Yield and Yield Components and Phosphorus Use Efficiency of Lowland Rice Genotypes

Phosphorus deficiency is main constraints for lowland rice production in various rice producing regions of the world. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using lowland (Inceptisol) soil with the objective to determine response of seven lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to phosphorus fertilization and to evaluate their phosphorus (P) use efficiency. Phosphorus treatments included control (0 mg P kg^?1) and 200 mg P kg^?1 of soil. Plant height and shoot dry weight were significantly (P < 0.001) influenced by P treatments. Phosphorus X genotypes interaction was significant for shoot dry weight, indicating different response of genotypes under two P levels. At low P level, none of the genotypes produced grain yield, indicating original P level in the soil was too low for lowland rice yield. However, genotypes differed significantly in grain yield at high P level. Panicle number, panicle length, and thousand grains weight had a significant quadratic association with grain yield. However, spikelet sterility had a significant linear negative association with grain yield. The P use efficiency expressed as agronomic efficiency (AE), physiological efficiency (PE), agro-physiological efficiency (AP), apparent recovery efficiency (ARE), and utilization (UE) were significantly different among genotypes. These efficiencies were having significantly positive association with grain yield, with exception to ARE, indicating improving grain yield with improved P use efficiencies in rice.     

不同供钾水平下水稻钾素吸收利用与产量的基因型差异

通过田间试验研究了不同供钾水平对8个水稻品种钾紊吸收利用和稻谷产量的影响。研究结果表明，两种供钾水平下，水稻的稻谷产量、钾利用效率和各生育期地上部钾积累都存在显著的基因型差异。低钾胁迫显著降低水稻的稻谷产量和各生育期地上部钾积累量，显著提高水稻的钾利用效率。相关性分析表明．低钾胁迫下水稻生育前期（秧苗期＋分蘖期）地上部钾积累量以及生育中期（抽穗期）地上部钾积累量呈显著正相关；正常供钾条件下水稻生育前期地上部钾积累量呈显著正相关。因此筛选和培育具有较高钾利用效率和在生育前期具有较强钾索积累特性的水稻基因型可能是缓解南方水稻土钾素严重缺乏的有效途径之一。     

Salt Tolerance and K/Na Ratio of Some Introduced Forage Grass Species Under Salinity Stress in Irrigated Areas

Salinity is a limiting factor for forage productivity in irrigated areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salt tolerance index (STI), the K/Na ratio, and the forage quality of several introduced cool season grass species in irrigated agriculture. Four irrigated water salinity concentrations were used (control, 4000, 8000, and 12000 ppm sodium chloride (NaCl)), and four grass cultivars belonging to three species were established under greenhouse conditions at the Qassim University Agricultural Research and Experimental Station during the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons (perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., cvs. Aries and Quartet), endophyte-free tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb., cv. Fawn), and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L., cv. Tekapo)). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) using three replications was used. Cultivars were evaluated based on their dry weights (g m^?2) and forage quality. Additionally, the STI and potassium (K⁺) and sodium (Na⁺) concentrations in the studied grass cultivars were evaluated. The dry weights of the grasses decreased significantly as the salinity level of the irrigation water increased. At a salinity of 4000 ppm, the Aries perennial ryegrass had the highest dry weight at both sample cuttings. The Aries, Fawn, and Quartet grasses had the highest STI values. The percent of K⁺ and the K/Na ratio increased as the salinity of the irrigation water increased for the Fawn tall fescue and Quartet perennial ryegrass. In the previously cultivars, the percentage of Na⁺ decreased as the salinity level of the irrigation water increased, which was in contrast with the results observed for the Tekapo orchardgrass.     

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Forms on Growth,Photosynthesis, and Yield of Rice Under Cadmium Stress

ABSTRACT

A pot experiment was conducted to study the influence of four nitrogen (N) fertilizer forms [Urea; calcium nitrate, Ca(NO₃)₂; ammonium sulfate, (NH₄)₂SO₄; and organic N] on growth, photosynthesis, and yield of rice under two cadmium (Cd) levels (0 and 100 mg Cd kg^?1 soil). Cadmium addition significantly reduced photosynthetic rate, and the reduction varied with N fertilizer form, with ammonium (NH₄ ⁺)-N and urea treated plants having more reduction. Nitrogen form had a distinct effect on SPAD value, and the effect was also dependent on Cd level and growth stage. Cadmium-stress significantly reduced flag leaf area, but for the second leaf, only the plants supplied with organic N showed the reduction. There was a significant difference in plant height among four N forms, with NH₄ ⁺- and nitrate (NO₃ ^?)-treated plants having the highest and lowest height, respectively. Cadmium stress caused significant reduction in grains per panicle and total plant weight, and the reduction varied with N form, with organic N treatment showing more reduction. There were significant differences among N forms in N and Cd concentrations of the plants subjected to Cd stress, with NH₄ ⁺-N treated plants having highest N and lowest Cd concentrations and NO₃ ^?-treated plants having lowest N and highest Cd uptake. The results showed that the inhibition of Cd stress on growth and yield formation of rice is closely related to N fertilizer form.     

Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Upland Rice Genotypes Under Field Conditions

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the most yield limiting factors for crop production in South American soils. Upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important crop in South American cropping systems, including Brazil. A field experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate 20 upland rice genotypes for phosphorus (P) use efficiency. The P rate used was low (0 kg P ha^?1) and high [87 kg P ha^?1 or 200 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) ha^?1]. Plant height, shoot dry weight, grain yield, panicle number, 1000 grain weight, spikelet sterility, and grain harvest index were significantly influenced by P and genotype treatments. The P X genotype interaction was significant for grain yield, indicating that genotypes responded differently under two P rates. Overall, grain yield increased by 12% with the addition of P fertilization. Based on grain yield efficiency index, genotypes were classified into efficient, moderately efficient, and inefficient group. The genotypes that were classified as efficient in P use were BRA032048, BRA042094, BRA02601, BRA032051, BRA032033, BRA052015, BRA042156, BRA01600, BRA01506, BRA052023 and BRA042160. The inefficient genotypes in P us efficiency were BRS Primavera, BRA052045, BRA01596, and BRS Sertaneja. Grain harvest index had a significant positive association with grain yield and spikelet sterility had a significant negative association with grain yield, as expected. Average, P-use efficiency of five genotypes was about 17 kg kg^?1 (kg grain yield per kg P applied).     

胁迫和对照条件下水稻品种铅积累的差异

为选育籽粒中对Pb低积累或低吸收水稻品种提供依据,本研究采用盆栽试验方法,比较了不同类型水稻品种及植株不同部位在胁迫和对照条件下对Pb的吸收积累特性。结果表明,供试品种不同部位中Pb含量的变异系数较高,变幅在18.34%～35.57%。不同部位中Pb的含量差异明显,根系对Pb具有较强的积累能力。胁迫条件下,根系中Pb的平均含量为287.616mg·kg^-1,约是茎叶和糙米含量的58倍和1267倍;对照条件下,根系中Pb的平均含量为9.078mg·kg^-1,约是茎叶和糙米含量的3倍和50倍;胁迫条件下根系中Pb的含量是对照的36.34倍,而茎叶和糙米分别是对照的1.65倍和1.36倍。不同品种对Pb的积累能力存在显著差异,同一品种在胁迫与对照条件下对Pb的含量也存在明显差异,其中,宁54146对Pb胁迫较敏感。相关分析表明,对照和胁迫条件下,植株不同部位中Pb的含量均不存在相关性。     

Phosphorus Nutrition of Lowland Rice in Tropical Lowland Soil

Rice is a main food crop for about half of the world's population, and phosphorus (P) is the main limiting nutrient in rice production in tropical lowlands. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate P requirements of lowland rice grown on a lowland soil (Inceptisol). Dry matter, grain yield, and yield-attributing characteristics were significantly (P < 0.01) influenced by P fertilization. Based on quadratic response, maximum shoot dry weight and grain yield were obtained with the application of 190 mg P kg^?1 of soil. Maximum panicle, tiller number, and plant height were obtained with the application of 177 192, and 175 mg P kg^?1 of soil, respectively. Mehlich 1–extractable P for maximum grain yield was 15.6 mg kg^?1 of soil. Variability in grain yield with plant growth and yield parameters was in the order of tiller > shoot dry weight > panicle number > spikelet sterility > plant height > grain harvest index > panicle length > weight of 1000 grains. Phosphorus uptake in shoot and concentration and uptake in grain significantly (P < 0.01) increased grain yield. However, variability in grain yield was greater with concentration and uptake of P in the grain. Similarly, P harvest index was also significantly associated with grain yield. Agronomic P-use efficiency, apparent P-recovery efficiency, and P-utilization efficiency decreased quadratically with increasing P rates, whereas physiological P-use efficiency increased quadratically and agrophysiological P-use efficiency decreased linearly with increasing P rates. Agrophysiological and utilization P-use efficiencies had significant positive correlation with grain yield.     

Dry Matter and Yield of Lowland Rice Genotypes as Influence by Nitrogen Fertilization

ABSTRACT

Rice is a staple food for more than 50% of the world's population and nitrogen (N) is one of the most yield limiting nutrients in lowland rice ecosystems. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years to evaluate dry matter production and grain yield of 12 lowland rice genotypes (BRS Jaçanã, CNAi 8860, BRS Fronteira, CNAi 8879, CNAi 8880, CNAi 8886, CNAi 8885, CNAi 8569, BRSGO Guará, BRS Alvorada, BRS Jaburu, and BRS Biguá) at five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha^{? 1}). Genotypes showed significant variation in grain yield and shoot dry weight. Genotype BRSGO Guará was highest yielding, whereas genotype BRS Jaburu was lowest yielding and the remaining genotypes were intermediate in grain yielding potential. Grain yield and shoot dry weight were having significant quadratic increase with increasing N rates in the range of 0 to 200 kg ha^{? 1}. However, 90% of the maximum yield is often considered as an economical rate, which was 120 kg for shoot dry weight and 136 kg N ha^{? 1} for grain yield. Shoot dry matter was having significant positive quadratic association with grain yield across 12 genotypes.     

Agronomic Evaluation of Coated and Common Urea in Upland Rice Production

Two greenhouse experiments were conducted simultaneously to evaluate polymer-coated and common urea in upland rice production. The nitrogen (N) levels used for both the N sources were from 0 to 400 mg kg^?1 of soil. Maximum grain yield was obtained with the addition of 167 mg N kg^?1 polymer-coated urea and 238 mg N kg^?1 common urea. Maximum value of other plant traits was obtained with N applied from 233 to 313 mg kg^?1 depending on plant traits and N source. Nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) decreased with increasing N rate in the two N sources. Based on results of growth, yield, and yield components, and NUE it can be concluded that the N sources were equally effective in upland rice production. Base saturation, pH, and exchangeable calcium (Ca) increased with increasing N rates while iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) contents decreased with the increasing N rates.     

不同供磷水平下水稻磷素吸收利用和产量的基因型差异

通过田间试验研究了不同供磷水平对8个水稻品种磷素吸收利用和稻谷产量的影响。研究结果表明,两种供磷水平下,水稻的稻谷产量、磷利用效率和各生育期地上部磷积累都存在显著的基因型差异。低磷胁迫显著降低水稻的稻谷产量和各生育期地上部磷积累,显著提高水稻的磷利用效率。相关性分析表明,低磷胁迫下水稻稻谷产量与水稻磷利用效率、生育前期(秧苗期+分蘖期)地上部磷积累以及生育中期(抽穗期)地上部磷积累呈显著正相关(p<0. 05);正常供磷条件下水稻稻谷产量与磷利用效率、生育前期地上部磷积累呈显著正相关(p<0. 05)。因此筛选和培育具有较高磷利用效率和在生育前期具有较强磷素积累特性的水稻基因型可能是缓解南方水稻土磷素严重缺乏的有效途径之一。     

Growth,Nutritional, and Yield Parameters of Wetland Rice as Influenced by Microbial Consortia Under Controlled Conditions

A pot culture experiment was undertaken under controlled conditions in the National Phytotron Facility to investigate the interactive effect of microbial inoculants—blue-green algae (BGA), Azospirillum, phosphate-solubilizing bacterium (PSB) Pseudomonas striata, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (VAMF), and Azolla, individually and in combination with chemical fertilizers and/rock phosphate on the wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar ‘PNR 381’. The microbial inoculants—BGA, PSB, VAMF, and Azospirillum—positively interacted with one another, resulting in significant improvement in yield and nutritional parameters. Application of biofertilizers also substantially improved soil (peat) fertility status by increasing the nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and organic carbon content. The biofertilizer combination BGA + PSB + VAMF + Azospirillum was best for improved growth and yield traits, nutritional status of rice, and sustained soil (peat) fertility. Azolla, which is a highly competitive organism, suppressed the growth of the other four inoculants. The inclusion of VAMF and PSB was observed to significantly improve the zinc nutrition of the paddy and the P utilization of the applied rock phosphate. A basal dose of nitrogenous fertilizer was essential for deriving maximum benefits from applied inoculants, thereby underlying the supplementary/complementary role of biofertilizers in efficient nutrient management in agriculture.     

Potassium-Use Efficiency in Upland Rice Genotypes

Potassium (K) uptake is greatest among essential nutrients for rice. Data related to yield, yield components, and K-use efficiency by upland rice genotypes are limited. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate influence of K on growth, yield and yield components, and K-use efficiency by upland rice genotypes. Potassium levels applied to an Oxisol were zero (natural K level) and 200 mg K kg¹ of soil and 20 upland rice genotypes were evaluated. Plant height, shoot dry weight, grain yield, 1000-grain weight, and spikelet sterility were significantly affected by K and genotype treatments. Genotypes Primavera and BRA 1600 were the most efficient and genotype BRAMG Curinga was most inefficient in producing grain yield. Plant growth (plant height and shoot dry weight) and yield components (panicle number, grain harvest index, 1000-grain weight, and panicle length) were significantly and positively associated with grain yield. However, spikelet sterility was significantly and negatively correlated with grain yield.     

Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Interactions in Upland Rice

Upland rice is an important crop in South America, including Brazil. Nutrient interactions are important in determining crop yields. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate interaction among nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in upland rice production. The treatments applied to upland rice grown on an Oxisol were three levels of N (N₀, N₁₅₀ and N₃₀₀ mg kg^?1), three levels of P (P₀, P₁₀₀ and P₂₀₀ mg kg^?1) and three levels of K (K₀, K₁₀₀ and K₂₀₀ mg kg^?1). These treatments were tested in a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. Grain yield, shoot dry weight, plant height, root dry weight, maximum root length, panicle number, 1000-grain weight, and grain harvest index were significantly influenced by N, P, and K treatments. The treatment that did not receive P fertilization did not produce panicle or grain. Hence, P was most yield-limiting nutrient compared to two other nutrients. At the N₀P₀K₀ treatment, rice did not produce grains, indicating severe deficiency of these nutrients in Brazilian Oxisols. Maximum grain yield was obtained with the N₃₀₀P₂₀₀K₂₀₀ treatment. Grain yield had significant positive association with plant height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, maximum root length, 1000-grain weight, panicle number, and grain harvest index. Among these growth and yield components, shoot dry weight had the highest positive association with grain yield and root length minimum positive association with grain yield. Hence, adopting adequate soil and crop management practices can improve growth and yield components and increase grain yield of upland rice.     

Nitrogen-Use Efficiency in Lowland Rice Genotypes under Field Conditions

Rice is staple food for more than 50% of the world's population. Nitrogen (N) is one of the most yield-limiting nutrients for lowland rice production around the world. Two field experiments were conducted at two locations for two consecutive years to evaluate N-use efficiency of 12 lowland rice genotypes. Growth, grain yield, and yield components were significantly influenced by N as well as genotype treatments. Location?×?year?×?genotype and location?×?year?×?N interactions were significant for most of the growth, yield, and yield components, indicating influence of these factors on yield and yield components. Overall, the most N-efficient genotypes measured in terms of grain yield were BRA 031032, BRA 031044, and BRA 02654 and the most inefficient genotypes were BRS Jaçana, BRS Fronteira, and BRA 02674. Genotypes had linear and quadratic responses to added N in the range of 0 to 200 kg ha^?1. Nitrogen significantly influenced plant height, shoot dry weight, panicle number, and 1000-grain weights. Nitrogen-use efficiency (kg grain per kg N applied) varied from 33 to 49 kg grain per kg N applied, with an average value of 40 kg grain per kg N applied. The genotype BRA 031044 produced the greatest N-use efficiency, and the lowest N-use efficient genotype was BRS Fronteira. There was a significant linear association between N-use efficiency and grain yield.     

Nitrogen Uptake and Its Association with Grain Yield in Lowland Rice Genotypes

ABSTRACT

Nitrogen is one of the most yield–limiting nutrients in lowland rice in Brazil. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years to evaluate nitrogen (N) uptake by five lowland rice genotypes and its association with grain yield. The nitrogen rate used was 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha^?1. The genotypes evaluated were CNAi 8886, CNAi 8569, BRSGO Guará, BRS Jaburu, and BRS Biguá. Grain yield and dry matter yield of shoot were significantly influenced by N rate. However, response varied from genotypes to genotypes. Genotype BRSGO Guará, BRS Bigua, and BRS Jaburu were having linear response, whereas genotypes CNAi 8886 and CNAi 8569 were having quadratic response with the N application rate in the range of 0 to 200 kg ha^?1. Overall, genotypes BRSGO Guará and CNAi 8886 were the best because they produced higher yield at low as well as at higher N rates. Nitrogen uptake in shoot was having quadratic relationship with grain yield, whereas nitrogen uptake in the grain was linearly associated with grain yield.     

Effects of Nitrogen Application Rates on Rice Grain Yield,Nitrogen-Use Efficiency,and Water Quality in Paddy Field

Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer application is common in the central Zhejiang Province area, China. A three-year (2009–11) experiment was conducted to determine the optimum N application rate for this area by studying the effects of various N rates on rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield, N-use efficiency (NUE), and quality of paddy field water. Results showed that no significant yield differences were observed under N rates from 180 to 315 kg ha^?1. The NUE could be improved by reducing N application rates without significantly decreasing yield. Due to high ammonia (NH₄⁺-N) and nitrate (NO₃^—N) concentrations, 5–7 days after N application was a critical stage for reducing N pollution. The N rate for the greatest yield was 176 kg ha^?1, accounting for 65 percent of the conventional N rate (270 kg ha^?1). The N-rate reduction in this area may be necessary for maintaining high yield, improving NUE, and reducing environmental pollution.     

Iron Toxicity in Lowland Rice

Lowland rice is a staple food for more than 50% world population. Iron toxicity is one of the main nutritional disorders, which limits yield of lowland rice in various parts of the world. The toxicity of iron is associated with reduced soil condition of submerged or flooded soils, which increases concentration and uptake of iron (Fe^{2 +}). Higher concentration of Fe^{2 +} in the rhizosphere also has antagonistic effects on the uptake of many essential nutrients and consequently yields reduction. In addition to reduced condition, increase in concentration of Fe^{2 +} in submerged soils of lowland rice is associated with iron content of parent material, oxidation-reduction potential, soil pH, ionic concentration, fertility level, and lowland rice genotypes. Oxidation-reduction potential of highly reduced soil is in the range of –100 to –300 mV. Iron toxicity has been observed in flooded soils with a pH below 5.8 when aerobic and pH below 6.5 when anaerobic. Visual toxicity symptoms on plants, soil and plant tissue test are major diagnostic techniques for identifying iron toxicity. Appropriate management practices like liming acid soils, improving soil fertility, soil drainage at certain growth stage of crop, use of manganese as antagonistic element in the uptake of Fe^{2 +} and planting Fe^{2 +} resistant rice cultivars can reduce problem of iron toxicity.     

Sulfur Alleviates Growth Inhibition and Oxidative Stress Caused by Cadmium Toxicity in Rice

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sulfur (S) on growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by Cd²⁺ toxicity, using two rice cultivars with different grain Cd²⁺ content. Treatments consisted of factorial arrangement of three S levels (0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mmol), two cadmium (Cd) levels (0 and 1 μ mol), and two rice cultivars (‘Bing 97252,’ a cultivar with low grain Cd²⁺ content, and ‘Xiushui 63,’ a cultivar with high grain Cd²⁺ content). The results showed that Cd²⁺ addition in the medium generally increased Cd²⁺ and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in both roots and shoots; the increases were more pronounced in ‘Xuishui 63’ than in ‘Bing 97252.’ Dramatic reductions in growth parameters, including plant height, root and shoot weight, tillers per plant, chlorophyll content, and net photosynthetic rate were found in the plants exposed to Cd stress relative to the plants without Cd²⁺ treatment. ‘Xiushui 63’ showed more sensitivity than ‘Bing 97252’ under Cd²⁺ exposure. In comparison with the lower S level (0.2 mmol), the higher S levels (0.4 and 0.6 mmol) helped alleviate Cd toxicity, characterized by a significant increase in growth parameters, and a decrease in Cd²⁺ and MDA content in both roots and shoots. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the plants varied among tissues, cultivars, and Cd treatments. High Cd²⁺ and MDA content was consistently accompanied by higher SOD activity, and higher S levels caused a marked increase in glutathione content and a reduction in SOD activity, indicating a positive effect of S in alleviating oxidative stress.     

利用差异显示法研究水稻耐淹涝相关基因

应用mRNA差异显示法对耐淹材料籼稻(Oryzasativassp.indica)FR13A和敏感籼稻(O.sativassp.indica)IR39595-503-2-1-2在淹涝胁迫下的基因差异表达进行了分析。结果显示,从40对引物中共扩增出1428条片段,筛选到102条在耐淹涝材料和敏感材料间差异明显的基因片段,差异率为7.1%。其中有42条差异带来自耐淹涝材料,有7个差异片段已通过Northern杂交验证在耐淹涝材料FR13A中表达。进一步克隆测序并进行数据库比对分析表明,有4个与水分胁迫产生的应答反应和生理生化变化有关,其中一个与ATP结合蛋白高度同源,另3个与异柠檬酸酶脱氢酶、NADH脱氢酶和乙醛酸转移酶部分序列高度同源,其余3个为新的cDNA片段。     

温室内蒸腾控制对高盐分下番茄生产的影响

针对无土栽培营养液循环系统中离子供应和吸收不平衡形成的营养液浓度增高、盐分增加，对产量和品质的影响，该文就不同蒸腾条件下，番茄对高盐分的反应进行了试验和分析。结果表明：当营养液电导度EC(mS/cm)超过2时，每增加一个EC单位，上市的鲜重生产效率降低5.1%，而收获的果数未受到影响，因此产量的降低主要是由于单果重的降低（3.8%）和非上市果数（主要是蒂腐果）的增加所致；控制环境，抑制蒸腾，上市的鲜重生产效率仅降低3.4%，与单果重的降低一致。根部高盐分没有影响单果干重的积累，温室内蒸腾控制对果实干重积累的影响也甚微。这一结果表明：温室内蒸腾控制与根部盐分控制对产量有同样的重要性，蒸腾控制可以减缓高盐分造成的负面影响。