低分子量有机酸作用下土壤中菲和芘的残留及形态

采用微宇宙试验方法,以菲和芘为多环芳烃(PAHs)代表物,研究了几种低分子量有机酸作用下黄棕壤中菲和芘的残留和形态。结果表明,老化60 d后土壤中菲和芘的残留含量明显减少;不施加有机酸的对照土壤中,菲和芘的残留含量为10.13和29.18 mg kg-1,去除率为87.33%和63.50%。与对照相比,供试浓度(0～64 mg kg-1)范围内,柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸等3种低分子量有机酸作用下土壤中PAHs残留含量提高,去除率减小,表明供试条件下有机酸抑制土壤中菲和芘的降解;进一步分析发现,少量(≤4 mg kg-1)的有机酸即可对PAHs降解产生高的抑制效果。微生物降解在PAHs的去除中起重要作用,且芘比菲更抗微生物降解。供试条件下,可脱附态和有机溶剂提取态是土壤中菲和芘存在的主要形态,而结合态残留占总残留的比例很小(<8.5%)。3种有机酸均提高了土壤中可脱附态和有机溶剂提取态菲和芘的残留含量,施加有机酸使土壤中菲和芘的可脱附态含量较对照分别提高了46.67%～749.1%和1.83%～80.20%,有机溶剂提取态则提高了8.73%～375.2%和22.63%～114.3%;低分子量有机酸作用下结合态的菲和芘含量仍很小。     

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对土壤中阿特拉津降解的影响

于盆栽高粱(Sorghum,龙杂一号)条件下研究了丛枝菌根(AM)真菌根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices,GI)和摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,GM)降解土壤中阿特拉津的效用。结果表明,阿特拉津(浓度为50 mg/kg)污染土壤中,供试AM真菌都能够侵染高粱根系形成菌根,而且GM比GI侵染效果好,最高侵染率可达到90.5%,显著提高了植株的生物量。接种AM真菌后土壤中阿特拉津的残留浓度显著低于不接种对照处理,并且接种GM比GI对阿特拉津的降解效果显著。接种GM处理的土壤中阿特拉津最高降解率达到了91.6%,其中菌根效应占22.6%。接种AM真菌的宿主植物根际土壤中微生物数量多于不接种处理,且GM优于GI处理,说明AM真菌能促进根际微生物的繁殖。此外,接种AM真菌后能显著增加土壤中脲酶活性,但对过氧化氢酶活性影响不显著。认为GM是一株比较理想的修复阿特拉津污染土壤的AM真菌。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌的种植紫花苜蓿土壤中球囊霉素含量与去除的关系

以菲和芘为多环芳烃（PAHs）代表物,以紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）为宿主植物,选用幼套球囊霉（Glomus etunicatum, Ge）、摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseae,Gm）和层状球囊霉（Glomus lamellosum,Gla）3种丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）,研究了接种AMF下土壤中AMF菌丝密度、球囊霉素含量与PAHs去除率的关系。35~75 d,接种Ge、Gm、Gla处理的土壤中菌丝密度、总球囊霉素含量、易提取球囊霉素含量均随时间延长而显著增大,与不接种对照相比,75 d时接种Ge、Gm、Gla处理的土壤中易提取球囊霉素含量提高了48.58%、55.99%和50.23%,总球囊霉素含量则提高了38.75%、50.95%和46.12%。接种AMF促进了土壤中菲和芘的去除,随着时间（35~75 d）延长,接种Ge、Gm、Gla处理的土壤中菲去除率分别高达83.4%~92.7%、82.1%~93.8%、86.9%~93.4%,芘去除率达42.2%~63.5%、43.7%~69.2%、44.6%~66.4%。接种Ge、Gm和Gla处理土壤中AMF菌丝密度、总球囊霉素含量均与土壤中菲和芘的去除率之间存在极显著正相关关系,表明接种AMF提高了土壤中AMF菌丝密度和总球囊霉素含量,并促进了土壤中PAHs的去除。研究结果为阐明丛枝菌根修复PAHs污染土壤的规律及机理提供了依据。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌的种植紫花苜蓿土壤中球囊霉素含量与PAHs去除的关系

以菲和芘为多环芳烃(PAHs)代表物,以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)为宿主植物,选用幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum,Ge)、摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,Gm)和层状球囊霉(Glomus lamellosum,Gla)3种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF),研究了接种AMF下土壤中AMF菌丝密度、球囊霉素含量与PAHs去除率的关系。35~75 d,接种Ge、Gm、Gla处理的土壤中菌丝密度、总球囊霉素含量、易提取球囊霉素含量均随时间延长而显著增大,与不接种对照相比,75 d时接种Ge、Gm、Gla处理的土壤中易提取球囊霉素含量提高了48.58%、55.99%和50.23%,总球囊霉素含量则提高了38.75%、50.95%和46.12%。接种AMF促进了土壤中菲和芘的去除,随着时间(35~75 d)延长,接种Ge、Gm、Gla处理的土壤中菲去除率分别高达83.4%~92.7%、82.1%~93.8%、86.9%~93.4%,芘去除率达42.2%~63.5%、43.7%~69.2%、44.6%~66.4%。接种Ge、Gm和Gla处理土壤中AMF菌丝密度、总球囊霉素含量均与土壤中菲和芘的去除率之间存在极显著正相关关系,表明接种AMF提高了土壤中AMF菌丝密度和总球囊霉素含量,并促进了土壤中PAHs的去除。研究结果为阐明丛枝菌根修复PAHs污染土壤的规律及机理提供了依据。     

多环芳烃污染土壤的植物-微生物联合修复初探

在温室盆栽条件下,通过种植紫花苜蓿单独或联合接种菌根真菌(Glomus caledonium L.)(AM)和多环芳烃专性降解菌(DB),研究了利用植物-微生物强化修复多环芳烃(PAHs)长期污染土壤的效果。试验结果表明,接种菌根真菌和PAHs专性降解菌能促进紫花苜蓿的生长和土壤中PAHs的降解。经过90天修复试验,种植紫花苜蓿接种AM、DB和DB+AM处理的PAHs的降解率分别为47.9%、49.6%、60.1%,均高于只种植紫花苜蓿的对照处理(CK)(21.7%)。另外,随着PAHs苯环数的增加,其平均降解率逐渐降低,但是接种PAHs专性降解菌能够提高4环和5环PAHs的降解率。同时也发现土壤中脱氢酶活性和PAHs降解菌数量越高的处理,土壤PAHs的降解率也越高,这也是种植紫花苜蓿接种微生物能够有效促进土壤PAHs降解的原因。     

蚯蚓和丛枝菌根真菌对南瓜修复多环芳烃污染土壤的影响

在温室盆栽实验条件下,研究接种AM(arbuscular mycorrhiza)真菌、蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)对南瓜(Cucurbita moschata)修复3环以上多环芳烃(PAHs)污染农田土壤的影响,试验设置单接AM真菌、单接蚯蚓、双接AM真菌和蚯蚓、不接种的对照共4个处理,播种10周后收获。结果表明,接种AM真菌和蚯蚓促进AM真菌侵染南瓜,增加南瓜生物量;显著提高南瓜修复土壤中Phe(菲)、An(t蒽)、Py(r芘)、BkF(苯并(k)荧蒽)、BaP(苯并(a)芘)、BPe(r苯并(g,h,i)苝)等PAHs污染物的效率,促进南瓜高效地吸收3~5环PAHs,尤其是AM真菌和蚯蚓共同接种条件下对南瓜修复土壤效果最优;AM真菌利于南瓜转移根系吸收的高浓度PAHs化合物至地上部,降低PAHs对根系的胁迫,增强南瓜在高浓度PAHs污染土壤中存活,有利于南瓜应用于高浓度PAHs污染土壤的高效修复;蚯蚓对南瓜地下部吸持3~5环高分子量的PAHs化合物有积极作用。因此,选用的AM真菌和蚯蚓在土壤中具有协同作用,促进南瓜高效修复PAHs污染土壤。     

发酵牛粪对苏丹草根系丛枝菌根（AM）真菌侵染及磷吸收效率的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究接种苏格兰球囊霉(Glomus caledonium)条件下添加不同比例发酵牛粪(0.33%、0.50%和1.00%)对苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense)根系丛枝菌根(AM)真菌侵染率、土壤孢子密度、植株生物量与根冠比及根系磷(P)吸收效率的影响。结果发现,与对照相比,接种AM真菌处理植株地上部生物量趋于下降、根冠比显著提高(p<0.05),在此基础上添加0.33%或0.50%发酵牛粪处理土壤孢子密度、植株根系生物量和AM真菌侵染率均趋于升高,根冠比没有明显变化,根系P吸收效率显著提高(p<0.05);添加1.00%发酵牛粪显著提高土壤孢子密度、植株生物量和根系AM真菌侵染率(p<0.05),根冠比与仅接种AM真菌处理相同,根系P吸收效率则达到仅接种AM真菌处理的1.83倍。结果表明,添加1.00%发酵牛粪对苏格兰球囊霉扩繁及其宿主植物P吸收均具有突出促进作用。     

丛枝菌根对芘污染土壤修复及植物吸收的影响

采用温室盆栽试验方法,研究了两种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae和 Glomus etunicatum对三叶草(Trifolium subterraneum L.)和辣椒（Capsicum annuum L.）修复芘污染土壤的影响。供试土样中芘初始浓度为0 ~ 75.18 mg/kg。结果表明,接种AMF可促进供试植物对土壤中芘的吸收,并且显著提高三叶草根的芘含量、根系富集系数、根和茎叶的芘积累量,但对辣椒根和茎叶芘含量、根系富集系数的影响不显著,这主要与植物的菌根侵染率和“菌根依赖度”不同有关。接种AMF土壤中芘的削减率高于普通植物修复,但植物吸收积累对修复的贡献率小于0.2%;因此推测,AM作用下良好的根际环境对土壤微生物数量和活性的提高、进而对土壤中芘降解的促进可能是菌根修复的主要机理。     

丛枝菌根对菲芘污染土壤中几种酶活性的影响

采用温室盆栽试验方法,研究了丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）Glomus mosseae和Glomus etunicatum对菲芘复合污染土壤中3种酶活性的影响。宿主植物为三叶草（Trifolium repens L.）和黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum Lam）。土样中菲和芘起始浓度分别为203.4mg·kg^-1和107.5mg·kg^-1。结果表明,植物增加了土壤多酚氧化酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性。接种Glomus mosseae和Glomus etunicatum使三叶草根际土壤多酚氧化酶活性20-60d分别增加19.6%-72.0%和29.7%-90.6%,过氧化氢酶活性分别增加3.3%-12.2%和7.8%-34.7%,酸性磷酸酶活性总体呈增加趋势;接种Glomus mosseae使黑麦草根际多酚氧化酶活性增加18.0%-43.1%,过氧化氢酶活性总体上呈降低趋势,酸性磷酸酶活性先升高后降低。供试的两种AMF对三叶草根际酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响30d前有显著差异。AM真菌作用的性质与宿主植物特性有关。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对土壤水稳性团聚体特征的影响

为了研究接种丛枝菌根真菌对土壤团聚体特征的影响,采用盆栽试验,以小麦(Triticum aestivuml)为宿主植物,在两个不同供磷水平条件下,分别接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus intraradices和Glomus mosseae,收获后分析土壤团聚体数量、分布和分形维数,并运用通径分析对不同作用因子进行统计。结果看出,与对照相比,接种丛枝菌根真菌显著提高了土壤中有机质含量、球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量,土壤水稳性大团聚体数量也显著增加。接种处理提高了土壤的平均重量直径、几何平均直径,而且降低了土壤分形维数。通径分析表明,在影响土壤水稳性大团聚体的众多因子中,菌丝密度具有最大的作用,且以直接作用为主;有机质和球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白也表现出较大的作用。接种G. mosseae对改良土壤结构的作用优于接种G. intraradices。     

丛枝菌根真菌对金叶六道木镉吸收及根际真菌群落结构的影响

为明确丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对促进绿化苗木镉(Cd)吸收的影响,通过盆栽试验比较接种不同AM真菌对12种绿化苗木Cd吸收的差异,并进一步分析接种对金叶六道木根际微生物数量和AM真菌群落结构的影响.结果表明,12种绿化苗木,加Cd处理6个月后,其叶片浓度的变化范围为0.25～2.59 mg·kg–1.接种AM真菌处理组的叶...     

Using arbuscular mycorrhiza to reduce the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth

Soil compaction is of great importance in agriculture, because its high levels may adversely affect plant growth and the environment. Since mechanical methods are not very efficient and economical, using biological methods to alleviate the stress of soil compaction on plant growth may be beneficial. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth, and (2) test the hypothesis that applying arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) with different origins can partially or completely overcome the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn growth under unsterilized and sterilized conditions. Corn was planted in unsterilized and sterilized compacted soils, while treated with three species of AM including, Iranian Glomus mosseae, Iranian Glomus etunicatum, and Canadian Glomus mosseae, received from GINCO (Glomales in vitro Collection), Canada. Plant growth variables and soil resistance parameters were determined. AM significantly increased root fresh (maximum of 94% increase) and dry (maximum of 100% increase) weights in the compacted soil. AM with different origins may improve corn growth in compacted soils, though its effectiveness is related to the level of compaction and also to the interaction with other soil microorganisms.     

苯并[a]芘污染土壤的丛枝菌根真菌强化植物修复作用研究

研究了种植紫花苜蓿 (MedicagosativaL )在接种和不接种菌根真菌 (GlomuscaledoniumL )情况下对土壤中苯并 [a]芘 (B[a]P)的降解动态。历经 90天的温室盆栽试验表明 ,较高浓度 (10 0mgkg-1)B[a]P能降低菌根真菌对植物根的侵染率。种植紫花苜蓿和接种菌根真菌能促进土壤中可提取态B[a]P的降解 ,在接种情况下 ,有植物时对三种浓度 (1mgkg-1,10mgkg-1,10 0mgkg-1)B[a]P的降解率分别达 86 2 %、86 6 %、5 7 0 % ;而没有植物时B[a]P的降解率为 5 3 5 %、5 3 0 %、33 0 %。不接菌根真菌时的降解率比接菌根真菌的低得多 ,不接种菌根真菌时 ,有植物的B[a]P降解率分别达 75 9%、77 7%、5 3 4 % ;而不种植物的降解率分别为 5 4 9%、5 2 6 %、34 1% ,低、中浓度 (1mgkg-1,10mgkg-1)两处理的降解率明显地高于高浓度处理(p <0 0 5 )。B[a]P添加对土壤中多酚氧化酶活性有较大的影响 ,特别是高浓度B[a]P处理土壤的酶活性明显地低于其它三个处理 ,接种菌根真菌能够提高土壤中的酶活性 ,从而促进了土壤中B[a]P的降解。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizae in a long-term field trial comparing low-input (organic, biological) and high-input (conventional) farming systems in a crop rotation

 Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) root colonization was studied in a long-term field trial in which four farming systems currently in use in Switzerland were continuously applied to a randomized set of plots at a single field site from 1978 till 1993. There were two low-input farming systems (organic and bio-dynamic) and two high-input (conventional) farming systems (according to Swiss guidelines of integrated plant production with and without farmyard manure). The systems had an identical 7-year crop rotation and tillage scheme and differed essentially only in the amount and type of fertilizer supplied and in plant protection management. The percentage of root colonization by AM fungi was determined in field samples 2–3 times over the growing season in crops in the rotation, namely in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sardona), vetch-rye and grass-clover. We found the percentage of root length colonized by AM fungi to be 30–60% higher (P≤0.05) in the plants grown in soils from the low-input farming systems than in those grown in conventionally farmed soils. Approximately 50% of the variation of AM root colonization was explained by chemical properties of the soils (pH, soluble P and K, exchangeable Mg), the effect of soluble soil P being most pronounced. The potential of the field soils from the differently managed plots to cause symbiosis with AM fungi was tested in a glasshouse experiment, using wheat as a host plant. Soils from the low-input farming systems had a greatly enhanced capacity to initiate AM symbiosis. The relative differences in this capacity remained similar when propagules of the AM fungus Glomus mosseae were experimentally added to the soils, although overall root colonization by AM fungi was 2.8 times higher. Received: 27 August 1999     

Responses of Lentil to Co-Inoculation with Phosphate-Solubilizing Rhizobial Strains and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the responses of lentil (Lens culinariscv. ‘Ziba’) to co-inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and some indigenous rhizobial strains varying in phosphorus (P)-solubilizing ability in a calcareous soil with high pH and low amounts of available P and nitrogen (N). A factorial experiment with completely randomized block design was conducted under controlled greenhouse conditions. The treatments consisted of (1) three inoculants of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains and a mixed rhizobial inoculant with an effective P-solubilizer strain of Mesorhizobium ciceri, (2) two AM fungal species, Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, (3) two P sources, superphosphate and phosphate rock. Four replications were prepared for each treatment and a related control. After the growth period of three months, the dry matter of shoots plus seeds, their P and N contents, and percent of root colonized by AM fungus were measured. The results showed that the effects of AM fungi, rhizobial strains, and P fertilizers were highly significant (p < 0.01) for all the characteristics studied. The rhizobial strain with P-solubilizing ability showed a more beneficial effect on plant growth and nutrient uptake than the strain without this ability, although both strains had similar effectiveness for N₂-fixation in symbiosis with lentil. Synergistic relationships were observed between AM fungi and some rhizobial strains that related to the compatible pairing of these two microsymbionts. The P-uptake efficiency was increased when P fertilizers were applied along with AM fungi and/or P-solubilizer rhizobial strains.     

AM真菌对田间山银花生长、矿质营养及绿原酸含量的影响

Lonicera confusa, a traditional Chinese medicine herb for treating cold, flu, acute fever, and so forth, is often grown artificially in acidic soils and suffers from phosphorus (P) deficiency. A five-year field experiment was carried out to study the colonization rate, growth, nutrition, and chlorogenic acid content of Lonicera confusa seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus etunicatum and Glomus intraradices. Before transplanting into a field, both AM-inoculated and uninoculated control plants were cultured in nursery beds. In the plants inoculated with the AM fungi, the colonization rate decreased linearly with time and a greater decrease was observed in the plants inoculated with G. intraradices than with G. etunicatum, while the AM colonization increased from 0% to 12.1% in the uninoculated control plants 5 years after transplanting. Plant height, crown diameter, number of new branches, and flower yield increased significantly by AM inoculation as compared to the uninoculated control. Phosphorus concentrations in leaves and flowers increased, and plant uptake of nutrients, e.g., nitrogen (N), P, and potassium (K), was also enhanced significantly by AM inoculation. The Lonicera confusa seedlings had a better response to inoculation of G. intraradices than G. etunicatum in both growth and chlorogenic acid content in flowers. In contrast, both plant P uptake and P concentrations in leaves and flowers were similar between two fungal inoculations. The positive responses of Lonicera confusa to AM inoculation in growth, nutrient uptake, flowering, and chlorogenic acid content in flowers suggested that AM inoculation in nursery beds could promote the plant growth and increase chlorogenic acid content in flowers of Lonicera confusa when grown on acidic and P-deficient soils.     

Improved growth and Cu tolerance of Cu excess-stressed white clover after inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus intraradices, on growth and copper (Cu) tolerance of white clover (Trifolium repens) were investigated in soils with different Cu amounts. The AM inoculation increased plant biomass and the total or bound Cu concentrations in shoots and roots but decreased the total Cu in soils and the exchangeable Cu in shoots, roots and soils at all Cu levels. Mycorrhizal plants had higher levels of root phosphorus and shoot zinc (Zn) at lower Cu levels and more nitrogen and Zn in roots and potassium, calcium and magnesium in shoots and roots at all Cu addition levels. Additionally, AM inoculation enhanced urease, acid phosphatase and catalase activities in rhizosphere soils and mycorrhizal roots showed higher levels of peroxidase, catalase, proline and soluble sugar at all Cu addition levels. These results indicate that mycorrhizal white clover is potentially suitable for Cu phytoremediation based on greenhouse studies.     

Changes in soil aggregation and glomalin-related soil protein content as affected by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are key organisms of the soil/plant system, influencing soil fertility and plant nutrition, and contributing to soil aggregation and soil structure stability by the combined action of extraradical hyphae and of an insoluble, hydrophobic proteinaceous substance named glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP). Since the GRSP extraction procedures have recently revealed problems related to co-extracting substances, the relationship between GRSP and AM fungi still remains to be verified. In this work the hypothesis that GRSP concentration is positively correlated with the occurrence of AM fungi was tested by using Medicago sativa plants inoculated with different isolates of Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices in a microcosm experiment. Our results show that (i) mycorrhizal establishment produced an increase in GRSP concentration - compared to initial values - in contrast with non-mycorrhizal plants, which did not produce any change; (ii) aggregate stability, evaluated as mean weight diameter (MWD) of macroaggregates of 1-2 mm diameter, was significantly higher in mycorrhizal soils compared to non-mycorrhizal soil; (iii) GRSP concentration and soil aggregate stability were positively correlated with mycorrhizal root volume and weakly correlated with total root volume; (iv) MWD values of soil aggregates were positively correlated with values of total hyphal length and hyphal density of the AM fungi utilized.The different ability of AM fungal isolates to affect GRSP concentration and to form extensive and dense mycelial networks, which may directly affect soil aggregates stability by hyphal enmeshment of soil particles, suggests the possibility of selecting the most efficient isolates to be utilized for soil quality improvement and land restoration programs.