Liming reduces nitrogen uptake from chemical fertilizer but increases that from straw in a double rice cropping system

Liming materials are widely applied to alleviate soil acidification and increase rice yield in acidic soils, but their effects on nitrogen (N) use efficiency are still unclear. Here, we conducted a field-, pot-, and micro-plot experiment to investigate how the application of slaked lime (i.e., Ca(OH)₂) affects the fate of chemical fertilizer-N and straw-N in a double rice cropping system. In the field experiment, liming increased grain yield and N uptake by an average of 9.0% and 10.6%, respectively. In contrast, CaCl₂ application did not affect rice yield and N uptake, suggesting that the effects of lime application were not related to the addition of Ca²⁺. Results from a ¹⁵N tracer experiment (i.e., ¹⁵N-labeled urea and straw) indicated that liming reduced N uptake from fertilizer (−5.7%), but increased N uptake from straw (+31.3%). Liming also reduced soil retention of both urea- and straw-N and increased their loss rates. Taken together, our results indicate that although liming increases rice yield and N uptake, it lowers the use efficiency of fertilizer N and facilitates N losses. In addition, our results emphasize the need for long-term studies on the impact of liming on soil N dynamics in paddy soils.     

Expression of Soil Chemical and Biological Behavior on Nutritional Quality of Aromatic Rice as Influenced by Organic and Mineral Fertilization

The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the yield and nutritional characteristics of aromatic rice as influenced by organic versus mineral fertilization. Aromatic rice was grown on four levels of cattle manure (CM; 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mg ha^?1). Other treatments were equivalent amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in different levels of manure fertilizer and mineral fertilizer. After 6 years of cropping, organically managed plots were superior to mineral-fertilized plots in terms of grain yields of rice at 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha^?1. Cattle manure at 20 Mg ha^?1 and its equivalent NPK through mineral-fertilizer treatment provided 41.1% and 37.9% increases in average grain yield (5.2 and 5.1 Mg ha^?1) over the unamended control. Protein content was greater in mineral-fertilized rice grains at all levels of CM. Soil dehydrogenase, β-glucosidae, urease, and acid phosphatase activities were greater in soil treated with CM than soil treated with the corresponding mineral fertilizer at all levels. There was buildup of soil-available N, K, and iron (Fe) in soils treated with CM. Grain hardness increased with increasing rates of nutrient application for both mineral-fertilized and organically grown rice; in contrast, amylose content was lower in treatments receiving more nutrients, irrespective of nutrient sources. In terms of functional property, phenol content in rice grain increased with increasing nutrient supply. Potassium and Fe contents were more in CM-treated rice than in mineral-fertilized treatments at greater rates of application. Results suggest that after building up the soil nutrient status, comparable yield and better nutritional and functional qualities of rice can be achieved in organically managed soils than in mineral-fertilized soils.     

Determination of Critical Soil Silicon Levels for Rice Production in Louisiana Using Different Extraction Procedures

While silicon (Si) fertilization is widely practiced in rice production, establishing critical soil Si levels has remained understudied. Field trials were established at 12 sites across Louisiana from 2013 to 2015 to determine critical soil Si for rice cultivation. Five silica slag (14% Si) rates at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 Mg ha^?1 and two lime rates (2 and 4 Mg ha^?1) were arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. Post harvest soil samples were analyzed for Si using seven extraction procedures. The critical soil Si levels established by the linear plateau model using 0.5 M acetic acid-1 hr (OAc-1) extraction procedure were 36, 41 and 50 mg kg^?1 for plant Si uptake, grain yield, and relative yield as response variables, respectively. Generally, soils having high initial Si and pH had minimal responses to Si fertilization, whereas Si content of soils with low initial Si was significantly increased.     

Different response of silicate fertilizer having electron acceptors on methane emission in rice paddy soil under green manuring

Cultivation of green manure plants during the fallow season in rice paddy soil has been strongly recommended to improve soil properties. However, green manuring may impact greenhouse gas emission, methane (hereafter, CH₄) in particular, under the flooded rice cultivation and thus, application of chemical amendments being electron acceptors can be an effective mitigation strategy to reduce CH₄ emissions in irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) field amended with green manure. To investigate the effect of iron (Fe) slag silicate fertilizer (hereafter, silicate fertilizer), which was effective in reducing CH₄ emission and increasing rice productivity, in green manure-amended paddy soil, the aboveground biomass of Chinese milk vetch (hereafter, vetch) was added at rates of 0, 10, 20, and 40 Mg (fresh weight) ha⁻¹ before the application of silicate fertilizer, which was added at rates of 0 and 2.3 Mg ha⁻¹. Silicate fertilization reduced the seasonal CH₄ flux by ca. 14.5% and increased rice yield by ca. 15.7% in the control (no vetch application) treatment. However, CH₄ production was increased by silicate fertilization in vetch-treated soil particularly at the initial rice growing stage, which was probably due to the enhanced decomposition of added organic matters by the silicate liming effect. In conclusion, silicate fertilization is not effective in reducing CH₄ production in green manure-amended rice paddy soils and its use should be properly controlled.     

水生植物堆肥替代部分氮肥提高水稻产量与稻田土壤肥力

为评价太湖流域水生植物堆肥对水稻产量及稻田土壤肥力效应,在太湖流域典型稻田连续进行4a的田间定位试验,比较在等氮条件下不同比例的水生植物有机堆肥替代处理(有机氮替代率分别为0、20％、40％、60％、80％和100％)引起的水稻籽粒产量、产量构成因子、氮磷钾吸收量以及土壤碳氮含量和pH值变化.结果表明:与单施尿素相比,水生植物有机堆肥与尿素配施利于水稻产量的提高,并随着有机肥替代率增加,水稻产量呈先增后降;当有机肥替代率达40％和60％时产量最高.单施有机肥和单施尿素处理水稻籽粒产量相当.单施有机肥显著降低了有效穗数,有机肥和尿素配合施用则可减轻甚至消除这一效应;有机肥替代率在40％和60％时,有效穗数、穗粒数和结实率均较高.随着有机肥施用量增加,水稻秸秆氮浓度降低,籽粒氮浓度无影响;水稻磷浓度和吸收量均无显著差异;有机肥与尿素配施均显著提高了秸秆钾吸收量,有机肥替代率在80％时可显著提高籽粒钾吸收量.表层土壤全氮和有机碳含量及土壤pH值均与有机肥替代率呈显著正相关关系.有机肥-尿素配施处理下土壤全氮和有机碳均较4a前显著提高.有机肥替代率为80％和100％,土壤pH值较试验前土壤分别显著升高.由此可见,水生植物有机肥与尿素配施可以提高太湖稻作区水稻产量,增加土壤有机质含量和减缓土壤酸化程度,可作为太湖稻作区一项环保型施肥技术.     

不同肥料管理对三熟制高产稻田土壤有机碳消长与平衡的影响

采用田间长期定位试验,研究了不同施肥条件下浙江省三熟制高产稻田土壤有机碳的消长和平衡。结果表明,浙江省三熟制高产稻田耕层(0～20cm)土壤有机碳(C)的年自然矿化量在1800～2000kg/hm2;作物根茬有机碳量与子粒产量密切相关。两者的比值相当稳定,分别为0.30(单施化肥)和0.32(化肥有机肥配施),这便于估算耕层的根茬有机碳量。试验结果还表明,根茬有饥碳对维持耕层土壤有机碳的平衡有相当大的贡献,但在单施化肥时大多不足以补充矿化消牦;在不施肥时,根茬生物量和有机碳量均逐年下降。试验发现,可以利用土壤有机碳的年自然矿化量、矿化因数、子粒产量和(或)有机碳施入量来测算耕层土壤有机碳的消长和有机碳的平衡施用量。测算结果表明,浙江省三熟制高产稻田有机碳(C)的年平衡施用量一般不大于1600kg/hm2,折成水稻秸秆约为4000kg/hm2,相当于全年水稻秸杆总生物量的三分之一左右,可作为推荐有机肥用量之参考。     

水淬渣与钢渣硅肥对玉米硅、磷养分吸收及产量的影响

硅作为有益元素对促进作物生长发育及增强抗逆性等方面有显著效果。本研究在2013—2014年进行了2年田间小区试验,对比研究了水淬渣硅肥和钢渣硅肥对玉米生长发育及产量的影响,分析了施硅对玉米硅、磷营养吸收及硅肥利用率的效应。结果表明:施硅可显著提高土壤有效硅含量(P0.05),如在抽雄、乳熟及成熟期水淬渣硅肥处理的土壤有效硅含量分别比不施硅肥处理(CK)处理提高36.9%、15.3%和9.7%;施硅处理均显著提高了玉米叶面积指数、干物质量和产量(P0.05),水淬渣和钢渣硅肥处理的玉米产量为17 979 kg/hm2和17 134 kg/hm2,分别比CK处理提高18.9%和13.3%。2年结果均显示硅肥处理显著提高了成熟期玉米植株的吸硅量与吸磷量(P0.05),水淬渣与钢渣硅肥处理的年均吸硅量分别比CK处理增加14.6%和10.4%,其年均吸磷量分别比CK处理增加11.5%和8.7%。玉米吸硅量与吸磷量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),硅肥处理可显著改善玉米生育期内磷素营养,提高磷肥偏生产力;水淬渣硅肥和钢渣硅肥年均硅肥利用率分别达38.9%和27.8%,且水淬渣硅肥利用率明显高于钢渣硅肥。     

硅酸盐调控抑制水稻对富硒水稻土中Cd吸收

研究目的:通过水稻盆栽试验,探讨了海泡石(SP)、硅钙复合矿物(CS)和水溶性叶面硅肥(YS)3种硅酸盐不同复配处理对富Se水稻土中Cd的迁移和转运和Se的生物有效性的调控效果,以及对糙米中矿质元素吸收的影响。结果表明,海泡石(SP)、海泡石-硅钙复合矿物(SPC)和海泡石-硅钙复合矿物-水溶硅肥(SCY)处理水稻根际土pH值增加0.15～0.31个单位,使土壤Cd由可交换态向碳酸盐结合态和有机结合态转变,而土壤Se由残渣态向生物可利用态转变。与对照(CK)相比,SP、SPC和SCY处理水稻根际土CaCl2-Cd含量降低了19.5%～34.0%,而土壤有效态Se的含量增加了17.8%～36.8%。且SPC和SCY处理糙米中的Cd含量显著降低,比食品安全国家标准(0.2mg/kg)降低了25.0%～90.0%。各处理在降低糙米中Cd的同时,对糙米中Se含量和各矿质元素(Cu、Fe、Zn、Mg和Mn)无显著影响。该研究可为进一步利用SP有效修复富Se水稻土中Cd污染和提高土壤Se的生物有效性提供了有益途径。     

Evaluation of industrial wastes as sources of fertilizer silicon using chemical extractions and plant uptake

Six inorganic industrial‐waste materials (coal fly ash, bauxite‐processing mud, steel slag, two samples of air‐cooled blast furnace [BF] slag, and one sample of water‐cooled BF slag), along with wollastonite, were evaluated as fertilizer‐Si sources. Evaluation was carried out by analyzing total and extractable Si fractions in the materials, by incubating them at two rates with a Si‐deficient soil and measuring potentially available extractable Si and by measuring yield and Si uptake by two successive rice crops grown in the fertilized soils. Of the waste materials used, fly ash had the highest total Si content (29%) but a negligible quantity was present in extractable forms. Steel slag and bauxite‐processing mud had only 5%–7% Si content while BF slags contained 14%–18% Si. All materials, other than fly ash, increased the amount of extractable Si present in the soil. Additions of steel slag and bauxite‐processing mud caused greater increases in Si extractability than the air‐cooled BF slags while water‐cooled BF slag–treated soils contained notably high acid‐extractable Si. Because of the alkaline nature of the materials, and their reaction products, there was a positive relationship between extractable soil Si and soil pH. However, an equilibration experiment using NaSiO₃ as the Si source confirmed that Si solubility in the soil decreased with increasing pH. Dry‐matter yields of rice, at the lower rate of Si addition, were increased by all treatments other than fly ash. The higher rates of steel slag and bauxite‐processing mud caused yield depressions. Total Si uptake by rice was increased by all treatments, other than fly ash, and was greater at the higher rate of Si addition. It was concluded that the BF slags are the most effective waste materials as fertilizer‐Si sources and that, in slag‐amended soils, CaCl₂ and NH₄ acetate are the most reliable soil‐test extractants.     

翻压等量紫云英条件下不同化肥用量对土壤养分有效性及水稻产量的影响

在翻压等量紫云英条件下,研究了不同化肥用量对土壤养分有效性及水稻产量的影响.结果表明,早稻田翻压紫云英22500 kg/hm2后配施化肥,与施用100％化肥(MF100)相比,施用60％～80％化肥,土壤中碱解N、速效钾含量均有增加,增幅为10％～59％;施用40％化肥,土壤中有效磷含量显著增加25％ ～ 80％.翻压...     

Fate of 15N after combined application of rabbit manure and inorganic N fertilizers in a rice–wheat rotation system

The present study was carried out on pot experiments with rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Wuyujing 7) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yangmai 6) rotation in a sandy and a clayey soil fertilized with ¹⁵N-labeled ammonium sulfate (AS) and ¹⁵N-labeled rabbit feces so as to study the mechanisms of reduction of fertilizer N loss by organic fertilizers. The treatments included: (1) control without any N fertilizer application; (2) fertilization with ¹⁵N-labeled AS (IF); (3) fertilization with labeled rabbit feces (OF); (4) fertilization with either 40% ¹⁵N-labeled rabbit feces and 60% unlabeled AS (IOF1) or (5) 40% unlabeled rabbit feces and 60% ¹⁵N-labeled AS (IOF2). In the rice season, the IOF treatments compared to the IF treatment decreased the percentage of lost fertilizer N from the sandy and clayey soils, whereas it increased the percentage of fertilizer N, present as mineral N and microbial biomass N (MBN). During the second season, when soils were cropped to winter wheat, the IOF treatments in comparison with the IF or OF treatment increased mineral N and MBN contents of soils sampled at tillering, jointing, and heading stages, and such increases were derived from the organic N fertilizer in the sandy soil and from the inorganic N fertilizer in the clayey soil. The increased MBN in the IOF treatments was derived from inorganic fertilizers applied both soils. Therefore, in the IOF treatment, during the rice season, the organic N increased the immobilization of inorganic N in MBN, while the inorganic N fertilizer applied to both soils stimulated the uptake of organic N and the organic N fertilizer increased the uptake of inorganic N by winter wheat; the inorganic N increased the recovery of organic N in the plant-soil system after harvesting the winter wheat.     

均衡施肥对滩涂盐碱农田稻麦轮作系统土壤养分与作物生长和养分吸收的影响

以耐盐小麦和水稻为材料,研究了滩涂盐碱地养分均衡对轮作稻麦生长和养分吸收的影响。试验设不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(TF)、中量元素肥料+常规施肥(TS)、螯合态微量元素肥+常规施肥(TM)和中量元素肥料+螯合态微量元素肥料+常规施肥(TSM)5个处理。结果表明:(1)大量元素方面,小麦季TSM处理显著提高了土壤碱解氮和速效钾水平,分别较TF处理增长23.22%和7.10%;水稻季TSM处理土壤有效磷和速效钾显著提高,较TF处理分别提高19.78%和7.44%;稻麦轮作体系均衡施肥(TSM)显著降低了土壤含盐量,由3.09 g/kg土降为1.88 g/kg土;(2)中微量元素方面,小麦季TSM处理显著提高了土壤S、Fe含量,分别较TF处理增长了196.3%、13.75%;水稻季TSM处理土壤Si、Ca、Fe、Mn含量较TF处理显著提高,分别增加了27.42%、11.60%、12.05%、16.20%;(3)TSM处理小麦和水稻生物量明显提高,较TF处理增长了19.47%和20.12%,且TSM处理较TF处理作物养分含量显著提高(P<0.05);(4)施肥处理明显提高了稻麦植株中各营养...     

有机肥料氮替代部分无机氮对水稻产量的影响及替代率研究

通过田间试验,研究了不同氮用量下有机肥料氮替代部分无机氮对水稻产量、氮肥利用率和土壤矿质态氮的影响,试图探索出有机肥料氮替代无机氮的最适替代率,并对有机肥与化肥配施的经济效益进行评价。结果表明:1）有机肥与化肥配施处理（8381~9810 kg/hm2）能获得与单施化肥处理（8381~10124 kg/hm2）更高或持平的产量;2）与单施化肥相比,氮用量在N 240 kg/hm2内,有机肥料氮替代无机肥料氮的最适替代率为10%~20%（相当于施用1500~3000 kg/hm2商品有机肥）,此时水稻产量、氮肥利用率和经济效益都达到最佳水平;3）与单施化肥相比,氮用量在N 240 kg/hm2以内并且有机肥料氮占氮总量的10%~20%时可以获得较为平稳的氮素供应过程,改善了土壤供氮能力。上述结果可为研制有机无机复合肥提供理论基础。     

Phosphorus availability and rice grain yield in a paddy soil in response to long-term fertilization

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops in the world, and its production is limited by soil phosphorus (P) deficiencies in many parts of the world. Impacts of long-term fertilization regimes on rice productivity and soil P availability is largely unknown. A long-term (26-year) field experiment in a paddy soil of southeastern China was carried out to study the response of rice grain yield and soil P pools to different fertilization regimes including control without fertilization (CK), nitrogen, P, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer (NPK), NPK fertilizer plus cattle manure (NPKM), and NPK fertilizer plus rice straw (NPKS). Application of fertilizers (NPK, NPKM, and NPKS) increased rice grain yield compared with the CK treatment (on average, by 75%, 97%, and 92%, respectively). Soil P was predominately present in the organic form (51–75% of total P) across different treatments. Most soil inorganic P fractions decreased with time due to continuous depletion by rice plants in the nonfertilized treatment (CK), while they generally increased with time in the fertilizer treatments (NPK, NPKM, and NPKS) due to continued supply of P to soil. On the other hand, soil organic P fractions increased continuously with time regardless of treatment, probably due to the retention of stubble and biological immobilization of inorganic P. Positive relationships between the rice grain yield and most inorganic P fractions in the CK treatment indicated the P limitation for rice production due to no P inputs and long-term conversion of inorganic P into organic P.     

硅锌硼配施对红壤区双季稻产量和群体发育特征的影响

水稻是典型的喜锌、喜硅和低度需硼作物,而我国红壤区土壤中硅、硼、锌等主要中微量元素含量普遍偏低,施用硅、锌、硼对水稻生产存在重大影响。以早稻品种中嘉早17和晚稻品种H优518为试验材料,研究硅、锌、硼配施对红壤区双季稻产量和群体发育特征的影响。结果表明:与CK处理相比,早稻季Si+Zn和Si+Zn+B处理产量分别显著增加8.6%和12.6%,晚稻季仅Si+Zn+B处理产量显著增加10.6%;早稻季Si+Zn+B处理有效穗数、结实率和千粒重均显著高于CK处理(P0.05),晚稻季仅Si+Zn和Si+Zn+B处理有效穗数显著增加;早稻和晚稻群体总颖花量与产量之间呈极显著线性正相关关系(P0.001)。与CK处理相比,增施硅、锌、硼后各生育期分蘖数、叶面积指数、SPAD值、生物量积累均有增加的趋势,其中Si+Zn+B处理增加幅度最大。除早稻季Si处理外,早稻季和晚稻季增施硅、锌、硼肥后各处理地上部群体氮素吸收总量均显著高于对照,且Si+Zn+B处理显著高于其他处理(P0.05)。因此,在红壤区双季稻生产中应重视硅、锌、硼等中微量元素的平衡施用,尤其是温度条件较低的早稻季更应重视这些元素的施用。     

冬种绿肥和稻草全量还田对单季稻田土壤理化性质的影响

采用田间定位试验,研究了冬闲期种植绿肥和稻草全量还田对江汉平原单季稻田土壤理化性质和水稻产量的影响。试验设置稻草不还田水稻不施肥(CK)、稻草不还田单施化肥(NPK)、稻草原位焚烧还田+化肥(RSB+NPK)、稻草全量还田+化肥(RSM+NPK)、稻草不还田单独种植绿肥+化肥(GM+NPK)以及稻草全量还田+种植绿肥+化肥(RSM+GM+NPK),共6个处理。结果表明,与不还田的CK及NPK处理相比,RSM+NPK、GM+NPK和RSM+GM+NPK处理模式均有利于改善土壤物理性状和提高耕层土壤养分及有机质含量,其中多以RSM+GM+NPK处理增幅最大。RSB+NPK处理较CK处理显著提高土壤pH值、土壤有效磷和速效钾含量,但对土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量影响不大。GM+NPK处理与RSM+GM+NPK处理稻谷产量近似,分别较NPK处理显著增加6.9%~11.7%和6.0%~13.4%,3年平均增加9.1%和8.7%,而RSM+NPK和RSB+NPK处理的稻谷产量3年里与NPK处理无显著差异。综合考虑,在江汉平原单季稻作条件下,以冬闲期稻草条带覆盖还田与种植绿肥配合还田为宜,可以改善土壤理化性质,显著提高水稻产量。     

缓/控释肥对双季稻产量、氮素吸收和平衡的影响

在江西省双季稻区连续2年设置大田定位试验,设置不施氮(CK)、分次优化施肥(OPT)、一次性基施缓/控释肥(100CRF)和一次性基施80%缓/控释肥(80CRF)4个施肥处理,研究施用缓/控释肥对双季稻产量、氮素吸收与利用、土壤矿质氮累积以及系统氮素平衡的影响。结果表明:与OPT处理相比,100CRF、80CRF处理2年4季水稻产量均无显著差异,但100CRF处理水稻吸氮量显著提高(P0.05),在2013年早晚稻分别提升32.58%(P0.05)和15.41%(P0.05),80CRF处理与OPT处理无显著差异。施用缓/控释肥与分次优化施肥比较,能提高早晚稻氮肥表观利用率、氮肥表观残留率,降低土壤氮素损失率。在双季稻连作体系,土壤中矿质氮含量在同生育期均表现为早稻高于晚稻,100CRF、80CRF处理与OPT处理在分蘖期、抽穗期、成熟期均无显著差异,但土壤NO–3-N在晚稻成熟期100CRF处理显著高于OPT处理(P0.05)。2年平均100CRF和80CRF处理氮损失量比OPT处理分别减少65.34 kg/hm2(33.08%)和90.64 kg/hm2(45.89%)。氮盈余量分别减少51.63 kg/hm2(29.41%)和85.13 kg/hm2(48.49%)。因此缓/控释肥施用可促进双季稻获得高产,增加植株氮素吸收,维持了较高的土壤氮素水平并减少氮素损失,当前生产条件下,缓/控释肥减量20%,双季水稻在维持高产的同时氮肥利用率最高,氮素损失最低,是一种较为合适的施肥方式。     

长期不同供磷水平下南方黄泥田生产力及磷组分特征

红壤性水稻土磷素易受铁、铝等固定而有效性低,过量施用磷肥则产生磷素淋失风险,研究不同供磷水平下黄泥田生产力、磷库平衡及磷组分特征,可为磷素高效管理提供依据。本研究基于福建黄泥田连续30年的供磷定位试验,研究连续30年3个供磷水平下[不施磷肥(CK)、30 kg(P_2O_5)·hm~(-2)(P1)、60 kg(P_2O_5)·hm~(-2)(P2)]水稻(1987—2004年为双季稻,2005年始种植单季稻)产量演变规律,并于试验的第31年分析土壤有效磷、全磷、无机磷库与有机磷库组分变化。结果表明,连续30年施用磷肥,与CK相比,早稻、晚稻与单季稻历年平均产量P1处理分别提高64.9%、37.0%与19.9%, P2处理分别提高67.0%、41.2%与20.4%,差异均显著。不同稻作制度下黄泥田磷肥的增产效果为早稻晚稻单季稻。与P1处理相比,P2处理第31年土壤有效磷含量提高190.5%,全磷含量提高32.4%,差异均显著;Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P含量与无机磷含量均显著提高,Al-P、Fe-P占无机磷比重分别提高2.12个百分点与4.40个百分点,但O-P比重降低9.45个百分点,差异均显著。施磷肥总体提高了活性有机磷(LOP)与中等活性有机磷(MLOP)含量,降低了高稳定性有机磷(HSOP)含量,P2处理表现尤为明显;增施磷肥, LOP与MLOP占有机磷比重增加, HSOP比重降低。籽粒或秸秆产量与Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P、MLOP、LOP含量呈显著正相关。综上,黄泥田连续30年施磷肥增产效果明显, P1与P2处理的产量无显著差异,但P1处理呈现磷表观亏缺。增施磷肥提高了无机磷Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P比重,有机磷组分呈现由活性较低的形态向活性较高的形态转化趋势。每茬60 kg(P_2O_5)·hm~(-2)可维持磷素养分表观平衡并保持适宜的有效磷水平。     

Nutrient uptake and residual effect of organic treatments applied to vegetable–rice system in an acid soil

Direct and residual effects of organic treatments and in combination with inorganic fertilizers applied to acid soils were studied in the okra–rice system. Among the treatments studied, vermicompost (V.C) and poultry manure improved soil pH and exhibited liming effect, whereas inorganic fertilizer decreased soil pH. Inorganic fertilizer contributed to 78% of net return in okra but the residual effect was observed in inorganic and V.C combination. Soil available nitrogen and potassium had increased at 100% recommended dose, compensated crop uptake at 75%, but depletion was observed at 50%. Uptake of nitrogen was higher for okra from inorganic fertilizer but higher phosphorus and potassium uptake from V.C was observed for rice. Organic treatments showed better correlation between soil pH and zinc (Zn) uptake by okra and significant residual effect on rice. But it reduced the solubility of iron (Fe) and its uptake by okra and indicated a negative correlation between pH and diethylene triamine penta acetic acid-extractable Fe²⁺.     

Long-term effects of NPK fertilizers and organic manures on soil organic carbon and carbon management index under a double-cropping rice system in Southern China

The effects of manure and chemical fertilizer on soil bulk density, soil organic carbon (SOC), and the role of carbon management index (CMI) in soil quality evaluation were studied under a double-cropping rice system in a long-term experiment. The experiment included five fertilizer treatments: without fertilizer input (CK), chemical fertilizer alone (MF), rice straw residue plus chemical fertilizer (RF), 30% organic matter plus 70% chemical fertilizer (LOM), and 60% organic matter plus 40% chemical fertilizer (HOM). RF, LOM, HOM treatments increased SOC content relative to MF treatment in the paddy fields at 0–20 cm. RF, LOM, HOM treatments were more effective for increasing CMI, lability index, lability of C, and SOC stocks, as compared with MF treatment. Based on rice grain yield and carbon storage, integrated fertilization of chemical fertilizer and organic manure proved to be the most effective practices for improving crop productivity and SOC sequestration.