间作对玉米根系分泌物及团聚体稳定性的影响

通过田间小区试验种植玉米(玉米单作、玉米∥大豆、玉米∥马铃薯),测定3个生育期(拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽雄期)玉米根系分泌总糖含量、总有机酸含量和土壤团聚体状况,分析间作对玉米根系分泌物及团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明:玉米根系分泌总糖含量和总有机酸含量随生育期的推移而增加,间作显著提高玉米根系分泌总糖含量和总有机酸含量,玉米∥马铃薯玉米∥大豆。在抽雄期,玉米∥大豆、玉米∥马铃薯相比玉米单作0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量(R_(0.25))分别显著提高6.19%,8.17%;平均质量直径(MWD)分别提高5.04%,10.08%;几何平均直径(GMD)分别提高6.12%,12.24%;分形维数(D)分别显著降低0.72%,1.09%;团聚体破坏率(PAD)分别显著降低16.77%,26.08%。在根系分泌物最大的抽雄期,玉米根系分泌总糖含量、总有机酸含量与R_(0.25),GMD,D,PAD呈极显著相关关系(P0.01)。因此,间作可通过增加玉米根系分泌总糖含量和总有机酸含量,进而提高土壤团聚体的稳定性。     

低分子量根系分泌物对土壤微生物活性及团聚体稳定性的影响

以黑土为供试土壤,采用化学试剂模拟根系分泌物进行室内培养试验,研究低分子量根系分泌物及主要组分对土壤微生物活性及团聚体稳定性的影响.结果显示,与对照相比,低分子量根系分泌物及主要组分短期内均显著提高了土壤微生物的活性,促进了>250μm大团聚体,尤其是>2 000μm团聚体的形成,显著增强了土壤团聚体的稳定性.低分子量根系分泌物中葡萄糖组分有利于土壤中细菌的生长,从而在细菌活动的驱动下,促进了微团聚体的形成;苹果酸和谷氨酸组分则有利于真菌的生长和繁殖,在真菌菌丝网络的缠绕和牯结作用下,促使微团聚体进一步胶结形成大团聚体.因此,低分子量根系分泌物中各主要组分共同参与并影响土壤的团聚化过程,改善根际微区土壤的结构,以利于植物根系的生长.     

菊芋根系分泌物改良滨海盐土的微生物机制

[目的]探究菊芋在滨海盐土改良过程中的作用机制,分析菊芋和碱蓬根系分泌物的组分差异,明确土壤微生态环境的变化规律,进一步为盐土改良提供理论依据.[方法]以种植菊芋和自然碱蓬植被为样地,对菊芋和碱蓬的根系分泌物进行对比分析,研究在根系分泌物作用下土壤微生物数量,微生物量碳氮,微生物群落结构以及土壤酶活性的变化,从而系统地...     

2种基因型菜心根系分泌物对水稻土中DEHP解吸效应的初步研究

在邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）不同污染水平下水培油青60天菜心和特青60天菜心,采用蒸馏水法收集根系分泌物,研究其根系分泌物对水稻土壤中DEHP解吸效应的影响及其与菜心吸收累积DEHP的关系。结果表明,2种基因型菜心根系分泌物均能显著提高土壤中DEHP的解吸效应,添加根系分泌物处理上清液中DEHP含量是对照处理的1.9~26.6倍,较高污染条件下2种基因型菜心根系分泌物对土壤中DEHP具有更强的解吸效应。油青60天菜心根系分泌物的解吸效应大于特青60天菜心,前者是后者的1.6~4.6倍。2种基因型菜心根系分泌物对土壤中DEHP的解吸效应强弱与其根系、茎叶中DEHP含量达极显著相关（r≥0.924 9）,说明2种基因型菜心根系分泌物对DEHP解吸效应的影响可能是导致其根系、茎叶中DEHP含量差异的重要原因之一。     

植物间作下根际微生物和土壤酶与土壤多氯联苯（PCB）降解的关系

以大豆、黑麦草和南瓜为材料,采用盆栽实验,研究了3种植物的单作和相互间作的不同种植方式对多氯联苯污染土壤的根际修复效应与机理。结果表明：（1）PCB去除率与土壤蛋白酶和磷酸酶活性均呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.878和0.929（P〈0.01）,推测这两类酶可能参与了PCB的生物降解过程;（2）PCB去除率与土壤真菌密度呈显著相关（r=0.797）,而PCB去除率与土壤细菌及放线菌密度相关不显著;（3）在本实验条件下,微生物因素对土壤PCB的降解起主导作用,非灭菌土处理的土壤PCB去除率比灭菌土相对应的对照高出17.7%~30.75%;（4）根系分泌物能显著强化微生物的降解功能,添加黑麦草和大豆根系分泌物处理的土壤PCB去除率分别比只加营养液的对照高出21.4%和24.9%。     

不同Zn浓度对黑麦草根分泌物、根际Zn形态及植物Zn蓄集的影响

A glasshouse experiment was conducted using a root-bag technique to study the root exudates, rhizosphere Zn fractions, and Zn concentrations and accumulations of two ryegrass cultivars (Lolium perenne L. cvs. Airs and Tede) at different soil Zn levels (0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mmol kg-1 soil). Results indicated that plant growth of the two cultivars was not adversely affected at soil Zn level≤8 mmol kg-1. Plants accumulated more Zn as soil Zn levels increased, and Zn concentrations of shoots were about 540 /μg g-1 in Aris and 583.9μg g-1 in Tede in response to 16 mmol Zn kg-1 soil. Zn ratios of shoots to roots across the soil Zn levels were higher in Tede than in Airs, corresponding with higher rhizosphere available Zn fractions (exchangeable, bound to manganese oxides, and bound to organic matter) in Airs than in Tede. Low-molecular-weight (LMW) organic acids (oxalic, tartaric, malic, and succinic acids) and amino acids (proline, threonine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, etc.) were detected in root exudates, and the concentrations of LMW organic acids and amino acids increased with addition of 4 mmol Zn kg-1 soil compared with zero Zn addition. Higher rhizosphere concentrations of oxalic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, phenylalanine, leucine, and proline in Tede than in Airs likely resulted in increased Zn uptake from the soil by Tede than by Airs. The results suggested that genotypic differences in Zn accumulations were mainly because of different root exudates and rhizosphere Zn fractions.     

香根草和紫花苜蓿水培根系分泌物缓解黏质红壤机械阻力模拟研究

南方黏质红壤土壤机械阻力高,本文采用两种植物根系分泌物处理土壤,分析其对两种压实情况下的土壤机械阻力（SPR）影响。通过水培法提取须根系植物香根草和主根系紫花苜蓿根系分泌物,分析其组成特征、并冷冻干燥获取分泌物干物质。分泌物干物质按照4种施加水平处理土壤,之后对平衡后的重塑环刀土壤实施两种压实处理,并分析土壤SPR、含水量（SWC）、团聚体和容重。结果表明：紫花苜蓿根系分泌物中芳香基碳类、烷氧基碳类和羰基碳类相对含量（3.23%、6.83%、55.09%）较香根草高（1.64%、4.12%、45.78%）,而疏水物质/亲水物质则呈现相反趋势。SPR随分泌物施加水平升高而降低,但只有施加水平≥0.2 mg·g-1时引起土壤SPR显著降低,且紫花苜蓿降低SPR幅度较香根草明显。相关性和回归分析证明根系分泌物中较低的疏水性物质/亲水性物质比和较高的烷氧基碳类相对含量,通过增加SWC和团聚体平均质量直径降低土壤SPR。综上所述,主根系植物根系分泌物对黏质红壤SPR的缓解效果优于须根系植物。     

间作对马铃薯根系及坡耕地红壤结构稳定性的影响

为了揭示间作对马铃薯根系和坡耕地红壤结构稳定性的影响,田间试验采用随机区组设计,设置马铃薯单作、玉米马铃薯间作2个处理,测定马铃薯各生育阶段的土壤团聚体稳定性指标、根系形态特征及其分泌物含量,分析了不同种植模式下马铃薯的根系形态及其分泌物对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明：(1)在同一种植模式下,除根平均直径外的马铃薯根系形态特征指标均随生育期的推移呈先增加后降低的趋势。在马铃薯的开花期和块茎膨大期,间作马铃薯根系总根长、总根表面积和总根体积与单作相比均较高,且在块茎膨大期间作马铃薯根系总根长、总根表面积和总根体积相对于单作分别显著增加了24.41%,24.75%,35.03%(p<0.05)。(2)马铃薯根系分泌物总糖和总有机酸含量随生育期推移的变化趋势与形态指标变化相同,呈先增加后降低趋势。马铃薯块茎膨大期的根系分泌物总糖、总有机酸含量与单作相比分别显著增加了37.85%,34.64%(p<0.05)。(3)在单间作种植模式下,土壤团聚体稳定性指标R_0.25,MWD和GMD均随生育期的推移呈增加趋势(p>0.05),D呈显著下降趋势(p<...     

磷化铝对土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响

为明确磷化铝对土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响,采用室内培养的方法,研究了经0.1、1mg.g-1和10mg.g-13个浓度磷化铝熏蒸处理后,供试土壤中微生物数量和土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明,磷化铝处理土壤后,各个浓度的磷化铝对土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量具有抑制作用,浓度越高,抑制作用越强,但一段时间后低浓度（0.1mg.g-1）处理对土壤微生物数量的影响恢复至对照水平。磷化铝对土壤脲酶表现为抑制作用,并随浓度升高而增强;低浓度处理对土壤中的蔗糖酶活性抑制作用不明显,而高浓度（10mg.g-1）处理表现为强烈的抑制作用;各浓度处理初期对土壤过氧化氢酶表现为抑制或激活作用,但到第30d,恢复至对照水平。这说明,施入常规剂量的磷化铝对土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性会产生一定的影响,在经过一定时间后均可恢复至对照水平。     

间套作改善作物矿质营养的机理研究进展

【目的】合理的间套作能够改善作物的矿质营养。近年来国内外对间套作提高作物生产力、 改善作物矿质营养的机理研究越来越深入。本文分析了国内外不同间套作中作物根际养分动态及作物营养吸收变化,阐述了间套作改善作物矿质营养的可能机理。【主要进展】 1)根系分泌物中的铵态氮和氨基酸态氮作为作物的氮源; 根系分泌物能够诱导豆科作物固氮作用的增强,增加间套作系统中的氮营养; 2)根系分泌物中的有机酸类物质能够活化根际土壤中的磷、 铁、 钾等营养,将其转变为植物可以利用的营养; 3)根系分泌物或地上部的种间互作能诱导作物的根系构型和矿质营养吸收相关基因的表达发生变化,形成空间上的营养生态位互补,增强根系吸收矿质营养的能力,充分利用土壤营养资源; 4)丛枝菌根真菌与作物间形成的网络便于营养在作物之间的转移和吸收; 5)间套作能够改变土壤生物多样性(土壤动物和微生物),而土壤的生物多样性能够促进作物矿质养分的吸收。间套作中,由于微生物代谢功能的多样性,作物对微生物的选择和富集使得根际土壤功能微生物的种类和数量增多,提高了土壤中矿质营养的生物有效性; 6)间套作提高了土壤的酶(如脲酶,酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶)活性,促进了有机氮、 磷向无机氮、 磷的转化,提高了土壤无机氮、 磷的浓度。总之,根系分泌物、 根系构型变化、 土壤生物多样性、 土壤酶在作物的营养有效利用中发挥重要作用,其中根系分泌物是它们之间的纽带,介导了作物-作物、 作物-土壤、 作物-微生物之间的相互作用。【建议与展望】由于技术手段的限制及地下根际过程的复杂性,人们对于地下生物学过程的认识还远远不够。根系分泌物的原位定性与定量、 间套作中种间的识别和响应、 间套作对土壤生物多样性的影响及土壤生物多样性对作物生长的反馈、 间套作中功能微生物的筛选、 分离、 鉴定及应用都将成为研究的重点。     

生物有机肥对蓝莓根区土壤养分及微生物学特性的影响

以蓝莓为试材,研究了生物有机肥对蓝莓根区土壤养分及微生物学特性的影响。结果表明:（1）生物有机肥（BOF）显著增加了蓝莓根区土壤含水量（p < 0.01）,显著降低了蓝莓根区土壤pH值、容重和总孔隙度（p < 0.01）;（2）生物有机肥增加了蓝莓根区土壤养分,BOF处理下蓝莓根区土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾、有效磷和有效钾含量均显著高于CK（p < 0.01）,其中,以土壤有效养分的增加幅度最大,而对全磷的影响并不显著（p > 0.05）;（3）BOF处理下蓝莓根区土壤酸性磷酸酶活性、脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性均显著高于CK（p < 0.01）;（4）BOF处理下蓝莓根区土壤微生物量碳（MBC）、微生物量氮（MBN）含量均显著高于CK（p < 0.01）,土壤微生物量碳和氮较养分的变化更为敏感,能有效评价生物有机肥的改良效果;（5）BOF处理下蓝莓根区土壤微生物周转速率加快,周期缩短,转移量增加,土壤微生物活性增强,有利于土壤养分的循环和保持。综合比较来看,生物有机肥可有效促进蓝莓根区土壤养分的吸收和营养代谢协调均衡,确保蓝莓的高产优质。     

土层置换对大豆土壤酶活性及根腐病病情指数的影响

大豆连作导致土壤养分失衡,土壤酶活性降低,以及大豆病害加剧、品质和产量降低等问题。采用田间小区试验方法,通过对土层置换及大豆种衣剂拌种等措施对大豆土壤不同土层土壤酶活性及根腐病病情指数影响的分析,为消除大豆连作障碍提供科学的技术支撑。结果表明:土层置换处理及置换后增施磷肥或有机肥及大豆种衣剂处理,提高了大豆田间土壤脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性和磷酸酶活性。与对照CK相比,T_2,T_3,T_4处理0—10cm土层脲酶活性均增加;土层置换并增施有机肥显著提高了土层中蔗糖酶活性;土层置换后增施磷肥或有机肥及大豆种衣剂拌种处理均可有效保持大豆土壤中磷酸酶的活性,并且可降低大豆根腐病病情指数;土层置换并增施磷肥处理提高了大豆产量,较CK处理产量提高20.42%,差异达到显著水平。     

不同氮效率小麦品种根系特征及根际土壤酶活性的分析

为探明不同氮效率小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）品种根系特征及其对根际土壤酶活性的响应,以30年的长期定位试验为平台,于2018—2020年采用大田试验的方法,在不同氮效率品种筛选的基础上,以氮高效小麦品种郑麦113、偃高21和氮低效小麦品种丰德存5号、周麦27为试验材料,在不施氮肥（N0）和正常施氮肥（N1）条件下研究其根系特征、氮素吸收利用及根际土壤酶活性的差异。结果表明,各品种小麦的根系活力均在孕穗期达到最大值,N0、N1水平下氮高效小麦品种根系活力的平均值分别比氮低效小麦品种增加了16.13%～24.22%、10.22%～62.49%。N1水平下小麦根长、根表面积和根体积明显高于N0水平。郑麦113、偃高21、周麦27的氮吸收效率显著高于丰德存5号,而周麦27的氮利用效率较低。两种氮水平处理下,郑麦113和偃高21的根际土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶（BG）、亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP）和多酚氧化酶（POX）活性整体显著高于丰德存5号和周麦27(P<0.05),且根际土壤酶活性与根系形态指标均呈正相关关系。这说明郑麦113和偃高21较高的根系活力、根长、根表面积和根体积促...     

Effects of Garlic Bulb Aqueous Extract on Cucumber Seedlings,Soil Microbial Counts,and Enzyme Activities

The effects of the aqueous extract of garlic bulbs on cucumber seed germination, seedling growth, soil microbial counts, and soil enzyme activities were investigated using a bioassay test and a pot experiment. Garlic bulb extracts impacted cucumber seed germination and seedling growth but had no significant effects at low concentration. Polyphenol oxidase, saccharase, urease, and catalase activities were increased significantly at all concentrations of aqueous extract tested in the soil. Bacterial counts were increased by garlic bulb extract and trends of actinomycete counts were the same as for bacterial counts. Fungal counts were significantly depressed with increasing concentration of garlic bulb extract. Polyphenol oxidase activity showed significant positive correlations with catalase, saccharase, and urease activities and counts of actinomycetes and a significant negative correlation with fungal counts. The results indicate that garlic may be effective in reducing some obstacles of continuous cropping through its potential effects in appropriate culture systems.     

Response of Mycorrhiza,Organic Sources,Secondary and Micro Nutrients on Soil Microbial Activities and Yield Performance of Colocasia (Colocasia esculenta L.) in Alfisols

Response of the integrated use of mycorrhiza, inorganic and organic manures on microbial variables and yield performance of colocasia (Colocasia esculenta L.) was studied in an acid Alfisol. Significantly highest mean cormel yield (14.13 t ha^?1) was recorded due to application of super optimal doses of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK). Integrated application of lime + farmyard manure (FYM) + ½ NPK + zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) has recorded the highest dehydrogenase activity (2.048 µg TPF hr^?1 g^?1) and Fluorescein Diacetate Hydrolysis assay (1.855 µg g^?1 hr^?1). The highest acid and alkaline phosphatase activities (77.67 and 51.18 µg PNP g^?1 h^?1, respectively) were observed due to Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) inoculation in combination with lime + FYM + ½ NPK. Dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities had a highly significant relationship with cormel yield and the biochemical constituents of colocasia. The study emphasized the conjunctive use of balanced inorganic fertilizers and organic manures to enhance the enzymatic activities and to realize higher crop yields of colocasia in acid Alfisols.     

Effect of Long-Term Soil Management on the Mutual Interaction Among Soil Organic Matter, Microbial Activity and Aggregate Stability in a Vineyard

Vineyard management practices to enhance soil conservation principally focus on increasing carbon (C) input, whereas mitigating impacts of disturbance through reduced tillage has been rarely considered. Furthermore, information is lacking on the effects of soil management practices adopted in the under-vine zone on soil conservation. In this work, we evaluated the long-term effects (22 years) of alley with a sown cover crop and no-tillage (S + NT), alley with a sown cover crop and tillage (S + T), and under-vine zone with no vegetation and tillage (UV) on soil organic matter (SOM), microbial activity, aggregate stability, and their mutual interactions in a California vineyard in USA. Vegetation biomass, microbial biomass and activity, organic C and nitrogen (N) pools, and SOM size fractionation and aggregate stability were analysed. Soil characteristics only partially reflected the differences in vegetation biomass input. Organic C and N pools and microbial biomass/activity in S + NT were higher than those in S + T, while the values in UV were intermediate between the other two treatments. Furthermore, S + NT also exhibited higher particulate organic matter C in soil. No differences were found in POM C between S + T and UV, but the POM fraction in S + T was characterized by fresher material. Aggregate stability was decreased in the order: S + NT > UV > S + T. Tillage, even if shallow and performed infrequently, had a negative effect on organic C and N pools and aggregate stability. Consequently, the combination of a sown cover crop and reduced tillage still limited SOM accumulation and reduced aggregate stability in the surface soil layer of vineyards, suggesting relatively lower resistance of soils to erosion compared to no-till systems.     

Biostimulation of Soil Microbial Activity Through Organic Fertilizer and Almond tree Association

Many studies have confirmed the validity of plant cover and organic farming in ameliorating soil quality. The goal of this study was to investigate the efficiency of rehabilitation practices in a degraded soil ecosystem consisting of: (i) organic or inorganic fertilization; and (ii) presence or absence of almond trees. The experiments were carried out for 2 years in the South of Italy in three fields characterized by different slope (0%, 2%, and 6%). Each field was split up into two parts, one assigned to organic fertilization and the other assigned to mineral fertilization, and planted with almond trees using GF677 or Franco rootstocks. The results showed that the organic fertilization, particularly in the presence of the Franco rootstock, resulted more effective in increasing soil organic matter content and microbial activity especially in the 0% and 2% slopes. However, in the 6% slope, where a lower soil metabolism was observed, an improvement of chemical and biochemical soil properties was generally evident for both fertilization systems. The Franco rootstock improved soil quality and maintaining a good production, whereas the GF677 has exploited more soil resources, resulting in a higher growth and yield; therefore, the use of almond tree with Franco rootstock associated with organic matter application is a useful practice in order to preserve soil quality and to rehabilitate degraded soils. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

氮添加对紫花苜蓿根区土壤养分及土壤微生物量的影响

采用人工氮添加研究了紫花苜蓿根区土壤养分及微生物量对不同氮添加水平[CK;低氮LN,10 g/（m²·a）;中氮MN,20 g/（m²·a）;高氮HN,30 g/（m²·a）]的响应。结果表明:氮添加对紫花苜蓿根区土壤养分及微生物量的影响表现为正的增加效应,对根区土壤全氮含量无明显影响（P > 0.05）;土壤养分及微生物量随氮素的添加呈先增加后降低趋势,均表现为MN > HN > LN > CK,以中水平的氮添加对紫花苜蓿根区土壤微生物量增加效应最为明显;除了土壤全氮以外,不同水平的氮添加处理下土壤养分和微生物量均与CK达到差异显著水平（P < 0.05）;紫花苜蓿根区土壤微生物量对氮添加的敏感性高于土壤养分,其中土壤活性有机碳是不同水平氮添加处理后紫花苜蓿根区土壤养分变化的敏感指标。Pearson相关性分析表明,土壤微生物量和土壤养分与土壤含水量之间具有较强的正相关,二者与土壤pH有较强的负相关,表明了氮添加处理下紫花苜蓿根区土壤理化因子、养分和微生物量等地下生态系统各指标之间的统一性及相互作用和影响。     

Effects of Alfalfa on Aggregate Stability,Aggregate Preserved‐C and Nutrients in Region Mountain Agricultural Soils 1 Year After its Planting

In mountain areas, water erosion plays an important role on soil structure and can strongly affect its functions. Suitable management practices, namely choice of crops, may be able to improve aggregate stability and reduce soil loss by surface runoff. To study the effects of cover crops on aggregation in mountain soils, we investigated a soil planted with wheat (site C) compared with two soils under alfalfa (sites A and B). All investigated soils were Typic Ustorthents. The soil aggregates were isolated by a physical‐functional procedure defined on the basis of aggregate resistance against specific breakdown mechanisms such as slaking and water abrasion. One year after alfalfa plantation, its effect on wet aggregate stability and the amount of organic carbon (OC) and nutrients retained by the isolated aggregates were measured. In the less degraded soils (site B), organic matter decomposition was stimulated, and after 1 year, the total OC (TOC) and TOC/N declined. Consequently, a reduction in aggregate stability and ability to preserve elements occurred, as shown by the decrease of wet aggregate stability indexes and total nutrients (e.g. N, P and K) retained by stable aggregates. In more degraded soil (site A), alfalfa generally positively affected the investigated properties. The effect of alfalfa in the studied crop rotation depends on the degree of land degradation due to water erosion. As regards the investigated breakdown mechanisms, our data showed that the aggregate resistance to water abrasion was related to TOC, while the resistance against fast wetting breakdown is correlated to the microbial biomass. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.