我国猪矿物元素营养研究进展（综述）

动物组织含约45种矿物元素，依其在动物体内含量多寡，分为常量及微量矿物元素，其中含量多于0．01％的矿物元素称常量元素，包括钙，磷，镁，硫，钠，钾，氯，含量少于0．01％者称微量元素，与动物营养有关的主要有铁，铜，锰，锌，硒，碘，钴，钼 ，氟，锡，镍，硅，砷，铬，钒（吴成坤，1991年，韩友文，1996）。本文仅对我国猪矿物元素营养研究进展予以综述，主要涵盖矿物元素需要量，来源及生物学效价等内容。     

青海绵羊血清铁传递蛋白的电泳研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对青海省５个品种共１０５０只绵羊的血清铁传递蛋白进行了电泳研究。结果发现青海绵羊的血清运铁蛋白共有１１个电泳变异体（Ｉ，Ａ，Ｇ，Ｂ，Ｌ，Ｃ，Ｄ，Ｍ，Ｅ，Ｑ，），构成３７种电泳表型（ＩＡ，ＡＥ，ＡＡ，ＡＧ，ＡＢ，ＡＬ，ＡＣ，ＡＤ，ＡＭ，ＡＥ，ＡＢ，ＧＧ，ＧＢ，ＧＬ，ＧＣ，ＧＤ，ＧＭ，ＧＱ，ＢＢ，ＢＣ，ＣＤ，ＣＭ，ＬＣ，ＬＤ，ＬＥ，ＣＣ，ＣＤ，ＣＭ，ＣＥ，ＣＱ，ＣＰ，ＤＤ，ＤＭ，ＤＥＤＱ，ＫＰ，ＭＱ）。在５个品种绵羊中，藏羊血清铁传递蛋白的电泳变异体和电泳表型最多，分别为１１个和２８种，茨盖羊的最少，分别为６个和１６种，青海细毛羊，新疆细毛羊和青海半细胞毛羊介于两者之间。     

绵羊硝酸铵中毒与防治

1998年10月，我县一牧户饲养的500只绵羊在煤矿附近采食时，有20多只绵羊突然发病，当日至翌日死亡60多只。经现场调查，剖检，实验室检查，确诊为绵羊硝酸铵中毒。 1 临床症状 采食硝酸铵多量后呈急性发病，绵羊在数小时内拒食，兴奋不安，无目的乱跑，四肢乱蹬乱刨，站立不稳，颈、胸部肌肉震颤，惊悸不安，发出痛苦的哀叫，口吐白沫，鼻流灰红色带泡沫的液体，呼吸困难，心跳加快，口腔粘膜脱落、糜烂，咽喉肿胀，头颈向后挺直，倒地痉挛而突然死亡。采食较少的呈慢性经过，病畜食欲减少或废绝，口边缘有红色泡沫状的液体，腹痛不安，出现兴奋症状，站立不稳，多尿呈橙红色，数小时后卧地，反刍停止，不时抽搐，精神极度沉郁，肌肉颤抖，呼吸困难、促迫，心跳加快，120次／分钟，节律不齐，有的体温升高，瞳孔散大，濒死期体温开始下降，肛门外突，四肢痉挛，发出痛苦的呻吟声而窒息死亡，病程一般1～2天。 2 剖检变化 鼻唇有血水样，腹部肿胀臌气，四肢内外侧及腹部皮下有出血斑点，血凝不良，胸腔内充满紫黑色的血液，心房、心室充血呈紫黑色，心内外膜充血有出血点。肺边缘增厚，间质增宽，气管内有大量胶冻样物并混有少量血液。肝肿大呈紫黑色，胆囊充盈，胆汁呈酱油色，脾肿大淤血质脆弱，肾水肿，浆膜下及肾盂瘀血，膀胱浆膜有出血斑点，肠系膜淋巴结肿大出血呈紫黑色。胃内容物充满，胃粘膜脱落，有成片出血点，胃内容物呈褐色并有氨味，肠充血呈紫黑色，似血肠一样，粘膜脱落，肠内容物混有少量气泡的紫色粘稠液体。     

神经型犬瘟热与多发性硬化症脊髓脱髓鞘病变的关系

分别叙述神经型犬瘟热与人多发性硬化症，脊髓脱髓鞘病变各自的病因，发病机理，临床表现，体征，神经系统检查，诊断，治疗方案，疗效观察，通过比较，总结，为犬瘟热的预防，治疗，科研找到一条互相借鉴的经验，增强人兽共患意识，加强公共卫生监督等防范措施，具有重要意义。     

鸡多病因呼吸道病的特点及综合防治

近年来，出现了一种综合性症状，包括呼吸加快，喘气，张口结舌，引颈呼吸，异常的呼吸音，咳嗽，甩头流泪，眼结膜炎，眶下窦及颜面肿胀，青年鸡生长受阻，蛋鸡产蛋下降，蛋壳变薄、颜色变浅，采食量下降，甚至废绝，部分鸡腹泻。随着病情的发展，日死亡率逐渐上升。病鸡白天的症状往往不明显，仅     

白玉县实施“科教兴县”战略的情况调查与政策取向

一、困境及成因 长期以来，一论及四川藏区贫困的基本因素，人们往往会振振有词地归结为两大方面：一是地理因素的制约，导致交通不便，信息闭塞；二是历史的沉淀，导致问题诸多，积重难返。人云亦云，听多了，背熟了，明知为政多年，山河依旧，也引以为常，见贯不听；看多了，见久了，浑晓百姓贫困，食不裹腹，仍不思进取，心安理得。 果真如此吗？我带着这个问题，走遍了全县的山山水水，对白玉县的方方面面作了深入的调查研究。坚持从实际出发，区分层次，有的放矢，注意实效；坚持解放思想、实事求是，深入农牧户，‘听实话，查实情，调…     

骆驼刺对鸡生化指标、免疫力及生产性能指标的影响

选择1日龄三黄鸡80只，随机分为两组，试验期为4周，按常规免疫，对照组饲喂基础日粮，试验组在基础日粮中添加1.5%的骆驼刺，在7，14，21，28日龄检测两组久的血液生理生化指标。结果表明，骆驼刺可以提高鸡的抗体水平，E玫瑰花环率，红细胞数，白细胞数，淋巴细胞数，体重以及免疫球蛋白IgG,IgA,IgM,LDL,IB,AST的含量，但差异不显著（P〉0.05），骆驼刺对免疫器官胸腺和脾脏指数有升高作用，可降低嗜碱性细胞的百分比，降低TC，TG，HDL，TB，DB，ALP的含量，与对照组比较，差异不显著（P〉0.05）.     

芝麻渣开发利用新途径

芝麻渣是芝麻榨油后的副产品。我国年产芝麻渣约5万吨，因适口性差，一直被作为劣质饲料或废物弃掉。从营养成分角度看，芝麻渣属高蛋白饲料资源，芝麻渣的各种营养成分含量为（％）：干物质92.0，代谢能（兆卡／公斤）2.14，粗蛋白39.2，粗脂肪10.3，粗纤维7.2，无N浸出物24.9，粗灰分10.4，钙2.24，总磷1.19，有效磷0.36，赖氨酸0.93，蛋氨酸0.81，胱氨酸0.50，色氨酸0.40，苏氨酸1.32，异亮氨酸1.42，组氨酸0.81，缬氨酸1.84，亮氨酸2.52，精氨酸3.97，草丙氨酸1.68，酪氨酸1.21，甘氨酸1.81，丝氨酸1.53。如此高营养成分的资源只因适口…     

2002年7月国际动物疫情

世界动物卫生组织（OIE）2002年7月通报的国际动物疫情有：蒙古国，巴勒斯坦，韩国，津巴布韦的口蹄疫，罗马尼亚，摩尔多瓦，法国，乌克兰的古典猪瘟，智利，塞内加尔的禽流感，苏丹，丹麦，日本，委内瑞拉的新城疫，意大利的猪水泡病，阿根廷的蓝舌病，美国的鲤春病毒病和小红细胞症，尼日尔的牛肺疫及牛海绵状脑病统计资料。     

你是蝴蝶翩翩起舞

Ta，有一个好听的法文名字，Papillon，意为蝴蝶。它的头颅很小，宽度中等，在两耳间，略呈圆拱型。它的口吻很精致，从头部下来突然变细，在口吻与头部结合的位置，止部的轮廓十分清晰。它有着非常细的鼻尖，鼻镜呈黑色，圆形，上端略平，而嘴唇略薄且黑，咬合为剪状咬合。它的眼，如葡萄般，     

Changes in the serum urea: creatinine ratio in dogs with babesiosis, haemolytic anaemia, and experimental haemoglobinaemia

The purpose of this study was to determine serum urea and creatinine concentrations, the derived urea : creatinine (UC) ratios, haemoglobin concentrations and glomerular filtration rates (GFR) in dogs with haemolytic anaemia and those with experimentally induced anaemia and/or haemoglobinaemia. There were 25 dogs with babesiosis (group 1), 13 control animals (group 2), six dogs with induced haemoglobinaemia and anaemia (group 3), six with induced haemoglobinaemia (group 4), and 14 with immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA) (group 5). The median serum urea concentration was 11.18 mmol/L (group 1), 4.3 mmol/L (group 2), 4.3 mmol/L (group 3), 4.35 mmol/L (group 4), and 8.5 mmol/L (group 5). Median serum creatinine was 67 μmol/L (group 1), 75 μmol/L (group 2), 78.5 μmol/L (group 3), 84 μmol/L (group 4), and 82 μmol/L (group 5). Median serum haemoglobin was 1.3g/L (group 1), 0.8 g/L (group 2), 9 g/L (group 3), 3g/L (group 4), and 1.3g/L (group 5). The median UC ratio was 41.35 (group 1), 15.36 (group 2), 14.18 (group 3), 13.6 (group 4), and 14.15 (group 5). GFR was normal in all five groups. Serum urea concentration and the UC ratio were significantly greater in dogs with babesiosis than in those with IMHA, experimentally induced anaemia and/or haemoglobinaemia.     

Arrested development of Trichostrongylus tenuis as third stage larvae in red grouse

Worms were counted in red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) in north east Scotland in March, April, August, September, November and December 1986. Immature worms occurred as third (L3) and fourth (L4) stage larvae throughout. Two kinds of evidence suggest that L3 larvae spent much of the winter in a state of arrested development. First, recently acquired L3 larvae could be distinguished by the fact that they retained outer L2 cuticles for a few days; these were present only in the August and September samples. Secondly, the mean proportion of larvae (L3 and L4) present as L3 was less than 15 per cent in August and September, but increased to 92 per cent by December and then decreased to 71 per cent by March and April. During March and April the proportion of L4 increased as overwintering L3 resumed their development.     

The main proteinases in Dermatobia hominis second and third instars larvae are serine-proteinases

We performed a combination of proteinase assay, either in solution or immobilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel copolymerized with gelatin, to detect and quantify proteinases of Dermatobia hominis second (L2) and third (L3) instar larvae. In the quantitative assay, we examined proteinase activity by hydrolysis of a panel of peptide bonds specific for the main proteinase classes. We verified that the pGlu-Phe-Leu p-nitroanilide substrate was hydrolyzed by crude extracts of L2 (3.0+/-0.2 nmol h(-1)mg of protein(-1)) and L3 (7.7+/-0.1 nmol h(-1)mg of protein(-1)) and that both activities were partially inhibited by trans-epoxysuccinyl-l-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane, 15% and 3%, respectively. Also, we demonstrated that the Nalpha-p-Tosyl-l-Arg methyl ester substrate was hydrolyzed by crude extracts of L2 (117+/-24 nmol h(-1)mg of protein(-1)) and L3 (111+/-10 nmol h(-1)mg of protein(-1)), suggesting a predominance of esterase activity in the crude larval preparation. Interestingly, the specific activity of serine-proteinases was totally inhibited by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride in the L3 crude extract, while only 10% of this enzyme class activity was inhibited in the L2 crude extract. The results of the qualitative assays with substrate gels suggested that L2 and L3 larvae express serine-proteinases with similar (13 and 22 kDa) and distinct (50 kDa in L2 and 30 kDa in L3) relative molecular masses. These findings contribute to the biochemical characterization of D. hominis L2 and L3 larvae.     

Age-related changes in the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after intravenous administration in goats

The pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin was studied in adult goats and 1-, 3- and 6-weeks-old kids after single dose i.v. dose of 2 mg/kg body weight. Drug concentration in plasma was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the data collected were subjected to compartmental kinetic analysis. Volume of distribution was relatively high in adult goats (Vss = 1.31 L/kg), and increased with age (Vss = 0.92 L/kg, 0.95 L/kg and 1.00 L/kg, in 1-, 3- and 6-weeks-old kids respectively). Total body clearance (Cl) also increased with age from 0.080 L/kg.h (1-week-old) to 0.097 L/kg.h (3-weeks-old), 0.18 L/kg.h (6-weeks-old) and 0.23 L/kg.h (adult goats). As a consequence of increased body Cl, area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve decreased with age (AUC = 27.46 microg.h/mL, 22.61 microg.h/mL, 11.86 microg.h/mL and 8.44 microg.h/mL in 1-, 3-, 6-weeks-old kids and adults, respectively) and a longer elimination half-life was found during the first 3 weeks of age (t1/2beta = 9.66 h, 8.25 h, 6.44 h and 7.18 h, in 1-, 3-, 6-weeks-old kids and adults, respectively). Mean residence time decreased with age from 11.86 h in 1-week-old kids to 9.63 h (3 weeks), 5.76 h (6 weeks) and 5.06 h in adult goats.     

Leptin gene haplotypes are associated with change in immunological and hematological variables in dairy cow during the peripartum period

In this study, the effect of polymorphisms in the leptin gene on the hematological variables in periparturient dairy cows was investigated. The hematological profile of 67 Holstein cows was assessed for 6 wk around calving. The DNA of the cows was genotyped at 6 polymorphic loci within the leptin gene, and 7 haplotypes were reconstructed. Significant haplotype substitution effects were found, for haplotype 1, on total white blood cell count for 2 wk around calving (+0.70 10(3)/μL, P = 0.05; +1.38 10(3)/μL, P = 0.0001); on neutrophil cell count in the first week after calving (+0.94 10(3)/μL, P = 0.001); on lymphocyte count during the 3 wk before and the first week after calving (+0.32 10(3)/μL, P = 0.05; +0.27 10(3)/μL, P = 0.03; +0.26 10(3)/μL, P = 0.04; +0.34 10(3)/μL, P = 0.01); on red blood cell count during the last week before calving and wk 1 and 2 after calving (+0.21 10(6)/μL, P = 0.02; +0.23 10(6)/μL, P = 0.01; +0.20 10(6)/μL, P = 0.03); on mean corpuscular volume (-1.35 fL, P = 0.01; -1.29 fL, P = 0.002; -1.18 fL, P = 0.004; -1.09 fL, P = 0.008; -1.23 fL, P = 0.003; -1.31 fL, P = 0.003); and on mean corpuscular hemoglobin (-0.37 pg, P = 0.05; -0.38 pg, P = 0.02; -0.39 pg, P = 0.01; -0.34 pg, P = 0.03; -0.40 pg, P = 0.01; -0.40 pg, P = 0.01) during all 6 wk analyzed. Significant haplotype substitution effects, but opposite those of haplotype-1, were found for haplotype-2 on white blood cell count (-1.10 10(3)/μL, P = 0.01; -1.30 10(3)/μL, P = 0.002; -1.09 10(3)/μL, P = 0.01) and neutrophil count (-0.82 10(3)/μL, P = 0.02; -0.95 10(3)/μL, P = 0.005; -0.92 10(3)/μL, P = 0.01). Haplotype-3 influenced red blood cell count (-0.23 10(6)/μL, P = 0.03; -0.28 10(6)/μL, P = 0.01; -0.34 10(6)/μL, P = 0.002) during the last 2 wk before and the first week after calving, and also, with effects evident only in wk 3 and 2 before calving, mean corpuscular volume (+1.38 fL, P = 0.03; +0.97 fL, P = 0.05; +1.08 fL, P = 0.05), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (+0.58 pg, P = 0.02; +0.38 pg, P = 0.04; 0.51 pg, P = 0.01), and red blood cell distribution width (-0.56% P = 0.02; -0.47%, P = 0.05). The current study provided evidence that several polymorphisms in the leptin gene play a role in the variability of hematological variables during the peripartum period, and might be used as genetic markers for improving the immunological conditions of dairy cows in critical productive periods.     

Dynamics of the free-living populations of gastrointestinal trichostrongyles of cattle in a natural grazing system in Guadeloupe (French West Indies)

The variations in the population size of trichostrongyle infective larvae (L3) in a cow-calf system were recorded for two years in Guadeloupe (humid and hot tropical climate). Calvings were pooled during the dry season for two herds and during the rainy season for two others. Each herd grazed three paddocks of natural pasture according to a rotational system (14 days of grazing per paddock). At the time the animals entered each paddock, the numbers of L3 on pasture were assessed around fecal pats (L3_ap) and within a 1 m radius of pats (L3_1rfp). Seventy-one regressor variables were tested to explain variations in the size of L3 populations: combinations of variables linked to animals (e.g. weight, fecal eggs, stocking rate) and combinations of ecological variables (e.g. rainfall, global radiation, herbage mass). L3_1rfp were highly correlated to L3_ap. However, when the mean global radiation during the third week after the entrance of animals exceeded 20 MJ m⁻² day⁻¹, L3_1rfp was undetectable even with large L3 burdens around pats. Multiple-component analysis and hierarchical classification used on regressor variables led to four classes which were characterized basically by fecal eggs and stocking rate, but not by climatic conditions. Within these classes, there was a limit of global radiation between 8 and 14 days after the entrance of animals; beyond this limit (20 MJ m⁻² day⁻¹), the L3_ap decreased from 1.3 to 27.1 times. The classification factor and global radiation factor explained 50–57% of the variance of L3_ap. From these results, it can be concluded that animal husbandry is just as important as climatic conditions in explaining the number of L3 on pasture in Guadeloupe. Global radiation, fecal eggs and stocking rates appeared to be useful in predicting the level of infectivity of pastures.     

Serum Levels of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol in Dogs with Hypercalcaemia

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2-D3) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) were measured among dogs with hypercalcaemia (total serum calcium > 3.01 mmol/L) due to various causes. All values were compared to those of healthy control dogs. Serum 1,25-(OH)]2-D3 was measured by a radioimmunoassay test and serum 25-OH-D3 was measured by a protein binding assay. 1,25-(OH)2-D3 ranged from 26 to 332 pmol/L (median 110.0) in dogs with lymphoma (n = 12); from 61 to 398 pmol/L (median 248.0) in dogs with primary hyperparathyreoidism (n = 5); from 28 to 310 pmol/L (median 88.5) in dogs with chronic renal failure (n = 10); and from 60 to 239 pmol/L (median 157.5) in control dogs (n = 24). There was no significant difference in 1,25-(OH)2-D3 among dogs with different causes of hypercalcaemia. 25-OH-D3 ranged from 64 to 291 nmol/L (median 101.5) in dogs with lymphoma; from 66 to 298 nmol/L (median 91.0) in dogs with primary hyperparathyreoidism; from 35 to 184 nmol/L (median 67.0) in dogs with chronic renal failure; and from 48 to 350 nmol/L (median 306.5) in control dogs. 25-OH-D3 was significantly lower in dogs with lymphoma, primary hyperparathyroidism and chronic renal failure than in control dogs. 1,25-(OH)2-D3 and 25-OH-D3 are not predictable in dogs with hypercalcaemia.     

山羊瘤胃内产乳酸菌的分离鉴定及其产D-、L-乳酸特性的研究

为阐明瘤胃中产乳酸菌的种类及其产乳酸特性,本试验以饲喂精粗比例为6:4的健康山羊瘤胃液为接种物,利用厌氧分离技术,经形态学和16s rRNA序列分析法,从山羊瘤胃中分离获得6株细菌(分别命名为L2、L3、L5、L8、L10和L12).菌株主要为3类:L2、L8、L10为牛链球菌,L5为马链球菌,L3和L12为食窦魏斯氏...     

Maturation of insulin and glucose responses to normal feeding in foals

SUMMARY Postprandial insulin and glucose concentrations were measured in 3 Arabian and 3 Thoroughbred foals at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months of age. Prefeeding serum Insulin concentrations were similar in foals at 1 day (25.9 ± 5.1 pmol/L), 1 week (32.4 ± 5.8 pmol/L), and 1 month (38.2 + 7.9 pmol/L), but had Increased significantly to 131.0 ± 20.2 pmol/L at 3 months of age (P < 0.05). There was significantly increased serum Insulin secretion after a feed In foals at 3 months of age (P < 0.05) when compared with that at younger ages. Prefeeding serum glucose concentrations ranged from 6.0 ± 0.7 mmol/L at 1 day, to 5.9 ± 0.9 mmol/L at 1 week, 4.9 ± 1.7 mmol/L at 1 month, and 4.4 ± 1.5 mmol/L at 3 months of age. There were lower postprandial glucose concentrations with advancing age. It appeared that there was a period of maturation in pancreatic β-cell function after birth in foals, which reached adult levels by 3 months of age.     

Relationship between cytologic changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and weight gain in calves with gastrointestinal nematodes and lungworms

Two of three groups of 10 calves each were infected with either 100,000 infective larvae (L3) of Ostertagia spp. and 100,000 L3 of Cooperia spp. or with 4000 L3 of Dictyocaulus viviparus, respectively, at the age of 14 weeks. The third group was not infected. After treatment with an anthelminthic five calves from each group were challenged with either 100,000 L3 of Ostertagia spp. and 100,000 L3 of Cooperia spp. or 4000 L3 of Dictyocaulus at the age of 20 weeks. The calves were 25 weeks old when slaughtered. Total and differential cell counts were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and showed that neutrophils were the most frequent and eosinophils the least frequent cell present. There was a significant negative relationship between eosinophil levels and weight gain of the calves.