铅、镉、铬和锌盐对单环刺螠急性毒性效应的研究

在水温(15±1)℃、盐度25下,将平均体质量为(21.2±4.2) g的单环刺螠置于50 cm×60 cm×60 cm塑料箱中,采用水生生物急性毒性试验方法,研究Pb(NO₃)₂(0、1.00、2.66、7.08、18.84、50.12 mg/L)、CdCl₂(0、10.0、27.5、45.0、62.5、80.0 mg/L)、K₂Cr₂O₇(0、20、65、110、165、200 mg/L)和ZnSO₄(0、10、20、30、40、50、60、70 mg/L)4种重金属盐对单环刺螠在96 h内的急性毒性。试验结果显示：Pb(NO₃)₂对单环刺螠的48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度为23.396、7.505、2.177 mg/L,CdCl₂为68.748、34.512、18.189 mg/L,K₂Cr₂O₇     

水体中铅对长江上游6种鱼类的急性中毒效应

为了检验不同鱼类对水体中铅(Pb)的耐受能力的差异,在控制实验室水体的温度(27.5±0.2)℃、硬度(10.0±0.5)Ca CO3mg/L、p H值(7.0±0.1)等条件下,测定了草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)(22.13±0.31)g、鲫(Carassius auratus)(25.36±0.36)g、南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)(21.28±0.20)g、团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)(21.39±0.20)g、胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)(22.34±0.32)g和中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)(21.36±0.21)g这6种鱼经水体Pb 96 h急性暴露后的半致死浓度(96 h LC50),以及Pb在鱼体内的累积量。结果发现,水体中的Pb对草鱼、鲫、南方鲇、团头鲂、胭脂鱼和中华倒刺鲃的96 h LC50值分别为3.73、11.59、6.59、3.27、0.33和3.00 mg/L;6种鱼对Pb的耐受能力依次为:鲫南方鲇草鱼团头鲂中华倒刺鲃胭脂鱼。同种鱼中Pb暴露致死鱼体和未死亡鱼体内的Pb累积量均分别随着暴露的浓度的升高而增加;在相同Pb浓度处理条件下,同种鱼中死亡鱼体的Pb累积量高于未死亡鱼体。水体硬度和鱼体重会影响重金属Pb对鱼类的96 h LC50。较高硬度水体暴露的Pb对鱼体的毒性较小,同种鱼体重较大的个体对重金属Pb的耐受能力较强。同种鱼不同时间段死亡鱼体中的Pb累积量没有显著性差异;每种实验鱼因Pb暴露致死群体的平均Pb累积量均分别高于其未死亡鱼群体,除南方鲇外,其余5种鱼二者间的差异达到了显著性水平。     

盐度对透明溞存活、生长和繁殖的影响

采用试验生态学方法,在恒温(20±1)℃条件下,研究盐度变化对透明溞存活、生长和繁殖的影响。试验结果显示,透明溞的24 h和48 h半致死盐度分别为4.16和2.67,安全盐度为0.36。透明溞的产前发育期和有效积温随盐度上升而增加;体长增长率随盐度的升高先升后降,存活时间和内禀增长率随盐度的升高而下降。盐度对透明溞生存、生长及繁殖的影响显著(P<0.05),0.5盐度组的透明溞壳刺长显著大于对照组。研究结果表明,透明溞为嫌盐种,对盐度耐受性低。透明溞可作为水产经济动物开口饵料、水体盐碱变化的指示生物,对水环境监测具有重要意义。     

汞和铬对黄鳝的急性毒性研究

于水族箱内进行汞和铬对黄鳝(Monopterus albus)的急性毒性试验.Hg2 的48 h、96 h LC50分别为1.20、0.67 mg/L;Cr6 的48 h、96 h LC50分别为88.21、60.55 mg/L;安全浓度分别为0.067 mg/L和6.055mg/L,汞的毒性远大于铬.     

驱赶和空气暴露对南方鲇耗氧率和呼吸频率的影响

在25℃条件下对不同驱赶时间(0、0.5、1、2.5和5 min)和空气暴露(0、2.5、5、10和20 min)南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)幼鱼(22.11～79.52 g)恢复过程中的耗氧率(VO)和呼吸频率(Vf)进行了测定。实验发现:经驱赶和空气暴露处理后,实验鱼耗氧率和呼吸频率立即显著上升(P<0.05),然后缓慢回落至稳定水平;对于驱赶逆境胁迫,0.5 min处理能诱导最大耗氧率峰值(约170 mg/h),2.5 min处理能诱导最大运动后过量氧耗(EPOC)(约35 mg);对于空气暴露逆境胁迫,5 min处理能诱导最大耗氧率峰值(约160 mg/h),10 min处理能诱导最大EPOC(约20 mg);无论驱赶还是空气暴露,呼吸频率的反应(上升28%～62%)远小于耗氧率(上升174%～254%)。实验表明两种逆境均能引起明显的胁迫反应,南方鲇对驱赶的反应远大于空气暴露。     

重金属Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+对太平洋牡蛎的急性毒性效应

采用单因子急性毒性实验研究Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)对太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)的96 h半数致死浓度(96 h LC_(50))及急性毒性效应。实验结果表明,Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)对太平洋牡蛎96 h LC_(50)分别为22.99、21.75 mg/L和21.35 mg/L,急性毒性作用大小的顺序为:Cd~(2+)Cu~(2+)Pb~(2+)。Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)对太平洋牡蛎的安全浓度(SC)分别为:2.30、2.18 mg/L和2.14 mg/L。总体而言,与Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)相比,太平洋牡蛎对Cd~(2+)毒性的耐受性较低。     

三苯基锡和聚苯乙烯微塑料联合暴露对胭脂鱼幼鱼的急性毒性效应

为了解有机污染物三苯基锡对胭脂鱼(Myxocryprinus asiaticus)幼鱼的毒性效应,阐明聚苯乙烯微球是否能够调节三苯基锡对胭脂鱼的短期毒性,以体质量(0.325±0.065)g的胭脂鱼幼鱼为对象,在水温(24.0±1.5)℃、溶氧条件充足下,采用半静态水生生物急性毒性实验方法,测定了三苯基锡对其的急性毒性效应及三苯基锡(0.126 mg/L,0.032 mg/L)单独暴露或与聚苯乙烯微球(0.1、1、10 mg/L)联合暴露对胭脂鱼幼鱼的影响。结果表明,三苯基锡24 h半致死浓度为0.112 mg/L;48 h半致死浓度为0.053 mg/L;72 h半致死浓度为0.026 mg/L;96 h半致死浓度为0.017 mg/L;其安全浓度为0.003 mg/L。与聚苯乙烯微球联合暴露,100%死亡率时间均有延迟,表明聚苯乙烯对三苯基锡的毒性效应具有延缓作用。     

非离子氨对文昌鱼的急性毒性影响

日换水一次的条件下,研究了25℃恒温时非离子氨对90日龄文昌鱼幼鱼[(24.46±0.12)mm,(0.044±0.008)g]和成体[(39.24±1.36)mm,(0.093±0.012)g]的急性毒性。试验结果显示,非离子氨对文昌鱼幼体及成体的24、48、72、96h的半致死质量浓度分别为0.560、0.457、0.344、0.318mg/L和0.770、0.682、0.544、0.499mg/L;非离子氨对文昌鱼幼体及成体的安全质量浓度分别为0.032、0.050mg/L。文昌鱼对非离子氨具有较强的耐受性,成体的耐受性明显强于幼体。     

噻虫嗪暴露对克氏原螯虾的病理损伤和生化反应的影响

为了探究噻虫嗪对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)的影响,开展噻虫嗪对克氏原螯虾的急性毒性试验和14 d的慢性暴露试验,对克氏原螯虾的肝胰腺进行病理损伤和生化酶活分析。结果显示,噻虫嗪对克氏原螯虾的24、48、96 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为3.611,3.014和2.100 mg/L;噻虫嗪对克氏原螯虾的安全浓度(SC)为0.21 mg/L;通过14 d的噻虫嗪暴露试验,当暴露在52.5μg/L(1/4 LC₅₀)和105.0μg/L(1/2 LC₅₀)时,克氏原螯虾的肝胰腺都发生管腔扩大、上皮空泡化的损伤,总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的浓度显著上升,表明肝脏中有大量活性氧(ROS),肝胰腺发生氧化应激反应。     

异育银鲫“中科三号”对盐度和碳酸盐碱度的耐受性

研究了盐度和碳酸盐碱度对不同规格异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)"中科三号"鱼种的急性和慢性毒性。结果表明,异育银鲫"中科三号"大规格鱼种[L=(8.81±0.62)cm]48、72 h和96 h的盐度半致死浓度分别为15.433、14.352、13.855,盐度安全浓度为4.63;碳酸盐碱度在24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度分别为73.105、71.861、71.198、70.368 mmol·L-1,碳酸盐碱度的安全浓度为20.33 mmol·L-1。小规格鱼种[L=(1.78±0.12)cm]24、48、72 h和96 h盐度的半致死浓度分别为11.339、11.026、10.653、10.080,盐度安全浓度为2.98;碳酸盐碱度的半致死浓度分别为52.656、51.889、50.378、49.664 mmol·L-1,碳酸盐碱度的安全浓度为13.20 mmol·L-1。大规格"中科三号"鱼种对盐度和碳酸盐碱度的耐受性均比小规格鱼种强;慢性毒性实验中异育银鲫"中科三号"鱼种[L=(3.73±0.12)cm]的特定生长率和相对增重率均随着盐碱浓度的增大而降低。60 d实验后盐度3、5和7组的特定生长率分别为1.14、0.67和0.23,相对增重率分别为98.64、49.24和14.80;碳酸盐碱度7、12和17 mmol·L-1组的特定生长率分别为1.12、0.66和0.29,相对增重率分别为96.06、48.40和19.23。盐度和碳酸盐碱度浓度越强,对异育银鲫"中科三号"鱼种生长的影响越大。     

温度和溶解氧对仿刺参存活、代谢及运动能力的影响

为探究温度和溶解氧(DO)对仿刺参存活、代谢及运动能力的影响,采用实验生态学方法,测定了水温为15°C、DO浓度为(1.0±0.1)mg/L低氧胁迫条件下大规格仿刺参[(39.35±0.40)g]单位时间内的移动距离和体表面积的变化;测算了水温15°C(适宜温度)、20°C和25°C条件下,2种规格[大(32.70±4.46)g、小(10.31±2.03)g]仿刺参在(1.0±0.1)mg/L低氧胁迫下的半致死时间(LT50),比较分析了3个温度水平(15、20及25°C)和3个DO水平[(1.0±0.1)、(3.0±0.1)及6.5 mg/L(正常DO含量)]交互作用下2种规格仿刺参的呼吸代谢强度。结果显示,水温15°C、(1.0±0.1)mg/L低氧胁迫下,随胁迫时间的增加,仿刺参运动速度总体呈现降低趋势,至胁迫72 h全部死亡;体表面积呈先增大后减小的趋势,整个胁迫期间,身体均处于伸长状态,至死亡仍显著高于对照组。(1.0±0.1)mg/L低氧胁迫时,水温15°C条件下大规格仿刺参半致死时间(LT50)为54.0 h,小规格为44.7 h;水温20°C条件下大规格仿刺参LT50为48.9 h,小规格为39.3 h;水温25°C条件下大规格仿刺参LT50为33.4 h,小规格为28.9 h。15°C组大小2种规格仿刺参的半致死时间均高于对应的20°C和25°C组,且大规格个体的低氧耐受能力高于小规格个体。相对于20°C和25°C组,在3个DO水平下,15°C组2种规格仿刺参的呼吸代谢均最为活跃,但与15°C常氧组相比,(1.0±0.1)mg/L低氧胁迫时仿刺参的呼吸代谢强度均受到明显抑制。研究表明,低氧胁迫下,仿刺参可能会通过拉长身体增加体表面积来增加氧气摄入量,并以减少运动、降低代谢强度等策略来应对低氧环境,延长存活时间。     

Effects of salinity acclimation on the growth performance,osmoregulation and energy metabolism of the oriental river prawn,Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan)

In this study, we evaluated the growth, osmoregulation and energy metabolism of the oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense, reared during 6 weeks with different salinities (0, 8, 14 and 22 g/L). The results showed that the haemolymph osmolality of M. nipponense increased with an increase in ambient osmotic pressure; the isosmotic point was 490 mOs/kg H₂O. The prawns showed a higher survival rate, weight gain rate and hepatopancreas index in salinity 14 g/L. Digestive enzymes were all affected by salinity, and the highest activities were observed in the salinity 14 g/L. The mRNA expression of Na⁺‐K⁺‐ATPase in gills and p53 in hepatopancreas were the highest in salinity 22 g/L. The expressions of heat shock protein 90 and glutathione S‐transferase genes in hepatopancreas were significantly higher in the salinity 8 g/L. Lipid metabolism‐related genes in hepatopancreas were significantly expressed in the salinity 14 g/L. The glucose‐6‐phosphatase gene in hepatopancreas was highly expressed in the salinity 8 and 22 g/L, and the expression of the ecdysone receptor gene in hepatopancreas was significantly higher in the salinity 14 g/L. The results showed that salinity 14 g/L could promote the growth of M. nipponense. However, higher salinity conditions may cause physiological damage, which provides a theoretical basis for brackish water culture of M. nipponense.     

Effects of Cu,Zn and Cd on larval development and respiratory metabolism of pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai)

Trochophore and veliger are vulnerable pelagic larvae and susceptible to environmental toxicants, which are extremely crucial for the population renewal. Cu, Zn and Cd pollution are common elements in metal pollution in coastal areas. Though Pacific abalone is the main economic mollusc in China, its larval response to metals remains unclear. To understand this, the effect of Cu, Zn and Cd toxicity on malformation classification and respiratory metabolism of trochophore and veliger are analysed and measured in this paper. The 48 hr EC₅₀ for abalone trochophore was (18.9 ± 1.0) μg/L for Cu, (65.1 ± 0.3) μg/L for Zn and (1,377.8 ± 68.9) μg/L for Cd respectively. The LC₅₀ of veliger was (45.8 ± 0.9) μg/L for Cu, (50.0 ± 0.9) μg/L for Zn and (1,049.3 ± 37.6) μg/L for Cd respectively. Trochophore died with no shell at 128 μg/L Cu, yet remained alive with multiple broken‐shell bodies at 128 μg/L Zn and failed to form well‐developed shells at 20,480 μg/L Cd. All veliger died with complete shells at the mentioned concentrations. A self‐made device was used to study the effect on respiratory metabolism. The respiratory metabolism level was significantly fluctuating under Cu and Zn exposure and declined under Cd. The results indicated a decreasing order of the metal toxicity to trochophore and veliger as follows: Cu > Zn ? Cd. Cu and Zn were the main causes of shell abnormality, and Cd was less toxic. Moreover, the affected respiratory has a negative impact on further larval development.     

3种品系尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)盐碱耐受性和生长比较

为评估尼罗罗非鱼的耐盐碱性能,分别测定了上海、山东、河北3种品系尼罗罗非鱼鱼种96 h的半致死盐、碱度,并在不同盐碱混合浓度(S0A0、S10A0、S10A2、S10A4、S10A6)中进行为期60 d的养殖生长比较。单盐、单碱耐性研究表明,上海、山东、河北3种品系尼罗罗非鱼鱼种的96 h半致死盐度分别为18.528 g/L、20.347 g/L、19.342 g/L,96 h半致死Na HCO3碱度为8.827g/L、8.540 g/L、8.542 g/L。盐碱混合条件下,盐度为10时,96 h半致死碱度分别为河北品系(4.377g/L)上海品系(3.561 g/L)山东品系(3.108 g/L),品系之间差异显著(P0.05);盐度为15时,96 h半致死碱度分别为河北品系2.144 g/L,上海品系2.183 g/L,山东品系2.183 g/L,品系之间无显著差异(P0.05),高盐度下尼罗罗非鱼鱼种的碱度耐受性明显低于低盐度下的碱度耐受性。结果表明,尼罗罗非鱼日均增重率在S0A0、S10A0组间无显著差异(P0.05),随着盐碱浓度增加,盐碱S10A4和S10A6组中日均增重率呈下降趋势,河北品系表现出相对生长优势(P0.05)。研究结果为尼罗罗非鱼适宜养殖的盐碱范围的确定、耐盐碱品系的筛选提供了基础资料。     

脂肪酶对南方鲇生长性能、消化酶活性及血液生化指标的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0、0.1、0.3 g/kg的脂肪酶,饲喂平均体重(57.6±0.02)g的南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis Chen)60 d,测定南方鲇的生长性能、饲料表观消化率、消化酶活性及血液生化指标。结果显示:添加0.1 g/kg和0.3 g/kg的脂肪酶,增重率比对照组分别提高了4.0%和5.8%,但差异不显著(P>0.05),饲料系数分别下降了5.0%和6.6%,差异显著(P<0.05),肥满度和粗脂肪消化率显著提高(P<0.05),对内脏指数、肝脏指数、肠脂指数、胰蛋白酶活力、肠蛋白酶活力、肠脂肪酶活力及血液生化指标均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。添加0.3 g/kg的脂肪酶显著提高胰脂肪酶活力(P<0.05),添加0.1 g/kg的脂肪酶对胰脂肪酶活力没有显著影响(P>0.05)。结果表明,在脂肪水平为10%的饲料中添加0.3 g/kg的脂肪酶可以提高胰脂肪酶活力,提高脂肪消化率,改善饲料利用率。     

Effects of dietary mannanase on growth,metabolism and non‐specific immunity of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

An experiment was designed to assess the effects of a commercial β‐mannanase on performance and immunity of tilapia fed plant‐based diets. A basal diet was supplemented with 0.0 (control), 0.5 and 1.0 g β‐mannase kg⁻¹ to formulate three experimental diets. Each treatment contained 4 tanks with 30 fish per tank. Trial lasted 8 weeks. Our results demonstrated that β‐mannanase addition (0.5 and 1.0 g kg⁻¹) improved significantly (P < 0.05) the final weight, specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with the control (0.0 g kg⁻¹). There were no significant differences in feed intake (FI) and survival rate (SR) among the 3 dietary treatments (P > 0.05). β‐mannanase supplementation also led to an increase (P < 0.05) in amylase, trypsin and Na⁺K⁺‐ATPase activities in intestine, and an decrease (P < 0.05) in aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities in serum compared with the control. However, dietary enzyme supplementation had no significant effect on the serum triacylglycerol (TG), cholesterol (CHO), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL‐C) (P > 0.05). Moreover, the dietary β‐mannanase supplementation groups exhibited an increase in the total leukocyte counts (WBC), differential leukocyte counts, respiratory burst activity, lysozyme activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity compared to the controls (P < 0.05). In conclusion, β‐mannanase addition to tilapia diets improved feed utilization and non‐specific immunity resulting in improvements in growth performance.     

Effects of dietary squid viscera meal on growth and cadmium accumulation in tissues of Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus (Cuvier 1828)

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic environmental pollutant with a long biological half‐life and can produce both hepatic and renal injuries in mammals and fish. Squid viscera meal (SVM), an effective attractant for aquatic animals, is widely used as an ingredient in aquafeeds. However, SVM is rich in Cd and its complexes. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary SVM on the growth and Cd deposition in tissues of Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus. Three practical diets were formulated to contain 0, 50 and 100 g SVM kg^?1 diet, respectively, containing 0.21, 7.26 and 12.08 mg Cd kg^?1 diet. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 80 Japanese seabass (mean initial weight, 10.89±0.21 g) in floating sea cages (1.5 × 1.5 × 2.0 m). Fish were fed twice daily (06:30 and 16:30 hours) to satiation for 8 weeks. The results showed that there were no significant differences in fish survival among three dietary treatments, but significant higher specific growth rates (SGR) were observed in the fish fed diets with 50 or 100 g SVM kg^?1 diet than that from the control group (P<0.05). The Cd concentrations in the kidney, liver and gill were found in a decreasing order at each treatment, and positively correlated with dietary Cd levels. Fish fed diets with 50 and 100 g SVM kg^?1 diet had significantly higher Cd accumulations in the kidney (3.25, 5.85 mg kg^?1), liver (0.76, 1.26 mg kg^?1) and gill (0.42, 0.58 mg kg^?1) compared with the control group (0.82, 0.34 and 0.32 mg kg^?1 respectively) (P<0.05). The Cd concentration in fish muscle; however, was undetectable in any treatment. Therefore, based on these results, accumulation of Cd in edible tissue (muscle) of farmed Japanese seabass is not a food safety issue. However, long‐term feeding of diets with SVM may result in accumulation of Cd in the kidneys, liver and gills of fish.     

饲料锌水平对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、组织积累和抗氧化功能的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源,七水硫酸锌为锌源,在基础饲料中分别添加锌0,50,100,150,200,400mg/kg,制成6种含有不同锌水平的精制饲料(19.95,71.06,118.50,174.00,226.10和411.20mg/kg),投喂初始体重为(62.89±0.51)g的星斑川鲽幼鱼66d,研究饲料锌水平对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体成分、组织锌积累及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,随着饲料锌水平的增加,星斑川鲽的增重率(WGR)显著升高(P<0.05),在174.00mg/kg锌饲料组达最大值,而锌水平高于174.00mg/kg时,其增重率和特定生长率(SGR)变化不显著(P>0.05),SGR和WGR的变化趋势相同,且SGR的最大值及饲料系数(FCR)的最小值均出现在174.00mg/kg锌饲料组;全鱼营养成分各处理组间均无显著差异(P>0.05),锌添加量为0mg/kg饲料组的肌肉脂肪含量显著高于其它各组(P<0.05);411.20mg/kg锌饲料组的全鱼、脊椎骨和肌肉中锌积累量显著高于其它各组(P<0.05),当饲料锌水平为118.50～411.20mg/kg时,全鱼、脊椎骨和血清中锌积累量显著高于...