施用畜禽粪便和化肥对土壤活性有机碳库和团聚体稳定性影响

活性有机碳含量和土壤团聚体的形成与稳定在长期人为扰动土壤上有重要作用。通过分析稻麦轮作土壤上长期(20年)施用畜禽粪便和化肥土壤活性有机碳含量、团聚体稳定性及活性有机碳与团聚体稳定性的关系,研究了人为扰动下土壤施肥管理对土壤活性碳和团聚体稳定性的影响。研究结果显示,与施用化肥比较,施用畜禽粪便显著提高了土壤总有机碳(SOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、热水提取态有机碳(HWOC)及土壤碳水化合物态碳(SCC)等活性有机碳库含量(p0.05),其中HWOC含量是施用化肥处理的1.7～2.4倍。施用畜禽粪便土壤团聚体稳定性指数大团聚体颗粒百分含量(PMI)、抗糊化指数(ASI)和标准化平均重量直径(NMWD)指数分别是施用化肥土壤的1.31,3.39,2.14倍,显著高于施用化肥土壤(p0.05),其中施用猪粪处理土壤团聚体稳定性最高。稳定性评价指数PMI、ASI以及NMWD间有极显著相关(p0.01)。SOC和POC含量与土壤团聚体稳定性指数间没有相关性(p0.05);SCC与团聚体稳定性指数间相关性较弱;DOC和HWOC与团聚体稳定性指数间则表现为显著或极显著相关。研究结果说明,施用畜禽粪便比化肥更有利于提高人为扰动土壤中总有机碳和活性有机碳含量及土壤团聚体稳定性,土壤活性有机碳是团聚体形成与稳定过程中重要影响因素,但受土壤发育母质等因素影响,不同土壤上其作用效果有一定差异。     

Wheat Grain Nitrogen Uptake,as Affected by Soil Total and Mineral Nitrogen,for the Determination of Optimum Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates for Wheat Production

Determination of appropriate nitrogen (N) fertilization for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production with respect to the available resources can result in the enhanced efficiency of agricultural systems and ecosystem health. Hence, a 3-year field experiment was conducted to determine (1) the effects of soil total N and soil mineral N (including nitrate, NO₃-N, and ammonium, NH₄-N) measured at seeding and postseeding for wet and dry soil samples at 0- to-30 cm and 0- to 60-cm depths on wheat grain N uptake and (2) the regression equations that can best explain the variation in wheat grain N uptake by N fertilizer and soil total and mineral N. Determination of wheat grain N uptake as affected by soil NO₃-N in areas with reasonable amounts of organic matter can also be used as a very useful tool for determination of appropriate N fertilization, which is of great agricultural and environmental implications.