Effect of difference in training skills on stress in horses trained by Kazakh trainers

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of differences in trainer skills on horse training during the early stages of riding habituation by measuring the levels of stress and changes in stress levels. Among nine untrained horses employed, five in Group A were trained by two low-skilled trainers, whereas the remaining four in Group B were trained by two high-skilled trainers using the traditional Kazakh method. Salivary α-amylase concentration was measured as a biomarker of stress immediately before and after each riding session during the training period. In the duration of riding and mooring times to the total riding habituation time for each horse, no significant difference was observed between the two groups. In contrast, the mean total stress and mean final stress were significantly lower in Group B than in Group A, and the mean total change in stress before and after riding habituation was significantly higher in Group B. Differences in trainer skills were evidenced as differences in training methods to suppress the total stress levels through differences in the application of stress burden during the training of individual horses.     

《实验动物学》的教学方法探讨

《实验动物学》是研究实验动物和动物实验的一门新兴学科,是生命科学研究的基础和条件,是现代生命科学前沿领域研究中最为活跃的学科门类之一。为了更好地讲授该课程,就《实验动物学》的教学方法进行了初步地探讨,以期为同行提供参考。     

WAAVP/Pfizer award for excellence in teaching veterinary parasitology: teaching of veterinary parasitology--quo vadis?

Some thoughts on training and recruitment of academic teachers and future trends in teaching veterinary parasitology are presented with emphasis on the European situation. It is underlined that research is an indispensable basis for academic teaching. Besides a broad scientific background of the teacher, motivation and teaching methods are also important. Many academic teachers do not receive formal training in teaching methods. In order to improve future education, training of staff members in teaching methods should be promoted. Quality control of teaching and research, already established in many schools, should generally be introduced. Teaching is mostly underestimated in relation to research. Therefore, more weight should be placed on the former both in selecting scientists for the career as academic teachers and in evaluating and ranking departments for their academic activities. In the future veterinary medicine will have to cope with profound changes in the society and the veterinary profession, and the progressing European unification will enhance trends for internationalizing teaching curricula. Therefore, veterinary medicine has to reconsider the teaching subjects and methods and to lay more emphasis on flexibility, skills of problem-solving and self-learning and on training for life-long learning. At present there is an ongoing discussion on the question how to teach veterinary medicine, including veterinary parasitology. There are various options, and some of them are discussed, namely, the disciplinary and the problem-based/organ-focussed approaches. It is concluded that for teaching of veterinary parasitology and related disciplines a combined disciplinary and problem-based approach offers the best chances for fulfilling the requirements of teaching for the future. In the curriculum of undergraduate teaching of veterinary medicine at least 70-90 h should be dedicated to veterinary parasitology using a disciplinary and taxonomic approach. Additional hours are required for instructions on clinical cases in approaches focussed on animal species and/or organ diseases. As there is a need for discussing teaching issues, post-graduate specialization, and continuing education in parasitology and related disciplines on national and international levels, it is recommended to WAAVP to include regular workshops on teaching in the programmes of the biannual conferences, and to establish a permanent committee which should collect information and submit proposals for improvement of teaching veterinary parasitology.     

Animal welfare legal aspects of rodeo events

Rodeo events have been criticised by animal welfare organisations as being adverse to animal protection, for years. This was the motive for TVT to put several of these criticised disciplines to evaluation in terms of animal protection aspects. For that purpose, various rodeo events were visited, and videotaped material of almost all events, which had taken place in Germany in 2003 and 2004, was evaluated. Rodeo events are subject to and 11, sec.1, No. 3d, German Animal Protection Act, which implies compulsory accreditation. In the scope of such events, causing any sort of pain and suffering (and 3 No. 6 German Animal Protection Act) is prohibited. A proof of the severity of the pain caused, is therefore no necessity. For the "critical" disciplines "Bare Back Riding" and "Saddle Bronc Riding" a so called "flank" is used. A flank is a leather strap, fastened to the sensitive parts of the horse skin, (around the flanks,) which is tightened to a maximum as soon as the horse is released from the starting box. Analysis show, that the strap has to be seen as the trigger for the wanted kow-tow. The different coping strategies shown by the animals prove that the leather strap is an apt instrument to cause pain and/or suffering (anxiety/fear/stress) in horses. Bull riding, instead, showed that the rider has to be seen primarily as the trigger for defence behaviour, here. In consideration of the current legal position and taking ethic principles into account, it seems appropriate to only authorise rodeo events under the condition of a flank strap ban. Bull riding should be banned in general.     

大四学生课堂教学中出现的问题与对策

随着当今社会大学生就业压力的不断加大，大学四年级学生在就业阶段呈现出了许多不利于课堂教学的问题。本文对大学四年级课堂教学过程出现的问题进行了分析，根据大四学生的不同特点，划分为不同的群体。并提出了如何提高大四学生课堂教学效果的措施。     

农业院校《动物生物化学》课程自主学习教学模式初探

 动物生物化学是农业院校动物科学与动物医学专业重要的专业基础课程。随着生物科学技术的迅猛发展，学科间交叉渗透不断产生新的生物边缘学科，使得动物生物化学课程涉及内容不断扩展，大量复杂教学内容和有限学时之间的矛盾已成为困扰大学动物生物化学教学工作的严峻问题。本文以建构主义教育理论为指导，结合动物生物化学课程的特点，总结近年教学改革成果，初步建立了动物生物化学课程大学生自主学习教学模式，其基本结构层次为：目标任务-兴趣动机-资源环境-过程控制-反馈交流-意义建构。此模式强调教师与学生在教学过程中的对等主体地位，着力培养学生在学习过程中的主动性和自主性。通过自主学习很好解决了课程有限学时与大量教学内容的矛盾，取得了良好的教学效果。同时，此模式对培养大学生自主学习能力与良好学习习惯，促进终身学习型社会的形成具有积极的作用。     

One educator's perspective on the role of instructional technology in veterinary surgical education

A brief overview of the history of instructional technology (IT) use in veterinary surgery education is followed by an assessment of the state of the art in this discipline in the United States. Comments on assessment of teaching tools and the need for a concerted effort at future assessments are made in light of published information regarding the success of alternative learning methods in education in other disciplines. A few final comments are shared about discipline specific technology demands in surgical education and the issue of copyrights versus sharing resources.     

Leisure riding horses: research topics versus the needs of stakeholders

Horses intended for leisure riding do not undergo any selection and most often retired sports horses or defective horses are chosen, as a low selling price determines their purchase by a leisure riding center. Unfortunately, horses bought at low prices usually have low utility value, are difficult to handle, require a special or individual approach and do not provide satisfaction in riding. However, neither modern horse breeding nor scientific research address the need to breed horses for leisure activities. There is no clear definition of a model leisure horse and criteria or information for its selection are not readily available in scientific publications. A wide spectrum of research methods may be used to evaluate various performance traits in horses intended for leisure activities. The fact that the population of recreational horses and their riders outnumber sporting horses should attract the special attention of scientific research. Their utility traits need to be determined with modern technology and methods in the same way they are for sporting horses. Such a system of evaluation would be very helpful for riders.     

Colic Surgery in Horses: A Retrospective Study Into Short- and Long-Term Survival Rate,Complications and Rehabilitation toward Sporting Activity

Colic surgery in horses impacts both short-term well-being of horses due to possible surgical and anesthetic complications and also long-term return to a sporting career. In this retrospective study, survival and complication rates, as well as functional outcome and behavioral problems in horses that underwent colic surgery were studied. Data from 283 horses that underwent colic surgery at a veterinary teaching hospital were analyzed. Furthermore, owners were contacted and requested to fill out a questionnaire concerning the first year of rehabilitation. Of 283 horses that underwent colic surgery, 167 (59%) were discharged home. After discharge from hospital, 34 horses (12%) were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 133 horses, 128 were still alive after 1 year (96.2%), while 5 horses were euthanized due to recurrent colic. Of the horses that did not survive the hospitalization period 73 horses (25.8%) were euthanized intraoperatively and 36 horses (12.7%) during intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Survival of horses entering the ICU up to discharge from hospital was 79.5%. During rehabilitation, 49 horses (59.8%) that returned home experienced one or more recurrences of colic. Fifty-two horses (63.4%) that returned home reached at least preoperative level of performance. Altered behavior and gait-related problems during specific elements of riding (for instance during collecting, lateral bending, etc.) were reported in up to 46.2% of horses. Improving veterinary aftercare in collaboration with other disciplines (e.g., physiotherapy and saddle fitting) during rehabilitation could be a means to further improve athletic performance and welfare after recovery from colic surgery.     

Methods, applications and limitations of gait analysis in horses

Over the last 30 years, the increase in interest in horses for racing and riding activities has stimulated scientific research in equine locomotion. This paper presents a review of the measurement methods and their applications used to assess equine locomotion. After describing gaits and velocity-related changes in stride variables, the current applications of gait analysis are presented. The economic consequences of lameness justifies the great effort now being put into lameness quantification and prevention. To improve breeding and reduce the costs of training, early performance evaluation tests for each discipline are proposed. After extensive fundamental and methodological research on the various aspects of equine locomotion, the horse industry should benefit from the applications of gait analysis by improving the profitability of racing and riding activities.     

动物遗传学模块式教学构建与探讨

遗传学是一门研究基因的结构、功能及其信息传递和表达规律的学科。《动物遗传学》作为遗传学的一个重要分支,是生命科学和动物科学等专业的一门专业基础课。在“十四五”时期推动高质量教育体系建设的时代背景下,动物遗传学作为农林类院校动物遗传育种专业的核心课程,其教学质量的全面提升对于促进一流学科的高质量发展至关重要。而要实现这一目标,关键在于对动物遗传学教学方式进行深入的改革与探索。将模块式教学法应用于《动物遗传学》的教学中,不仅有助于激发学生对专业课程的学习兴趣,还能有效增强学习效果,进一步提升学生的综合能力。     

动物病理生理学教学实践中学生创新性思维能力的培养

为了探讨在动物病理生理学教学实践中学生创新性思维能力的培养。文章对作者在动物病理生理学长期教学实践中运用的科研式教学法、PBL教学法、网络教学、病例教学法、分层互动式教学、黑箱法、哲学思维教学、学导式教学等方法进行了总结。通过在动物病理生理学课堂教学和实验教学中以上几种教学方法的尝试,使动物医学专业学生尽早体验临床兽医师的角色,将基础兽医学所学理论知识与临床兽医学相结合,逐步使学生具有创新性思维能力,达到预期的教学效果。     

教具在兽医专业教学中的应用

教具是在教学过程中体现了教育思想、教学目标、教学内容和教学方法的一切辅助课堂教学的器材。教具在兽医专业的教学中起着至关重要的作用。对目前我国兽医专业使用的主要教具类型及特点进行综述,以期为教具的开发和应用提供参考。     

《发酵工程》实验课程教学的改革与探索

《发酵工程》实验是生物技术及其相关专业的一门核心课程,对提高学生的实践能力和创新能力具有重要意义。针对《发酵工程》实验课程教学中存在的问题,从该实验课程的教学内容、教学模式、考核评价以及教学条件等方面进行了改革与探索,并应用于教学实践中,取得了良好的教学效果。     

澳大利亚高校教学方法对吉林农业科技学院学生动物实验技能提高的启示

在生命科学研究领域,实验动物和动物实验起着非常重要的作用,为了提高本科生动物实验技能的训练,以适应就业岗位的需要,结合澳大利亚高校教学方法,对吉林农业科技学院动物科技学院相关专业实验动物技术课程进行理论和实验教学内容及方法的调整与改进,在教学理念方面强调“以学生本”,理论教学采用小组合作式和以问题为导向的教学模式;实验教学以项目法结合教师科研以提高学生动物实验技能为目的,多种教学方法相互融合以提高教学效果,旨在提高该校本科生动物实验技能,提高科技创新能力及就业竞争力。     

Stress-related behaviors among horses used in a therapeutic riding program

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether therapeutic riding resulted in higher levels of stress or frustration for horses than did recreational riding and whether therapeutic riding with at-risk individuals was more stressful for the horses than was therapeutic riding with individuals with physical or emotional handicaps. DESIGN: Observational study. ANIMALS: 14 horses in a therapeutic riding program. PROCEDURE: An ethogram of equine behaviors was created, and horses were observed while ridden by 5 groups of riders (recreational riders, physically handicapped riders, psychologically handicapped riders, at risk children, and special education children). Number of stress-related behaviors (ears pinned back, head raised, head turned, head tossed, head shaken, head down, and defecation) was compared among groups. RESULTS: No significant differences in mean number of stress-related behaviors were found when horses were ridden by recreational riders, physically handicapped riders, psychologically handicapped riders, or special education children. However, mean number of stress-related behaviors was significantly higher when horses were ridden by the at-risk children. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that for horses in a therapeutic riding program, being ridden by physically or psychologically handicapped individuals is no more stressful for the horses than is being ridden in the same setting by recreational riders. However, at-risk children caused more stress to the horses, suggesting that the time horses are ridden by at-risk children should be limited both daily and weekly.     

A Preliminary Study of an Inertial Sensor-based Method for the Assessment of Human Pelvis Kinematics in Dressage Riding

Kinematic studies of horse and rider often suffer from their limitation to laboratory conditions because of video-based measurement techniques. To date, there are no suitable sensor-based methods published for the assessment of the rider's pelvis. The aim of this study was to reveal the possibilities and limitations of inertial sensors to assess the motion of the rider's pelvis in walk, trot, and canter, with particular attention to repeatability. Two female riders rode the same horse in repeated trials wearing an inertial sensor attached to their pelvis. Both riders were tested in walk, sitting trot, rising trot, and canter. Gait-dependent and interindividual characteristics of pelvis rotation in dressage riding under field conditions could be demonstrated. The possibility of obtaining kinematic data of horse and rider under field conditions using inertial sensors seems to be promising not only for researchers and horsemen but also for objectifying progress in therapeutic riding.     

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 《动物学》是一门内容广博的基础学科,是农业院校生物专业的重要基础课程,作为新世纪的农业科技人才,应具有扎实的动物学基础理论和实践操作技术。论文从动物学课程的理论教学和实验教学两个方面对动物学的教学改革提出自己的观点,以期为提高农业院校生物专业课程的教学效果提供参考。     

SBT融合TBL教学法在研究生课程教学中的应用

研究生课堂教学应以培养自我学习、创新思维、批判思辨以及团队协作等能力为目标,创新和改革研究生课堂教学方法势在必行。SBT(专题研讨教学)和TBL(团队学习教学)是两种"以学生为中心"的新型教学法,二者各具优、缺点,但互补性较好。探讨了SBT与TBL融合教学法在研究生细胞分子生物学课程教学中的应用及教学效果。结果表明,SBT与TBL融合教学法能够提高研究生自我学习动力和独立思考的积极性,增强学生的创新意识和团队协作能力,对于提升研究生的综合科研素质具有促进作用。     

碎片化移动微学习在兽医微生物学课程教学中的应用

兽医微生物学是动物医学本科课程体系中的一门专业基础课,涉及内容广,知识更新快。有限的课堂时间无法满足学生对学科前沿知识的学习期待,传统填鸭式的教学模式不能有效发挥学生的主动性,从而影响教学质量的提高。基于智能手机的碎片化移动微学习,由于迎合了娱乐式学习和终身学习的需求,目前已广泛应用于外语类文科课程的教学过程中,但在微生物学等非文科类专业尚未全面推广。介绍了碎片化移动微学习的概念和研究现状,分析了其在兽医微生物学教学中的应用,以期为相关学科的教学改革提供参考。