池塘内循环流水养殖斑点叉尾鮰肌肉品质的分析

为探讨池塘内循环流水养殖(IPA)与常规池塘养殖(TPA)的斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)肌肉品质差异,测定两种养殖模式下斑点叉尾鮰3个不同部位肌肉(背部、腹部和尾部)的营养成分,同时分析斑点叉尾鮰背部肌肉的质构和肌纤维特性.结果 显示:IPA组尾部肌肉粗蛋白含量显著高于TPA组(P＜0.05),...     

杜仲对草鱼生长、肌肉品质和胶原蛋白基因表达的影响

为研究杜仲对草鱼生长性能、肌肉品质及胶原蛋白基因COL1A1和COL1A2表达的影响,实验采用初始体质量为(215.0±0.4)g的草鱼120尾,随机分为2处理组(每组3重复,每重复20尾鱼),分别饲喂基础饲料(对照组)和添加2%杜仲的实验饲料(杜仲组),养殖时间为8周。结果显示,与对照组相比,添加2%杜仲对草鱼生长性能无显著影响,但能显著增加肌肉、皮肤和肝脏胶原蛋白水平,增加肌肉总必需氨基酸(TEAA)、总氨基酸(TAA)水平。2%杜仲可显著降低草鱼肌肉的冷冻失水率、离心失水率,但对肌纤维密度和肌纤维直径无显著影响。在胶原蛋白基因表达方面,2%杜仲显著增加了第4周、8周时草鱼的肌肉、皮肤和第8周时的肝脏组织COL1A1、COL1A2基因m RNA表达量。研究表明,饲料中添加2%杜仲可改善大规格草鱼的肌肉品质。     

牛磺酸对急性氨中毒的鲫和草鱼抗氧化及炎症相关基因表达影响的比较

为了比较牛磺酸对急性氨中毒的鲫和草鱼缓释作用的差异,实验分别构建了4个处理组,组1实验鱼通过腹腔注射生理盐水,组2注射醋酸铵(鲫7 mmol/g,草鱼9 mmol/g),组3注射醋酸铵和牛磺酸(100μg/g),组4注射牛磺酸。毒性实验持续96 h。结果显示,组2鲫肝脏中SOD、CuZnSOD和CAT基因mRNA表达量显著低于组1和组3;组2和组3鲫肝脏中GPx基因mRNA表达量显著低于组1;组1鲫大脑中SOD、CuZnSOD、CAT和GPx基因mRNA表达量最高;组2草鱼肝脏中SOD、CuZnSOD、CAT和GPx基因mRNA表达量显著高于其他组;组2和组4草鱼大脑中SOD和CuZnSOD基因mRNA表达量显著低于组1和组3;组3草鱼大脑中CAT和GPx基因mRNA表达量最高;此外,组2鲫和草鱼肝脏及大脑中TNF和IL基因mRNA表达量均显著高于其他组。研究表明,鱼类氨中毒会扰乱机体的抗氧化酶系统和免疫应答,引起氧化损伤和炎症反应;草鱼通过提高抗氧化相关基因表达以应对氨中毒;牛磺酸能够有效缓解氨中毒对鲫和草鱼造成的氧化伤害,但牛磺酸并不能降低氨中毒对鲫和草鱼造成的炎症反应。     

黄芩素对草鱼生长性能、血清抗氧化指标和肌肉品质的影响

为研究黄芩素对草鱼生长性能、血清抗氧化能力和肌肉品质的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加0(对照组)、0.1、0.2、0.4和0.6 g/kg黄芩素,配制成5组饲料,饲养平均体质量为(75.8±0.24) g的草鱼60 d。结果显示,鱼体增重率与黄芩素含量呈二次曲线关系;在添加0.2 g/kg黄芩素时,鱼体增重率最大(210.1%),较对照组提高了8.63%,而饲料系数较对照组降低0.14;添加0.2、0.4和0.6 g/kg黄芩素显著提高了血清SOD活性,降低了MDA含量,添加0.4 g/kg黄芩素显著提高了血清CAT活性。各组在AKP活性和LZM含量上无显著差异。0.4和0.6 g/kg黄芩素组的肌肉总氨基酸含量和总必需氨基酸含量显著高于对照组,0.6 g/kg黄芩素组的总非必需氨基酸含量也显著高于对照组。各处理组在肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分、胶原蛋白含量、肌肉失水率以及肌纤维密度和直径上差异不显著。上述结果显示,黄芩素可促进草鱼生长,提高血清抗氧化能力。草鱼饲料中黄芩素的添加量推荐为0.2 g/kg。     

鲤、鲇及草鱼肌肉理化特性的比较研究

以杂食性的鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、肉食性的鲇(Silurus asotus)和草食性的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)为研究对象,测定了2龄鱼的背部、胸部、腹部和尾部肌肉的pH值、滴水损失、熟肉率、失水率、胶原蛋白含量及剪切值等理化指标,对3种鱼不同部位的肌肉理化特性进行了比较,初步探讨了鱼肉理化特性与食性的关系.结果表明,鲤、鲇及草鱼肌肉的pH值为6.2 ～6.7,3种鱼肌肉间pH值无显著差异(P＞0.05);鲤、鲇及草鱼各个部位肌肉之间以及3种鱼之间的肌肉滴水损失率均无显著差异(P＞0.05);每种鱼各部位肌肉之间的熟肉率无显著差异(P＞0.05),熟肉率表现为:草鱼＞鲤＞鲇(P＜0.05);同一种鱼不同部位肌肉的失水率无显著差异(P＞0.05),3种鱼之间的失水率表现为:鲇＞鲤＞草鱼(P＜0.05);同一种鱼不同部位肌肉的胶原蛋白差异显著(P＜0.05),3种鱼之间差异也显著,鲇＞鲤＞草鱼(P＜0.05);同一种鱼不同部位之间的剪切值差异显著(P＜0.05),3种鱼之间的剪切值表现为:鲇＞鲤＞草鱼(P＜0.05).综合比较可见,淡水经济鱼类的肌肉理化特性与其食性存在一定的相关性,肉食性鱼的嫩度偏低,剪切值大,胶原蛋白含量高,失水率和滴水损失较大,保水能力也相对较差,且同一种鱼各个部位间的肉质理化特性也存在一定差异.     

二、三倍体虹鳟肌肉组织结构及营养成分的比较

选取相同养殖条件下3个不同体质量组的二倍体虹鳟和三倍体虹鳟,其中每组二倍体和三倍体虹鳟各10尾,分析其肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸含量和肌纤维密度及直径,以比较二倍体和三倍体虹鳟的肌肉品质特性差异。试验结果表明,随着体质量的增加,二倍体、三倍体虹鳟肌纤维密度均降低,而肌纤维直径增大;二倍体虹鳟肌纤维直径小于三倍体,密度大于三倍体(P0.05)。随着体质量的增加,二倍体和三倍体虹鳟肌肉水分含量和粗灰分含量减少,而粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量显著增加;三倍体虹鳟粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量显著高于同组二倍体(P0.05),水分和粗灰分含量略低于二倍体,均差异不显著(P0.05)。二倍体和三倍体虹鳟肌肉中谷氨酸含量均最高,三倍体虹鳟总氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量以及鲜味氨基酸含量高于二倍体;根据营养价值评价结果,二倍体和三倍体虹鳟均为蛋氨酸和胱氨酸总量最高,第一限制性氨基酸均为苯丙氨酸。整体上来说,二倍体虹鳟和三倍体虹鳟均为优质蛋白源,二倍体虹鳟嫩度优于三倍体,但随着体质量的增加,三倍体虹鳟肌肉在营养成分上较均衡,且鲜美度要优于二倍体,有更好的食用价值及营养价值。     

冬夏两季五种经济鱼类组织脂肪酸含量及组成分析

为了解不同季节不同鱼类不同组织中的不同脂肪酸含量,科学地指导鱼类膳食消费,本实验研究了冬夏两季,采集自上海市场常见的5种经济鱼类:大黄鱼(海洋肉食性),银鲳(海洋杂食性),日本鳗鲡(淡水肉食性),莫桑比克罗非鱼(淡水杂食性),草鱼(淡水草食性),分别检测鱼背部肌肉、腹部肌肉、尾部肌肉、肝脏和腹腔脂肪组织的脂肪含量和脂肪酸绝对含量。结果显示,5种鱼肌肉脂肪酸谱存在显著差异,并与各自的生活环境及食性均有关系;在鱼的腹腔脂肪或肝脏中,饱和脂肪酸(SFAs)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFAs)含量较高,且与组织脂肪含量密切相关;而多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)、n-3系多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFAs)和n-6系多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6 PUFAs)含量较低,且与组织脂肪含量关系不大;大黄鱼和银鲳各肌肉组织中的n-3 PUFAs、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量以及n-3/n-6值高于莫桑比克罗非鱼和草鱼,并与组织脂肪含量呈正相关;冬季草鱼腹部肌肉、莫桑比克罗非鱼尾部肌肉以及日本鳗鲡和银鲳的肝脏中的n-3 PUFAs含量较夏季高。研究表明,脂肪酸组成与物种、食性、水域环境以及季节温度和组织部位均有关系。从补充n-3 PUFAs摄入的角度分析,日本鳗鲡、大黄鱼和银鲳营养价值高于莫桑比克罗非鱼和草鱼,冬季鱼类的营养价值高于夏季。     

鲤lipea基因表达的时空特征及与脂肪沉积相关性分析

本文旨在克隆鲤(Cyprinus carpio)激素敏感性脂肪酶a (hormone-sensitive lipase a, lipea)基因,探究其时空表达特征及其与脂肪沉积的关系,以期为鲤脂肪沉积分子调控机制研究奠定理论基础。本实验采用RACE技术克隆获得鲤lipea基因,其cDNA全长为3379 bp,包括230 bp的5′非翻译区(5′-UTR)、1067 bp的3′非翻译区(3′-UTR)和编码693个氨基酸的开放阅读框。多序列比对显示,鲤lipea与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和虹鳟(Oncorhynchusmykiss)的氨基酸序列相似性分别为88.17%、64.94%和63.35%,不同物种间序列差异主要集中在C-端的多肽序列上。蛋白质结构分析显示该蛋白含有3个功能域分别具有脂肪酶活性、乙酰基水解酶活性和水解酶活性。应用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析了lipea基因在鲤各组织、不同发育时期以及脂肪含量极端差异个体的肌肉和脂肪组织中mRNA表达量的变化。结果显示, lipea在各组织中均有表达,腹腔脂肪中相对表达量最高,其次是腹部肌肉,血液中最少。随着胚胎的发育, lipea的表达水平呈现下降趋势, 8细胞期表达量最高,其次是囊胚晚期,开口期最少。lipea表达量与背部肌肉脂肪含量呈正相关,但差异不显著(P0.05),与腹腔脂肪量呈负相关,且差异极显著性(P0.01),推测lipea基因对鲤腹腔脂肪沉积可能具有抑制作用。本实验结果可为进一步解析鲤lipea基因的功能和基因调控脂肪沉积分子机制研究提供参考。     

盐度对草鱼生长和肌肉品质的影响

为考察盐度对草鱼生长和肌肉品质的影响,设置盐度为0(对照组),5.0、7.5、10.0的4个水平,饲养平均体重为(725±42) g的草鱼30 d,测定草鱼生长性能、肌肉营养成分和肌肉物理性能指标。结果表明,在0、5.0、7.5盐度中草鱼生长良好,成活率均为100%,增重率为27.6%、28.3%、26.4%,但在盐度为10.0的水体中,草鱼成活率和增重率均极显著降低（P<0.01）,仅为60%、4.5%, 而饲料系数显著上升（P<0.01）;在肌肉基本营养成分方面,盐度为0,5.0,7.5各组草鱼肌肉水分、粗蛋白、灰分含量无显著差异,但盐度为10的草鱼组肌肉水分含量显著增加,粗蛋白含量降低。经过不同盐度水体暂养后,草鱼肌肉中脂肪含量显著减少（P<0.01）,胶原蛋白含量增加,肌纤维耐折力提高,肌纤维直径减小,而盐度对肌肉失水率的影响则呈现不同的特点,其中5.0、10.0盐度使肌肉失水率显著上升（P<0.01）,而7.5盐度则使肌肉失水率显著下降（P<0.01）。上述结果表明,半咸水暂养草鱼可改善其肌肉品质,适宜的盐度值为7.5。表4参28     

甘露寡糖对高糖饲喂下尼罗罗非鱼肌肉品质的影响

甘露寡糖是一种新型饲料添加剂，它具有保护肠道健康和降血糖的功能。然而，甘露寡糖对于鱼类肌肉品质的影响并无系统性报道。为此，本实验选择均重为2g左右的健康尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼315尾，随机分成对照组（Control，糖含量为35%）、高糖处理组（HC，糖含量为45%）和高糖饲料中添加甘露寡糖处理组（HM，糖含量为45%，甘露寡糖添加量为0.5%），每组3缸，每缸35尾，投喂10周后，测定其生长指标、肌肉营养成分和质构特性等相关指标。结果显示，与对照组相比，HC组尼罗罗非鱼肝体比，肌肉内聚性，肌纤维数量、肌苷酸含量、鲜味氨基酸占比、支链氨基酸/芳香族氨基酸比例、甘油三酯含量以及可促进肌肉生长的钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白基因CAST 相对表达量均显著升高；肌肉硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性、肌纤维直径、蒸煮损失，必需氨基酸占比以及在肌纤维的分化中起着重要作用的MyoG基因 相对表达量以及脂肪酸、甘油二酯和磷脂酰肌醇含量显著降低。与HC组相比，HM组尼罗罗非鱼的肌肉弹性、必需氨基酸占比，脂肪酸和甘油二酯含量以及CAST基因相对表达量显著增加；肌肉粘力、肌纤维数量、肌苷酸含量，磷脂酰乙醇胺和磷脂酰胆碱含量以及MyoG基因相对表达量均显著降低。与对照组相比，HM组尼罗罗非鱼增重率和肌肉内聚性，支链氨基酸/芳香族氨基酸比例，甘油三酯和脂肪酸含量显著增加；肝体比，肌肉硬度、咀嚼性以及磷脂含量均显著降低。上述结果表明，高糖饲喂可以使罗非鱼肌肉的保水能力增强，其肌肉更嫩更柔软紧密，提升肌肉鲜味，但会降低氨基酸营养价值。在添加甘露寡糖后，可以促进尼罗罗非鱼生长，提高产肉率和肌肉持水力，并且肌肉更加柔软紧密且富有弹性，提高氨基酸营养价值，但是会降低磷脂含量。     

Comparison of malondialdehyde concentrations in different muscle areas of tench <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tinca tinca</Emphasis> L

The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation changes, was measured in the muscles of male and female common tench (Tinca tinca L.). Differences in MDA concentrations were determined in samples in cranio-caudal and dorso-ventral directions and in surface and deep muscle layers. Mean MDA concentration in both sexes (n=27) was 0.037 mol g-1 tissue (wet weight), with the highest levels in the cranial segment. The difference between the cranial and other segments was significant (p < 0.05 in males andp < 0.01 in females). HigherMDAvalues were found in the cranial segment (malesp < 0.05, femalesp < 0.01), in females in ventral part of the cranio-medial segment, in males in the ventral part of the medio-caudal and dorsal parts of the caudal segment (p < 0.05). Both sexes had higher MDA levels in the ventral parts of the first three segments and in the dorsal part of the caudal segment. The results show lipid peroxidation products that may constitute a potential risk for consumers. We found that the content of these substances in tench varies with body topography. The malondialdehyde content of fresh muscle tissue in tench correlated with its content on a fat weight basis. The highest correlation was found for the dorsal part of segments in females (r = 0.9964), the lowest for ventral parts of segments in males. Quantitative distribution of MDA in body segments of the examined tench population was used as a criterion for creating types and subtypes of lipid peroxidation. Samples for hygienic analysis should include musculature from the site least stable in terms of lipid peroxidation, i.e. the cranial segment.     

Effects of Dietary Lipids on the Growth Performance,Survival, and Digestive Enzymes of Juvenile Cuttlefish,Sepia lycidas

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary lipids on the growth performance, muscle composition, and enzyme activities of the stomach, intestines, and liver of Sepia lycidas juveniles. Fish oil and soybean lecithin were selected as lipid sources to formulate six experimental diets containing lipid levels of 3.68, 4.15, 6.62, 8.09, 9.56, and 11.03%. The feed efficiency first declined and then rose, with the lowest value obtained in individuals fed the 8.09% lipid content diet; the protein efficiency ratio significantly decreased with an increased lipid level. The highest crude protein content and lowest crude lipid content were simultaneously obtained in individuals fed the 9.56% lipid content diet. The activities of pepsase, trypsin, and intestine lipase initially increased before decreasing. The highest activities of protease, trypsin, and lipase were obtained in individuals fed the 9.56% lipid content diet, while the highest activity of amylase was obtained in individuals fed the 6.62% lipid content diet. Hepatic glutamate pyruvate transaminase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase initially increased and then held steady, with the highest activities simultaneously obtained in individuals fed the 9.56% lipid diet. Our results suggest that dietary lipids at a level of 9.56% could be the optimal lipid requirement for S. lycidas to grow and maintain normal metabolism.     

Influence of interposition of pink muscle fiber into dorsal ordinary muscle on temporal change of K-value in cultured carp

To clarify the influence of the interposition of pink muscle fiber into dorsal ordinary muscle on temporal change of K-value, using cultured carp, the dorsal muscle was divided into five muscle parts towards depth with the naked eye as follows: the dark muscle part (P-1), the intermediate muscle part (P-2) and three ordinary muscle parts (P-3, P-4, P-5). These were organized from the muscle fiber types as follows: P-1 was only red muscle fiber type. P-2 was only pink muscle fiber type in a thin layer and two muscle fiber types of not only pink muscle fiber but also white muscle fiber of the IIa or IIb subtype in a mosaic pattern. All of P-3, P-4 and P-5 were two muscle fiber types, white muscle fiber (IIa or IIb subtype) and pink muscle fiber. The temporal changes of K-values were remarkably faster in the order of P-1, P-2, and three parts of P-3, P-4 and P-5. The changes did not exhibit a remarkable difference among the three ordinary muscle parts. From these results, it was considered that the interposition of pink muscle fiber into the dorsal ordinary muscle might accelerate the temporal change of K-value.     

Effects of stocking density on lipid deposition and expression of lipid-related genes in Amur sturgeon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser schrenckii</Emphasis>)

To investigate the correlation between lipid deposition variation and stocking density in Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii) and the possible physiological mechanism, fish were conducted in different stocking densities (LSD 5.5 kg/m³, MSD 8.0 kg/m³, and HSD 11.0 kg/m³) for 70 days and then the growth index, lipid content, lipase activities, and the mRNA expressions of lipid-related genes were examined. Results showed that fish subjected to higher stocking density presented lower final body weights (FBW), specific growth ratio (SGR), and gonad adipose tissue index (GAI) (P < 0.05). Lower lipid content was observed in the liver, gonad adipose tissue and muscle in sturgeons held in HSD group (P < 0.05). The serum concentrations of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased significantly with increasing stocking density, while no significant change was observed for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Furthermore, the cDNAs encoding lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) were isolated in Amur sturgeon, respectively. The full-length LPL cDNA was composed of 1757 bp with an open reading frame of 501 amino acids, while the complete nucleotide sequences of HL covered 1747 bp encoding 499 amino acids. In the liver, the activities and mRNA levels of LPL were markedly lower in HSD group, which were consistent with the variation tendency of HL. Fish reared in HSD group also presented lower levels of activities and mRNA expression of LPL in the muscle and gonad. Moreover, the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) in both the liver and skeletal muscle were significantly upregulated in HSD group. Overall, the results indicated that high stocking density negatively affects growth performance and lipid deposition of Amur sturgeon to a certain extent. The downregulation of LPL and HL and the upregulation of PPARα may be responsible for the lower lipid distribution of Amur sturgeon in higher stocking density.     

饲料脂肪水平对克氏原螯虾亲虾生长性能、肌肉成分、繁殖性能以及血淋巴生化指标的影响

为研究克氏原螯虾亲虾对脂肪的需要量,本实验采用初始体质量为(15.46±0.20)g的克氏原螯虾亲虾324尾,分为6组(每组设置3个重复,每个重复18尾,雌雄比例为2:1),投喂粗蛋白质水平为30%,脂肪水平分别为1.98%(对照组)、4.12%、5.84%、7.89%、10.48%和11.89%的6组半精制饲料,饲养8周后,测定并分析亲虾的生长性能、肌肉成分、繁殖性能、肝胰腺消化酶活性以及血淋巴部分生化指标。结果发现:①随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,增重率和特定生长率先上升,在饲料脂肪水平达到7.89%后呈下降趋势;饲料系数和肝体比呈上升趋势,11.89%组最高。②饲料脂肪水平对亲虾肌肉水分和灰分含量无显著影响;随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,肌肉粗脂肪含量呈现先升高后降低最后趋于稳定的趋势,在饲料脂肪水平为5.84%时最高。③随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,性腺指数、抱卵率、抱卵量均呈现先上升后降低的变化规律,均在饲料脂肪水平为7.89%时达到最大。④血淋巴中总蛋白含量随饲料脂肪水平呈现先下降后上升趋势;谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性均随饲料脂肪水平升高而升高,均在11.89%组最高;血淋巴中葡萄糖含量各组间无显著性差异。⑤饲料脂肪水平对实验虾肝胰腺蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性有显著影响,对淀粉酶活性无显著性影响。利用增重率与饲料脂肪水平进行折线回归分析,克氏原螯虾亲虾获得最佳增重率时对饲料的脂肪需要量为7.60%。对实验虾生长性能、肌肉成分、繁殖性能、肝胰腺消化酶活性、血淋巴生化指标进行综合分析,显示本实验条件下克氏原螯虾亲虾对脂肪需要量为7.60%～7.89%。     

普安银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)卵黄囊期脂蛋白脂酶和肝脂酶基因的表达及葡萄糖、维生素C对其的影响

为了探讨普安银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)卵黄囊期脂蛋白脂酶(Lipoprotein lipase, LPL)和肝脂酶(Hepatic lipase, HL)的表达特点及葡萄糖和维生素C溶液分别浸泡对它们的影响,本研究采用荧光定量PCR技术检测LPL和HL基因在普安银鲫卵黄囊仔鱼发育中的表达情况及mRNA表达水平,并检测了葡萄糖、维生素C对这两种基因mRNA表达量的影响。结果显示,LPL和HL基因在普安银鲫内源营养期、混合营养期和外源营养期均有表达,且LPL和HL mRNA表达量呈上升变化。葡萄糖组LPL和HL mRNA表达量呈上升变化,维生素C组也呈上升变化。在内源营养期、混合营养期和外源营养期,葡萄糖能显著上调LPL和HL mRNA的表达量(P<0.05);在内源营养期、混合营养期和外源营养期,维生素C能显著上调LPL mRNA的表达量,而HL mRNA的表达量在混合营养期和外源营养期显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,普安银鲫发育至混合营养期时,机体内脂质分解代谢增强。适宜水平的葡萄糖、维生素C能诱导LPL和HL mRNA的表达。     

Dietary Lipid Levels Affect the Growth Performance,Lipid Deposition,and Antioxidative Capacity of Juvenile Scaleless Carp,Gymnocypris przewalskii,on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau

A 56‐d growth trial was conducted to evaluate the growth performance, lipid deposition, and antioxidative capacity of juvenile scaleless carp, Gymnocypris przewalskii, on Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. One‐year‐old juveniles (initial weight: 15.99 ± 0.02 g) were fed practical diets with different lipid levels of 4, 5.5, 7, 8.5, and 10%, respectively. Results showed that the best specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion rate, and total antioxidative capacity (T‐AOC) in hepatopancreas were observed in fish fed the diet with 7% lipid level. Fish fed with high lipid diets (8.5 and 10%) had significantly higher condition factor and viscerosomatic index as well as lipid in muscle, intestine, mesenteric fat tissue, and whole body. Highest level of hepatopancreas lipase and lipoprotein lipases activities as well as malondialdehyde content and the lowest level of feed intake and T‐AOC content in hepatopancreas and intestine were also observed in fish fed with high lipid diets (8.5 and 10%) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, based on SGR and hepatopancreas T‐AOC content, dietary lipid requirement of juvenile G. przewalskii was estimated to be 7.35 and 7.39%, respectively.     

Exposure to seawater stimulates lipid mobilization from depot tissues of juvenile coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook (O. tshawytscha) salmon

Tissue lipid content and lipolytic enzyme activity was determined in selected tissues of coho salmon,Oncorhynchus kisutch, at various developmental stages (freshwater parr, freshwater smolt, seawater smolt, and seawater stunt) and in tissues of coho salmon and chinook salmon,O. tshawytscha, exposed to seawater periodically during smoltification. Among developmental groups, total lipid concentration of liver and dark muscle was highest in freshwater (FW) parr. Lipid concentration in both liver and dark muscle was significantly lower in FW smolts, seawater (SW) smolts and SW stunts; no difference was observed among these groups. Alterations in lipid composition were reflected in depot triacylglycerol lipase activity. FW smolts, SW smolts and SW stunts displayed significantly higher lipase activity than FW parr in each of the tissues examined (live, dark muscle and mesenteric fat). Early in smoltification (March, April), exposure to seawater results in enhanced lipid depletion from liver, dark muscle and mesenteric fat, both 30 and 60 days after exposure, compared to FW controls. This depletion was accompanied by increased liver (March and April) dark muscle (March) and mesenteric fat (March) lipase activity. Later in smoltification (May), salinity-induced alterations in lipid metabolism were not observed. These results indicate that exposure to seawater stimulates lipid depletion in juvenile salmon and that the depletion can be explained, in part, by increased depot lipase activity. Furthermore, these data confirm that metabolic dysfunction is associated with stunting.