磁性玉米秸秆生物炭对水体中Cd的去除作用及回收利用

以农田生态系统废弃农作物秸秆资源化利用为前提,以生物炭去除水体重金属镉(Cd)污染及其回收利用为目的,该文以500℃裂解的原始玉米秸秆生物炭(MSB,maize straw biochar)和磁性玉米秸秆生物炭(MMSB,magnetic maize straw biochar)试验材料,在2种生物炭的表面性状进行表征的基础上,探究了不同吸附条件下生物炭对污染水体中Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附去除作用及其回收利用的可能性。结果表明:MSB和MMSB对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量在pH值为5时达到最大,其最大吸附量分别为27.52和33.45 mg/g;当MSB和MMSB添加量为1.4和0.8 g/L时,对Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率分别可达85.15%和95.48%;Langmuir方程能更好地模拟等温吸附行为,MSB和MMSB达到平衡时的最大吸附容量分别为26.03和43.45 mg/g,趋近实际值;动力学数据与二级动力学方程拟合度更高,MSB和MMSB的平衡吸附量Qe理论值分别为13.42和24.31 mg/g;MMSB对其表面吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的解吸率均显著低于MSB。磁性生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附效率和固着能力增强可能与其较高的pH值、更大的比表面积、更多的极性含氧官能团有关。此外,在外部存在磁场的情况下,磁性生物炭可以通过磁力作用加以回收再利用。研究成果对促进农业废弃物的资源化利用以及水体环境中重金属净化技术的进步均有重要意义。     

不同生物质炭对棕壤中磷素吸附解吸的影响

为了减少土壤磷素流失,提高磷肥利用效率,探究不同生物炭对棕壤中磷素吸附解吸行为的影响规律,以水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳为原材料,利用限氧升温炭化法制备生物炭,通过批量吸附实验研究了生物炭种类和生物炭添加量对棕壤磷吸附解吸的影响。结果表明：水稻秸秆生物炭在添加量为0.4%时显著提高棕壤对磷的吸附量,花生壳生物炭和玉米秸秆生物炭则显著降低棕壤对磷的吸附量；等温吸附曲线表明,不同生物炭均未改变等温吸附曲线的变化趋势,均可用Langmuir方程和 Freundlich 方程进行描述(R²>0.93),其中 Langmuir 方程拟合效果更好,不同处理对磷的理论吸附量大小顺序为：水稻秸秆生物炭+棕壤>棕壤>花生壳生物炭+棕壤>玉米秸秆生物炭+棕壤；吸附动力学实验表明,不同生物炭均未改变磷吸附动力学曲线的变化趋势,在所有动力学模型中,准二级动力学模型最适合描述土壤对磷的吸附行为(R²>0.99),其次为准一级动力模型(R²>0.99)和Elovich动力学模型(R²>0.88)；三种生物炭均显著促进棕壤对磷的解吸,当生物炭添加量为≥0.2%时,水稻秸秆生物炭、玉米秸秆生物炭和花生壳生物炭,分别可提高棕壤对磷的解析率50%、70%和90%以上。由此可见,不同生物炭可提高棕壤对磷素的供应和利用,水稻秸秆生物炭在减少棕壤磷素流失、保护生态环境方面具有更大的应用价值。     

纳米Fe_3O_4负载酸改性炭对水体中Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附

为探讨纳米Fe_3O_4负载联合硝酸改性椰壳炭对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)单一及复合溶液的吸附特性,通过静态吸附实验,针对吸附剂的表面特性、投加量、溶液初始pH、吸附时间、重金属初始浓度等影响因素进行了探讨,应用等温吸附模型及吸附动力学模型对吸附特性进行了研究。结果表明,纳米Fe_3O_4负载酸改性炭比表面积较未改性椰壳炭增加了221.03 m~2·g~(-1),表面含氧官能团如O-H、C=O、C-O-C增加,芳香性增强,等电点提高至5.68。从经济效率角度考虑5 g·L~(-1)为合理吸附剂用量,pH为5.0时,吸附效果最好,吸附在4 h达到平衡。准二级动力学模型对吸附的拟合度更高,吸附主要是化学吸附,吸附由快速外扩散和颗粒内扩散共同作用,Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附分别更符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型。纳米Fe_3O_4负载酸改性椰壳炭对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的最大吸附量(Qm)分别达42.54 mg·g~(-1)和25.79 mg·g~(-1),为未改性椰壳炭的1.87倍和2.23倍,复合溶液中Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的Qm分别为单一溶液的65.16%和54.21%,这揭示了离子共存条件下的吸附竞争现象。研究表明,纳米Fe_3O_4负载联合硝酸改性提高了椰壳炭对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附能力,且Pb~(2+)的吸附性能及吸附竞争性优于Cd~(2+)。     

热裂解温度对生物质炭吸附解吸Cd~(2+)行为的影响

以玉米秸秆、水稻秸秆、稻壳为原料分别在350℃、450℃、550℃、650℃热裂解温度下制备玉米秸秆炭(MSB)、水稻秸秆炭(RSB)和稻壳炭(RHB),比较不同热裂解温度下三种生物质炭对溶液中重金属离子Cd~(2+)的吸附解吸特性。利用准一级、准二级和颗粒内扩散模型对吸附过程进行拟合,结果表明三种生物质炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附满足颗粒内扩散方程。随着热裂解温度的升高,同一种原料制备的生物质炭达到吸附平衡的时间缩短。Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合结果显示,三种生物质炭对溶液中Cd~(2+)的吸附更符合Langmuir方程。单位数量的RSB在一定浓度Cd~(2+)溶液中对Cd~(2+)的吸附量显著高于MSB和RHB。三种生物质炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附量随制备生物质炭的热裂解温度的升高而降低。三种生物质炭中玉米秸秆炭的解吸率最小。因此评价生物质炭对溶液中重金属的去除效果需要考虑原料、热裂解温度等多种因素的影响。     

西南地区典型农田土壤中Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的吸附特性研究

为了解西南地区土壤对污染毒性较强的Cd和Pb元素的吸附过程及作用机制,针对性地为预防和治理土壤污染提供理论依据,采用批试验的方法研究了典型黄棕壤和紫色土对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的吸附动力学、等温吸附过程以及土壤有机质、溶液pH对吸附过程的影响。结果表明:土壤吸附Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)均能在12 h内达到平衡,土壤对Pb~(2+)平衡吸附量远大于Cd~(2+),准二级动力学模型最适合表征其动力学过程(R~2≥0.99)。吸附等温线可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合,土壤对Pb~(2+)的吸附能力和缓冲能力较Cd~(2+)更大,吸附是自发进行的物理化学作用并存的过程。黄棕壤对Pb~(2+)的吸附为放热反应,紫色土对Pb~(2+)以及两种土壤对Cd~(2+)的吸附为吸热反应。去除有机质的土壤对重金属的吸附量降低,Cd~(2+)在黄棕壤和紫色土中的试验最大吸附量分别减少了37.89%、29.62%;Pb~(2+)则分别减少了12.87%、20.71%。土壤对金属离子的吸附量随溶液初始pH的增加而增加。     

不同来源生物炭对土壤磷吸附解吸的影响

主要研究了水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆、花生壳四种来源的生物炭对土壤磷吸附解吸的影响。研究结果表明:生物炭对土壤磷吸附的影响取决于土壤溶液中磷的浓度,与对照相比,在中低磷浓度(0~90 mg L-1)时,四种生物炭对土壤磷的吸附影响较小,而在较高磷浓度时,小麦秸秆生物炭和花生壳生物炭均抑制了土壤磷的吸附,而水稻秸秆生物炭和玉米秸秆生物炭均能促进土壤磷的吸附。吸附动力学试验表明,在反应开始的4小时内,土壤对磷的吸附较快,吸附量基本达到平衡吸附量的50%;到达吸附平衡时,添加生物炭能够降低土壤对磷的吸附量,四种生物炭对土壤磷的吸附量依次为:小麦秸秆玉米秸秆花生壳水稻秸秆。此外四种生物炭都能促进土壤中磷的解吸,其中玉米秸秆的促进效果最为显著,解吸量比对照高1.76倍。Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程都能很好地拟合生物炭存在下土壤磷的吸附等温线(P0.01),Freundlich拟合程度要比Langmuir方程的高。准一级动力学方程和准二级动力学方程都能很好地描述生物炭存在下土壤磷的吸附动力学(P0.01)。     

水洗处理对不同原料生物质炭吸附解吸Cd~(2+)行为的影响

以水稻、小麦、玉米和猪粪为原料,比较秸秆类生物质炭和畜禽粪便类生物质炭对溶液重金属Cd~(2+)的吸附解吸特点及其水溶性盐分含量的影响。结果表明,生物质炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附结果均很好地符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir方程,猪粪炭的Cd~(2+)最大吸附量达20.7 mg g~(-1),为秸秆炭吸附量的1.37~1.72倍。洗脱去除可溶性盐分显著降低生物质炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附。水洗后秸秆炭对Cd~(2+)的最大吸附量为猪粪炭的2~4.3倍,水稻、小麦、玉米和猪粪炭对Cd~(2+)的最大吸附量分别降低52.6%、72.7%、72.8%和91.9%。洗脱作用提高了生物质炭对Cd~(2+)的解吸率,其中猪粪炭提高幅度最大,由原来的1.76%~7.96%提高到12.00%~27.49%。因此,可溶性盐分在生物质炭吸附Cd~(2+)过程中具有重要作用。所以,在污染土壤治理中需要考虑不同原料的组分差异,以制备高效修复土壤重金属污染的生物质材料。     

沙柳生物炭对矿区铜离子吸附性能的研究

为研究利用生物炭在草原矿区土壤铜污染修复中的治理效果,研究在外业调查的基础上借以Cu~(2+)为污染源,沙柳生物炭为吸附材料进行了室内模拟试验,探究沙柳生物炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附性能的研究。结果表明:Lagergren准二级动力学模型、颗粒内扩散模型和Freundlich、Temkim等温吸附模型能够较好地描述沙柳生物炭对溶液中Cu~(2+)的动力学吸附过程(R~20.99)及等温吸附过程(R~20.56),可见沙柳生物炭对溶液中Cu~(2+)的吸附并非单层的吸附,而是复杂的吸附过程。沙柳生物炭对溶液中Cu~(2+)的吸附量最大为19.13mg/g,且在弱酸环境下有利于沙柳生物炭的吸附作用;当吸附16h后,沙柳生物炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附量和吸附率均达到峰值后且不再随吸附时间的延长而增加;沙柳生物炭的吸附量、吸附率与吸附时间、溶液pH值均呈显著正相关关系(p0.05)。     

秸秆生物炭对棕壤中Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附效应及影响因素

以棉花、花生秸秆为原料,采用限氧热裂解法分别于350℃、500℃、650℃下制备生物炭,通过等温吸附和吸附动力学实验,研究两种秸秆生物炭对棕壤中Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附特性和修复效应。结果表明:随裂解温度上升,秸秆生物炭的碳化程度和BET比表面积增加,而含氧官能团、H/C和O/C的比值则减少,且花生秸秆生物炭的芳香化程度、碳化程度和比表面积均高于棉花秸秆生物炭;不同温度梯度制备的生物炭在吸附效果及机制方面存在差异,秸秆生物炭对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附效果与Lagergren动力学方程的二级动力学方程、Langmuir等温方程可以较好拟合;随着pH的升高,吸附量均增加,吸附量在6.5时达到最大,且花生生物炭的吸附量大于棉花生物炭;SEM电镜扫描图展示了花生秸秆生物炭的表面特征和孔隙结构比棉花明显;FTIR谱图分析表明秸秆生物炭含氧官能团含量随裂解温度的升高而减少。综上,花生秸秆生物炭对山东棕壤重金属污染的修复效果更优。     

法国梧桐叶片炭和枝条炭对水中Pb2+的吸附特性影响

以法国梧桐叶片和枝条为原料在500℃下通过限氧裂解法制成生物质炭,进而采用批量吸附法探究了不同溶液初始pH、吸附时间、溶液初始Pb~(2+)浓度对生物质炭吸附效果的影响,并通过拟合吸附动力学曲线和吸附等温线方法初步研究吸附机理。结果表明,与法国梧桐枝条炭相比,叶片炭矿质元素组成相对较为复杂,官能团种类较丰富。2种生物质炭均在吸附时间为24 h时、初始pH为5时达到最大吸附量,叶片炭的最大吸附量比法国梧桐枝条炭高25.6%。2种生物质炭的动力学吸附过程均符合准二级动力学方程,表明吸附速率主要受化学因素控制;2种生物质炭的吸附等温线更符合Langmuir模型,吸附以单分子层为主,也存在层间扩散的多分子层吸附。综上所述,2种生物质炭均能较好地吸附水溶液中的Pb~(2+),叶片炭的吸附效果比枝条炭更明显,在实际生产中可以将法国梧桐修剪枝和落叶炭化后用于铅污染水体修复。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.