三种常用药物对黑鲷幼鱼的急性毒性试验

试验研究水产常用药物敌百虫、硫酸铜+硫酸亚铁合剂、高锰酸钾对黑鲷幼鱼的急性毒性。结果发现,黑鲷幼鱼对敌百虫24、48、96h的半数致死浓度分别为1.13、0.85、0.54mg/l,敌百虫对黑鲷幼鱼的安全浓度为0.14mg/l;黑鲷幼鱼对硫酸铜+硫酸亚铁合剂(5:2)24、48、96h的半数致死浓度分别为7.07、6.43、6.25mg/l,硫酸铜+硫酸亚铁合剂对黑鲷幼鱼的安全浓度为1.60mg/l;1mg/l和2mg/l的高锰酸钾在30min内对黑鲷幼鱼的行为等无明显影响。     

地图鱼对八种常用鱼药的敏感性试验

体长3－5cm的地图鱼对八种常用鱼药的敏感性强度为：孔雀石绿＜敌百虫＞甲醛＞硝酸亚汞＞硫酸铜硫酸亚铁合剂（5：2）＞强氯精＞漂白粉＞食盐,各种药物对地图鱼的安全浓度依此次序分别为：0.013,0.035,1.74,0.13,0.78,0.39,1,6,3395ml/L。     

四种常用渔药对黄尾鲴幼鱼急性毒性的研究

为了弄清高锰酸钾、硫酸铜、二氧化氯、氧化钙四种常用渔药对黄尾鲴幼鱼的急性毒性,试验采用半静态毒理试验法对其急性毒性进行研究。结果表明:四种药物对黄尾鲴幼鱼的安全浓度依次为1.62 mg/L、0.16 mg/L、0.93 mg/L、28.11 mg/L。说明这四种鱼药对黄尾鲴幼鱼的毒性大小依次为:硫酸铜二氧化氯高锰酸钾氧化钙。     

硫酸铜和硫酸亚铁(5∶2)合剂对黄河鲤鱼的急性毒性试验

为了研究硫酸铜和硫酸亚铁(5∶2)合剂对黄河鲤鱼的急性毒性,在常温条件下用五水硫酸铜和七水硫酸亚铁(5∶2)进行急性毒性试验,分别设置0.30 mg/L、0.41 mg/L、0.57 mg/L、0.79 mg/L、1.09 mg/L、1.50 mg/L 6个浓度梯度(以铜离子浓度计)。结果表明:黄河鲤鱼对五水硫酸铜和七水硫酸亚铁(5∶2)24小时、48小时、72小时、96小时时的半致死浓度(LC_(50))分别为1.00 mg/L、0.75 mg/L、0.67 mg/L、0.63 mg/L,安全浓度为0.40 mg/L。     

溴氯海因对家蚕病原菌的杀灭效果试验初报

溴氯海因(bromochlorodimethylhydantoin)是一种新型消毒剂。体外抑菌试验结果表明,溴氯海因消毒液对家蚕病原细菌和真菌的抑制作用较强,最小抑菌浓度范围分别为0.15~0.3、0.1~0.3 mg/L,最低杀菌浓度范围分别为0.6~1.2、0.6~2.4 mg/L。生物学试验表明,当有效溴氯质量浓度分别为0.6、1.2 mg/L时,对家蚕病原细菌和病原真菌的杀灭效果均达到100%,并且该消毒剂对家蚕生长发育、茧质无不良影响。药效稳定性试验表明,溴氯海因粉剂存放12个月后,其有效溴氯质量浓度未发生改变,药效稳定性良好。     

高锰酸钾等14种药物对东北林蛙蝌蚪的胁迫研究

为了研究强氯杀星、强力消毒粉、净水消毒清、卫康、顶点、金碘、速特、拜洁、高锰酸钾(KMnO4)、硫酸铜、硫酸锌、过硫酸钾、硫酸亚铁、氯化钠14种水产药物对东北林蛙蝌蚪毒性胁迫研究,试验在常温、静水条件下进行毒性试验。结果表明:KMnO4对东北林蛙蝌蚪24,48,72,96小时的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为3.297,2.684,1.512,1.098 mg/L,安全浓度(SC)为0.534 mg/L。KMnO4对东北林蛙蝌蚪属于中毒类药物(1.0 mg/L96小时LC5010.0 mg/L),KMnO4对东北林蛙蝌蚪不同时间的LC50与暴露时间呈正相关,且差异显著(P0.05)。东北林蛙蝌蚪在卫康(1.0 mg/L)、顶点(0.1 mg/L)、强氯杀星(1.0 mg/L)、速特(0.1 mg/L)和硫酸铜(1.0 mg/L)溶液中24小时、48小时和96小时时的死亡率较高,东北林蛙蝌蚪在强力消毒粉(18.0 mg/L)、净水消毒清(18.0 mg/L)、金碘(500.0 mg/L)、硫酸锌(20.0 mg/L)、氯化钠(100.0 mg/L)、过硫酸钾(100.0 mg/L)和硫酸亚铁(100.0 mg/L)溶液中24小时、48小时和96小时时的死亡率较低。     

棉籽饼对虹鳟养殖的影响

用棉籽饼代替虹鳟鱼饵料中0、25、50、75、100 %的鱼粉,配制的5种饵料对虹鳟生殖的影响进行了测定.试验用虹鳟个体重(247±8)g,投饵试验131 d,个体重增长了2倍.投饵试验0、64、112、131 d时取血测定雌雄虹鳟血浆中的甾类激素和血液参数.测出投喂饵料5的虹鳟鱼血红蛋白浓度显著降低,为(7 9±0 3)g/dl,而投喂饵料1～3的虹鳟鱼血红蛋白浓度为10 3～10 9 g/dl.投饵试验112 d和131 d后投喂饵料2和3的虹鳟鱼精巢重量和甾酮浓度高于投喂饵料4和5的虹鳟鱼.投饵71 d后各试验组的鱼精子浓度(7 2～9 8×109/mL)和活力(78 %～89 %)无显著差异.投喂饵料2、3、4、5的虹鳟鱼血浆中的棉酚浓度分别为2 9、11 7、21 7、29 9 μg/mL,大部分与蛋白质结合,精液中棉酚含量很少.故棉籽饼饵料对虹鳟生殖无显著影响.     

海豹体表纤毛虫病的发现和治疗

杭州动物园淡水饲养的海豹 (6只 )首次发现感染了半眉虫 (Hemiophrys) ,斜管虫(Chilodonella cyprini)和杯体虫 (Apiosoma)等纤毛虫。病海豹表现为离群独居、漂浮水面、流泪眨眼、食欲减退、感染区被毛脱落并覆盖一层白色薄膜。采用浓度 0 .55mg/ kg硫酸铜加浓度0 .2 mg/ kg硫酸亚铁合剂 ,内池药浴 1 2 h后 ,转外池 (0 .3mg/ kg硫酸铜 )饲养 ,隔日一次 ,疗程为 1 4天 ,取得了较为理想的治疗效果。     

六种常用渔药对鲮鱼鱼苗的急性毒性试验

在渔业生产上,渔药种类繁多,不同种鱼对各种药物的敏感性也存存差异.许多学者曾研究了高锰酸钾、敌百虫、硫酸业铁、硫酸铜、甲醉、强氯精等渔药对其他鱼类的毒性作用,但是对鲮鱼这一热带鱼的毒性研究较少.我选择了高锰酸钾、硫酸铜、敌百虫、硫酸亚铁、甲醛、强氯精等六种不同类型的常用药物进行试验,研究有毒物质对鲮鱼鱼苗的影响及其致死浓度的大小,与养殖用药作为一个比较,找出它们的安全浓度,求出半致死浓度(LC50).     

二溴海因药液对家蚕真菌病和病毒病主要病原体的消毒效果试验

推广使用高效、安全的消毒药剂是规模化养蚕防病技术体系中的重要内容之一。将新型消毒药剂二溴海因配制成不同浓度药液,对家蚕真菌病、病毒病的主要病原体进行消毒试验。结果表明,以0.5g/L二溴海因药液进行蚕体消毒,可达到100%杀灭白僵菌、黄曲霉菌的消毒效果;单独使用二溴海因药液不能杀灭家蚕核型多角体病毒(BmNPV)、家蚕质型多角体病毒(BmCPV),但在质量浓度为0.5g/L的二溴海因药液中添加5.0g/L碳酸钠后,即可达到100%杀灭BmNPV、BmCPV的消毒效果,并且碳酸钠的添加不影响针对白僵菌、黄曲霉菌的蚕体消毒效果。二溴海因药液对家蚕的安全性试验表明,4～5龄期每天添食1次用1.0g/L(或0.5g/L)二溴海因+5.0g/L碳酸钠溶液浸润的桑叶,对家蚕的生长发育无明显影响,全茧量、茧层率等经济指标与对照相仿。综上初步认为,二溴海因和碳酸钠混合的消毒药液可以应用于家蚕真菌病、病毒病主要病原体的消毒。     

中药保肝解毒汤对欧鳗(Anguilla anguilla)实验性肝病保护作用的酶学机理研究

研究了由茵陈、龙胆、甘草、大黄及栀子组成的中药制剂保肝解毒汤对实验性肝病欧鳗血清转氨酶、肝脏抗氧化酶活性的影响。健康组欧鳗养于清水中，4个处理组先暴露于0．12mg／LCu^2＋溶液4d，其中一组作为阳性空白对照组不治疗，其余3组为中药治疗组，即保肝解毒汤治疗低剂量组（200mg／L）、保肝解毒汤治疗高剂量组（400mg／L）和降酶灵（所含成分为五昧子）治疗对照组（100mg／L），分别在水和相应药液中处理4d。结果显示：阳性空白对照组欧鳗与健康组相比，血清转氨酶AST、ALT活性极显著升高（P〈0．01），肝脏抗氧化酶CAT、GSH-Px活性受抑制（P〈0．01），SOD活性受诱导（P〈0．05）。各治疗组与阳性空白对照组相比，AST、ALT活性回落明显（Pd0．01）；CAT、GSH-Px活性显著升高（P〈0．01），并接近或超过健康组水平；SOD活性则在已有明显升高的基础上，得到进一步增强，其中以治疗低剂量组和治疗对照组最为显著（P〈0．01）。本研究表明该中药制剂具有良好的抗肝损伤及恢复肝功能作用，可用于治疗欧鳗的中毒性肝病。     

Comparison of cupric and sulfate ion effects on chronic selenosis in rats

The ameliorating effects of Cu++ and SO4--ions on concurrent selenite toxicity were compared in two factorial experiments using 60 weanling rats each. In the first experiment, 0, 500 and 1,000 mg Cu (as CuCl2)/kg diet were fed in conjunction with 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg Se (as Na2SeO3)/kg diet. In the second experiment, the treatments were 0, 500 and 1,000 mg SO4 (as Na2SO4)/kg fed in conjunction with 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg Se/kg diet. A paired-feeding experiment using 10, 15 and 20 mg Se/kg diet was also conducted with 28 rats to compare the influence of inanition in control and selenite-fed rats. Cupric++ ion, but not SO4--ion, prevented mortality among selenite-intoxicated rats. There were significant Cu X Se interaction effects on feed intake, daily gain, packed cell volume (PCV), serum Cu and Fe, sperm counts, and weights of liver, kidney and testis. There were main effects of Cu and Se on serum Se and liver Cu. In Exp. 2 there were significant SO4 X Se interaction effects on feed intake, daily gain, serum Cu and testis weight. There were main effects of Se on PCV, sperm count, serum testosterone, liver Se, liver Cu and the absolute weights of liver and kidney. The only main effect of SO4 was that of increased liver Cu concentrations. Among the pair-fed rats, the selenite-fed rats, with one exception, died before their paired rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Safety and efficacy of an inactivated vaccine against Lactococcus garvieae in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

We studied the safety and efficacy of an inactivated vaccine (Ichtiovac-Lg) against Lactococcus garvieae in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In an initial dose-response experiment to test safety, we injected 50 rainbow trout weighing 30-40 g with a double dose of vaccine (0.2 ml) intraperitoneally. We observed these fish three times a day until day 50 post-vaccination when they were killed to evaluate visceral reactions, adhesions and intraperitoneal absorption. Survival was 100% in both the treatment and control groups and no significant differences were found in percentage of severe adhesions and pigmentation of peritonea and viscera. In a second trial, we injected 50 rainbow trout weighing 30-40 g with 0.1 ml of vaccine and a control group was injected with 0.1 ml of PBS intraperitoneally. On day 29 post-vaccination, both groups were challenged by intraperitoneal injection with 0.1 ml of a virulent heterologous strain of L. garvieae at 3 x 10(6) cfu ml(-1) and fish were observed for a further 21 days. At the end of the experiment, the survivals of the vaccinated fish and control group were 94 and 4%, respectively.     

Rumen microbial response in production of CLA and methane to safflower oil in association with fish oil or/and fumarate

Supplementation effect of fish oil and/or fumarate on production of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and methane by rumen microbes was examined when incubated with safflower oil. One hundred and twenty milligrams of safflower oil (SO), safflower oil with 24 mg fish oil (SOFO), safflower oil with 24 mmol/L fumarate (SOFA), or safflower oil with 24 mg fish oil and 24 mmol/L fumarate (SOFOFA) were added to the 90 mL culture solution. The culture solution was also made without any supplements (control). The SOFA and SOFOFA increased pH and propionate (C3) compared to other treatments from 3 h incubation time. An accumulated amount of total methane (CH₄) for 12 h incubation was decreased by all the supplements compared to control. The concentrations of c9,t11CLA for all the incubation times were increased in the treatments of SOFO, SOFA and SOFOFA compared to SO. The highest concentration of c9,t11CLA was observed from SOFOFA among all the treatments at all incubation times. Overall data indicate that supplementation of combined fumarate and/or fish oil when incubated with safflower oil could depress CH₄ generation and increase production of C₃ and CLA under the condition of current in vitro study.     

Differential effects of sodium and magnesium sulfate on water consumption by beef cattle

The existing guidelines for maximum sulfate (SO4) in cattle drinking water are based on Na2SO4, although many water sources contain greater concentrations of MgSO4. Two experiments compared the effect of different SO4 salts on water consumption and fecal DM of cattle. In Exp. 1, 8 yearling heifers (initial BW = 345 +/- 8 kg; mean +/- SD) were watered twice daily with tapwater or water containing Na2SO4 or MgSO4 at target levels of 1,500, 3,000, or 4,500 mg of SO4/L for 2-d treatment periods separated by 2 d of access to tapwater. In Exp. 2, 16 yearling cattle (initial BW = 421 +/- 24 kg) were watered twice daily with tap-water (16 mg of SO4/L) or water containing Na2SO4 at target levels of 2,000 mg of SO4/L (low Na2SO4), MgSO4 at 2,000 mg of SO4/L (low MgSO4), or MgSO4 at 4,000 mg of SO4/L (high MgSO4) in 21-d treatment periods separated by 7-d periods on tapwater. The first 10 d of each period were allowed for adjustment to the treatment, and the final 11 d was considered the treatment period for analysis purposes. Treatments were applied in an incomplete Latin square, where each animal was exposed to 3 of the 4 treatments. In Exp. 1, the average daily water consumption decreased linearly as the SO4 concentration increased for MgSO4 (P = 0.0001) but not for Na2SO4 (P = 0.39). In Exp. 2, the average daily water consumption was less for cattle on the high-MgSO4 treatment than for cattle on the low-MgSO4 treatment (P = 0.0001), and cattle on the low-MgSO4 treatment tended (P = 0.09) to drink less than those on the tap-water treatment. Fecal DM was greater for cattle on the high-MgSO4 treatment than for those on the low-MgSO4 treatment (P < 0.01). These findings indicate that cattle reduce their consumption of water containing high (> or = 4,000 mg of SO4/L) concentrations of MgSO4, even after a given time to adjust to the treatment; such reductions may be accompanied by an increase in fecal DM.     

不同盐胁迫对长穗偃麦草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用不同浓度NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHCO3、Na2CO3单盐溶液对长穗偃麦草种子进行胁迫处理,测定种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数以及幼苗芽长和根长等指标,研究长穗偃麦草种子在不同盐胁迫条件下的萌发特性。结果表明,与用蒸馏水培养的对照相比,随着NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHCO3、Na2CO3单盐浓度的增加,长穗偃麦草种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均呈下降趋势。NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHCO3、Na2CO3对胚芽长和胚根长的抑制规律一致,表现为随盐浓度升高抑制作用增强,且胚根比胚芽对盐浓度反应更敏感;但是低浓度NaHCO3对胚根生长有一定的促进作用。4种单盐对长穗偃麦草种子萌发的抑制作用总体表现为:二价盐>一价盐。     

中药在肉鸡无公害生产中的应用研究

将4.4万只同龄的艾维茵肉仔鸡平均分为4栋进行试验,其中中药实验组2栋,化药对照组2栋,地面常规饲养,使用由北京锦绣大地风华兽药有限公司按GMP标准生产的灭呼散、肠菌清纯中药添加剂.试验结果表明中药添加剂组与化药组相比较,可提高肉鸡的生产性能及经济效益,发病率、死亡率下降了55.94%、生产成本降低了0.19元/kg,经济效益提高了78.31%;中药能显著调节肉鸡肠道的微生态平衡,降低有害菌大肠杆菌的数量(P＜0.01),增加有益菌乳杆菌的数量(P＜0.01),并可在一定程度上增加双歧杆菌的数量;对使用中药后胴体及组织中农药、抗生素、重金属残留的监测表明,中药作为肉鸡生产中的药物添加剂可满足无公害养殖标准.     

Tolerance for excess basic zinc chloride and basic copper chloride in chicks

(1) Four chick experiments were conducted to determine toxicity estimates for basic zinc chloride (BZC) and basic copper chloride (BCC), now being used as sources for these minerals. (2) In experiment 1, New Hampshire x Columbian crossbred chicks were fed 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 3000 and 5000 mg Zn/kg from BZC (Zn5Cl2(OH)8). Broken-line regression analysis showed that the minimal toxic break points for chick weight gain and gain:food were 1720 and 2115 mg Zn/kg, respectively. (3) Crossbred chicks were fed 0, 150, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg Cu/kg from BCC (Cu2(OH)3C) in experiment 2. Regression analysis indicated that the minimal toxic break points for chick weight gain and gain:food were 642 and 781 mg Cu/kg, respectively. (4) In experiment 3, commercial broiler chicks were fed 0, 1500, 2000 and 2500 mg supplemental Zn/kg from BZC or 0, 500, 650 and 800 mg supplemental Cu/kg from BCC. Broiler chicks fed those high inclusion rates of Zn did not show reduced weight gain in comparison to chicks fed no supplemental Zn. All high concentrations of supplemental Cu depressed chick weight gain in comparison to control chicks. (5) Experiment 4 involved two separate 4 x 2 factorial designs with supplemental Zn (0, 2500, 3500 and 4500 mg/kg) or Cu (0, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg) and two breeds of chicks (crossbred and commercial). Significant interactions for weight gain, food intake, gain:food and liver Cu suggested that the crossbred and commercial chicks responded differently to high concentrations of supplementary dietary Cu.     

The dose–response relation for the antinociceptive effect of morphine in a fish,rainbow trout

Jones, S. G., Kamunde, C., Lemke, K., Stevens, E. D. The dose–response relation for the antinociceptive effect of morphine in a fish, rainbow trout. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.  35 , 563–570. There have been suggestions that analgesics be used by fish researchers. But in the absence of dose–response data for morphine, this suggestion seems imprudent. The purpose of the present study was to develop a dose–response relationship in fish using six doses of morphine. The response (movement of the fins or tail) to a noxious stimulus (electrical shock to the face region) was monitored before and after a dose of morphine intraperitoneally (i.p.). The i.p. dose of morphine ED₅₀ in rainbow trout was 6.7 ± 0.8 mg/kg (n = 12 at each dose). The plasma morphine concentration EC₅₀ was 4.1 ± 1.5 mg/L. In a second experiment, rainbow trout tested with equal amounts of morphine and naloxone (30 mg/kg) showed that the antinociceptive effect of morphine was blocked by naloxone. It has been suggested that stress‐induced analgesia has been a confounding factor in some fish studies. However, plasma cortisol levels in our study indicated that stress was not a confounding factor in the present experiments. The ED₅₀ for morphine in fish was higher than that reported for humans or other mammals. Our observation showing a dose–response relation for morphine using a noxious stimulus supports arguments for its effectiveness as an antinociceptive drug in fish.     

不同盐胁迫对高羊茅种子萌发的影响

用不同浓度的NaCl,Na2CO3,Na2SO4 ,NaCl和Na2CO3 的混合液以及NaCl、Na2CO3和Na2SO4的混合液分别处理高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）种子,研究不同盐分胁迫对高羊茅种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数以及幼苗根长和苗高的影响。结果表明,低浓度盐处理对高羊茅种子的萌发影响不大,高浓度盐处理显著抑制了种子的萌发。随着盐浓度的升高,高羊茅种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均呈下降趋势,且对幼苗生长和幼根生长的抑制作用加强。高羊茅种子对不同类型盐的耐受性各异,不同盐分对种子萌发的抑制程度为Na2SO4<混合盐(NaCl+Na2CO3+Na2SO4)相似文献