果一致，表明转录组测序结果可靠。     

绿僵菌与3种杀虫剂混用对沙葱萤叶甲的协同作用

采用点滴法,于室内测定了阿维菌素、茚虫威和鱼藤酮3种杀虫剂单独使用及与绿僵菌混用对沙葱萤叶甲3龄幼虫的协同致死作用,以期为协调使用化学药剂和生防制剂防治沙葱萤叶甲提供参考。3种杀虫剂单独使用时的毒力测定结果表明,阿维菌素对沙葱萤叶甲3龄幼虫的毒力最强,LD50值为4.80 ng/头,其次是茚虫威和鱼藤酮,LD50值分别为10.47和53.21 ng/头。采用不同浓度的3种杀虫剂分别处理绿僵菌24和48 h后,发现药剂对绿僵菌分生孢子萌发均有一定的抑制作用,但抑制率低于20%,且抑制率随着药剂浓度的降低和作用时间的延长而降低,其中茚虫威的平均抑制率最小,分别仅为1.89%±0.57%和0.89%±0.39%。将3种杀虫剂分别与绿僵菌孢子悬液混配使用,对防治沙葱萤叶甲3龄幼虫均具有协同增效作用:其中茚虫威与绿僵菌混用增效作用最强,比单独施用绿僵菌时LT50值缩短了8.12 d;阿维菌素与绿僵菌混用时LT50值缩短了7.60 d;鱼藤酮与绿僵菌混用时LT50值缩短了6.45 d。     

21种化学药剂对新疆棉田主要害虫毒力及对多异瓢虫的安全性

为明确现阶段棉田常用化学杀虫剂对新疆维吾尔自治区（简称新疆）棉花主要害虫的毒力以及对新疆本地优势天敌多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata的安全性,于室内分别测定当前21种棉田常用化学药剂对新疆棉田3种主要害虫棉蚜Aphis gossypii、截形叶螨Etranychus truncatus和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera以及优势天敌多异瓢虫的毒力,比较不同药剂对各种害虫和天敌的相对毒力指数以及益害毒性比。结果表明,药剂处理24 h后,10种蚜虫防治药剂对棉蚜成蚜的半致死浓度LC₅₀由高到低依次为氟啶虫胺腈、啶虫脒、吡虫啉、环氧虫啶、噻虫嗪、丁硫克百威、烯啶虫胺、呋虫胺、螺虫乙酯和吡蚜酮,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有氟啶虫胺腈和螺虫乙酯;5种叶螨防治药剂对截形叶螨成螨的LC₅₀从高到低依次为阿维菌素、哒螨灵、四螨嗪、噻螨酮和炔螨特,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有四螨嗪、噻螨酮和阿维菌素;6种鳞翅目害虫幼虫防治药剂对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的LC₅₀由高到低顺次为甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐（简称甲维盐）、氯虫苯甲酰胺、茚虫威、灭多威、毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有甲维盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺。综合上述2个方面结果,氟啶虫胺腈、阿维菌素、甲维盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺不仅对棉花害虫毒力效果强,而且对有益天敌安全性高。     

Deltamethrin induced alterations of hematological and biochemical parameters in fingerlings of Catla catla (Ham.) and their amelioration by dietary supplement of vitamin C

The present study was carried out to investigate the sub-lethal toxicity of technical grade deltamethrin (a synthetic pyrethroid) of concentration 1.61 μg/L (1/3rd of 96 h LC₅₀) on hematological and biochemical parameters of catla (Catla catla) fingerlings and its amelioration through dietary vitamin C. The deltamethrin exposed fishes were fed with different levels of supplemented vitamin C such as 50, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg diet to see its ameliorating effect by assaying hematological parameters viz. total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), hemoglobin content (Hb), total serum protein, albumin, globulin, albumin–globulin ratio and biochemical parameters such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acetylcholine esterase (AChE), alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), total adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), magnesium adenosine triphosphatase (Mg²⁺-ATPase) and sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase) activities. The finding of this study showed that deltamethrin had negative effect on the hematological and biochemical parameters of Catla catla. The experimental group, which was exposed to deltamethrin and fed with normal diet showed significantly lower values (P ? 0.05) of all parameters studied except ALT activity. This might be due to possible disruption of hematopoiesis and proteosynthesis. However, the fish fed with varied concentration of vitamin C in diets neutralized the toxic effect of deltamethrin, as evidenced by significantly lowered hematological and biochemical response. Vitamin C @ 1000 mg/kg diet was the most effective in amelioration of harmful effect of deltamethrin on hematological and biochemical parameters of catla fingerlings. The result suggests that vitamin C can be effectively used to neutralize the toxic effect of deltamethrin on catla.     

五种农药对中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂工蜂的经口毒性比较

分别采用"小烧杯法"和"饲喂管法"测定了5种农药对中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂工蜂的经口毒性。比较了2种方法的优缺点以及2个蜂种对农药毒性的敏感程度差异。结果表明:无论是"意蜂"还是"中蜂","小烧杯法"得到的半致死浓度(LC50)均不同程度地低于"饲喂管法";与"意蜂"相比,"中蜂"对药剂更敏感,可能更适用于农药的毒理评价实验。