Role of adenine nucleotide translocator 1 in mtDNA maintenance

Autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia is a rare human disease that shows a Mendelian inheritance pattern, but is characterized by large-scale mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions. We have identified two heterozygous missense mutations in the nuclear gene encoding the heart/skeletal muscle isoform of the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT1) in five families and one sporadic patient. The familial mutation substitutes a proline for a highly conserved alanine at position 114 in the ANT1 protein. The analogous mutation in yeast caused a respiratory defect. These results indicate that ANT has a role in mtDNA maintenance and that a mitochondrial disease can be caused by a dominant mechanism.     

74种鸟类线粒体基因组碱基组成及特征分析

 在鸟类线粒体基因组中,不同物种的线粒体碱基组成和特性存在明显的差异。截至2008年5月,GenBank细胞器基因组资源数据库共公布了74种鸟类线粒体全基因组数据。本研究利用已公布的鸟类线粒体基因组全序列分析其碱基组成特征。结果表明：(1)鸟类线粒体基因组密码子第二位的GC含量值波动范围十分狭窄,而密码子第三位的GC含量值波动范围很大。(2) 密码子第三位碱基中C的含量波动范围较大,为32.60%-50.70%。(3)线粒体基因组GC含量主要由密码子第三位的碱基C和T的变化引起。(4)密码子第三位碱基的GC含量与线粒体基因组的GC含量的变化存在相关性。这些结果,为今后鸟类线粒体基因组的深入研究提供借鉴和参考资料。     

Genetic variation in HTLV-III/LAV over time in patients with AIDS or at risk for AIDS

In a study of genetic variation in the AIDS virus, HTLV-III/LAV, sequential virus isolates from persistently infected individuals were examined by Southern blot genomic analysis, molecular cloning, and nucleotide sequencing. Four to six virus isolates were obtained from each of three individuals over a 1-year or 2-year period. Changes were detected throughout the viral genomes and consisted of isolated and clustered nucleotide point mutations as well as short deletions or insertions. Results from genomic restriction mapping and nucleotide sequence comparisons indicated that viruses isolated sequentially had evolved in parallel from a common progenitor virus. The rate of evolution of HTLV-III/LAV was estimated to be at least 10(-3) nucleotide substitutions per site per year for the env gene and 10(-4) for the gag gene, values a millionfold greater than for most DNA genomes. Despite this relatively rapid rate of sequence divergence, virus isolates from any one patient were all much more related to each other than to viruses from other individuals. In view of the substantial heterogeneity among most independent HTLV-III/LAV isolates, the repeated isolation from a given individual of only highly related viruses raises the possibility that some type of interference mechanism may prevent simultaneous infection by more than one major genotypic form of the virus.     

植物水平基因转移研究进展

水平基因转移,一般分为细胞内部或者跨越物种边界的遗传物质交流。跨界直接介导方式,包括共生、内共生、寄生、嫁接等。细胞内的基因转移,主要包括细胞核与细胞器基因组间的相互渗透;跨越物种边界的遗传物质交流,主要涉及寄生与寄主植物的基因横向转移,寄主与寄生植物mRNA也会发生大规模的水平转移。基于基因组学研究进展,本研究综述了植物水平基因转移的迁移序列类型、迁移方向及迁移机制:首先,植物细胞的线粒体基因组能够整合细胞核转座元件以及叶绿体起源的tRNA基因,线粒体和叶绿体基因组的功能基因及间区序列能够迁移到核基因组;其次,植物种间,通过寄生、嫁接等方式转移大量的DNA(如线粒体基因、叶绿体基因和转座元件)和RNA(如mRNA)序列;迁移机制涉及到DNA介导和RNA介导方式,迁移方向包括单向和双向转移。迁移序列的基因功能活性研究是重要的后续研究方向。     

Genome-wide detection of polymorphisms at nucleotide resolution with a single DNA microarray

A central challenge of genomics is to detect, simply and inexpensively, all differences in sequence among the genomes of individual members of a species. We devised a system to detect all single-nucleotide differences between genomes with the use of data from a single hybridization to a whole-genome DNA microarray. This allowed us to detect a variety of spontaneous single-base pair substitutions, insertions, and deletions, and most (>90%) of the approximately 30,000 known single-nucleotide polymorphisms between two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. We applied this approach to elucidate the genetic basis of phenotypic variants and to identify the small number of single-base pair changes accumulated during experimental evolution of yeast.     

药敏试验与比较基因组揭示嗜水气单胞菌耐药潜力

为了揭示嗜水气单胞菌的耐药潜力,运用微量肉汤稀释法和比较基因组学方法对其进行了分析。结果显示：恩诺沙星、硫酸新霉素、氟苯尼考、盐酸多西环素对3株菌株有抑制作用,而磺胺间甲氧嘧啶对3株菌株均无抑制作用。菌株的耐药表型未与耐药基因一一对应,某些菌株虽然未注释到耐药基因,也可以表现出相关耐药表型;自测的3株菌株基因组大小差异较大,亲缘关系非近缘,但耐药基因数量基本一致;经ANI（平均核苷酸一致性）计算后,基因组比较分析发现嗜水气单胞菌基因组具有较强的可变性,即使是近缘菌株,其基因组间仍有较大差异;系统发育分析显示,不同宿主来源的菌株在进化树上呈现分散分布,近缘菌株分布在不同国家和地区;所有菌株在CARD（综合抗生素耐药性数据库）中共注释到21种耐药基因,其中7种耐药基因为所有菌株共享。造成这一现象的原因,很可能是由于嗜水气单胞菌基因组较强的可变性以及其宿主分布的广泛性,菌株间进行频繁的基因交流,促进了耐药基因在整个物种的快速扩散,所以即使菌株间基因组变化较大,但耐药基因在菌株间的变化较小。     

高等植物线粒体基因组测序和序列分析

线粒体是真核细胞内的重要细胞器,是一种遗传上半自主性的细胞器,编码与自身功能相关的部分基因,参与生命活动一些过程。植物的线粒体基因组较动物的更为复杂,且与植物细胞质雄性不育和物种进化密切相关。本文概述了植物线粒体基因组测序工作,并在此基础上,综述了植物线粒体基因组的大小、组成形式、基因组序列的结构特征、基因组成,分析表达特点、RNA编辑、序列重组,以及线粒体基因组进化、线粒体相关的雄性不育机理研究的研究进展。     

高粱CMS材料线粒体基因组DNA指纹研究

应用限制性核酸内切酶片段分析（REFA）和随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术，分析了6个Milo型细胞质来源的高粱细胞质雄性不育系的线粒体基因组（Mitochondrial genome)的指纹图谱。RAPD分析共使用10nt随机引物50个，其中22个得到扩增到多态性。各种试材的REFA指纹亦不相同。结果表明具有相同细胞质（Milo)来源的高粱雄性不育系的线粒体基因组已经产生了异质性。     

mRNA差异显示技术研究中外猪种肉质性状差异表达基因

利用mRNA差异显示技术对广东省地方品种蓝塘猪和引进品种大白猪达到经济成熟时的眼肌组织mRNA进行比较分析,并对差异显示条带同收产物进行PCR扩增,检测到与肉质性状相关的5条ESTs在2个猪种中存在表达差异,其中ESTsp7在大白猪种中表达量高,而ESTsp8、ESTsp9、ESTsp10和ESTdp11在蓝塘猪中表达...     

线虫线粒体基因组全序列分析研究进展

 线虫(nematode)种类繁多,生活方式多样,一部分线虫可寄生于动物和植物体内,引起线虫病(nematodiasis),其中旋毛虫病、猪蛔虫病等是重要的人兽共患寄生虫病,在中国和世界各地普遍流行,危害严重。本文将对线虫线粒体基因组的研究进展、应用和今后发展方向做一简要综述。迄今,已完成46种线虫的线粒体基因组全序列测定和分析。线虫线粒体基因组的碱基组成、基因结构、基因变异等方面有其特点,这些分析结果为线形动物门线粒体功能基因组学研究、比较基因组学研究、分子分类学研究、虫种(株)鉴定与分类、分子系统发育和进化分析等提供了重要依据和指导作用,为线虫病诊断、分子流行病学调查等分子检测方法的建立提供参考依据。     

Translation of the edited mRNA for cytochrome b in trypanosome mitochondria

The type of RNA editing found in the kinetoplast-mitochondria of trypanosomes and related protozoa, involving uridylate insertions and deletions, creates translatable messenger RNAs (mRNAs) out of nonsense pre-edited RNAs by correcting encoded defects that vary from simple frameshifts to large "cryptic" regions. However, any evidence for translation of these mRNAs in the kinetoplast has been missing for decades. We identified a kinetoplast-encoded protein, apocytochrome b, whose mRNA is edited in the 5' region. The determined amino-terminal sequence of the protein coincides with the predicted sequence derived from the edited region, demonstrating that the cognate apocytochrome b mRNA is translated into a functional protein. This finding represents the first direct evidence for a functional translation system in the kinetoplasts.     

Human cells lacking mtDNA: repopulation with exogenous mitochondria by complementation

Two human cell lines (termed rho 0), which had been completely depleted of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) by long-term exposure to ethidium bromide, were found to be dependent on uridine and pyruvate for growth because of the absence of a functional respiratory chain. Loss of either of these two metabolic requirements was used as a selectable marker for the repopulation of rho 0 cells with exogenous mitochondria by complementation. Transformants obtained with various mitochondrial donors exhibited a respiratory phenotype that was in most cases distinct from that of the rho 0 parent or the donor, indicating that the genotypes of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes as well as their specific interactions play a role in the respiratory competence of a cell.     

对虾科物种线粒体基因组特征和系统发育分析

综合分析对虾科(Penaeidae)21个物种线粒体基因组的全序列,发现其线粒体基因组的长度为15 893～16 071 bp, A+T含量为64.59%～70.61%。K_a/K_s分析表明,对虾科物种线粒体13个蛋白质编码基因(protein-coding genes, PCGs)中,atp8基因的K_a/K_s最高,表明在对虾科中atp8基因受到了较弱的选择压力;在差异位点的分析中,发现nd5和rrnL基因的差异位点比例较高,是理想的分子标记,可用于分析对虾不同群体之间的遗传多样性;在密码子的使用中,被编码的氨基酸均体现相似的偏好性。同时,采用ML(Maximum likelihood)和BI(Bayesian inference)方法构建系统发育树,结果显示,这两种方法构建的系统发育树拓扑结构完全一致,且同属物种也都归为一类或者单独归为一支。本研究为快速鉴定对虾科生物提供了可靠的分子标记,为分析对虾科物种遗传多样性提供理论依据。     

Mitochondrial transformation in yeast by bombardment with microprojectiles

The genetic transformation of mitochondria and chloroplasts has been an intractable problem. The newly developed "biolistic" (biological ballistic) process was used to deliver DNA into yeast cells to stably transform their mitochondria. A nonreverting strain, which is respiratory deficient because of a deletion in the mitochondrial oxi3 gene, was bombarded with tungsten microprojectiles coated with DNA bearing sequences that could correct the oxi3 deletion. Respiratory-competent transformants were obtained in which the introduced oxi3 DNA is integrated at the homologous site in the mitochondrial genome. Organelle genomes can now be manipulated by molecular genetic techniques in the same way as nuclear genomes.     

Whole-genome shotgun sequencing of mitochondria from ancient hair shafts

Although the application of sequencing-by-synthesis techniques to DNA extracted from bones has revolutionized the study of ancient DNA, it has been plagued by large fractions of contaminating environmental DNA. The genetic analyses of hair shafts could be a solution: We present 10 previously unexamined Siberian mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) mitochondrial genomes, sequenced with up to 48-fold coverage. The observed levels of damage-derived sequencing errors were lower than those observed in previously published frozen bone samples, even though one of the specimens was >50,000 14C years old and another had been stored for 200 years at room temperature. The method therefore sets the stage for molecular-genetic analysis of museum collections.     

Crystal Structure of the Polymer Electrolyte Poly(ethylene oxide)3:LiCF3SO3

Ionically conducting polymers (polymer electrolytes) are under intensive investigation because they form the basis of all solid-state lithium batteries, fuel cells, and electrochromic display devices, as well as being highly novel electrolytes. Little is known about the structures of the many crystalline complexes that form between poly(ethylene oxide) and a wide range of salts. The crystal structure is reported of the archetypal polymer electrolyte poly(ethylene oxide)(3):LiCF(3)SO(3), which has been determined from powder x-ray diffraction data. The poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) chain adopts a helical conformation parallel to the crystallographic b axis. The Li(+) cation is coordinated by five oxygen atoms-three ether oxygens and one from each of two adjacent CF(3)SO(3)(-) groups. Each CF(3)SO(3)(-) in turn bridges two Li(+) ions to form chains running parallel to and intertwined with the PEO chain. There are no interchain links between PEO chains, and the electrolyte can be regarded as an infinite columnar coordination complex.     

灵芝属真菌线粒体基因组特征及进化

【目的】分析灵芝属（Ganoderma）真菌的线粒体基因组特征及进化,为灵芝属物种分类、分子进化和系统发育分析提供理论依据。【方法】基于灵芝属真菌15个线粒体基因组序列,利用MEGA X、MISA、mVISTA、MAFFT、DnaSP、PAML X和IQ-TREE等生物信息学软件对基因组特征、序列多态性、简单重复序列（SSR）、基因进化和系统发育进行分析。【结果】灵芝属真菌线粒体基因组全长为50603~124588 bp,GC含量为25.4%~27.3%,含有15个保守的蛋白编码基因（PCG）、2个rRNA基因和25~29个tRNA基因。SSR主要由AT构成,单核苷酸重复类型比例最高,其次为三核苷酸重复和四核苷酸重复。种间线粒体基因组序列差异较大,非编码区的变异水平高于编码区,nad6、nad3和cob基因编码序列的变异度较高,内含子长度与线粒体基因组大小呈显著正相关。15个保守的线粒体蛋白编码基因主要受纯化选择影响,其中cob、cox1和nad2基因含有正选择位点。基因编码偏好A/T含量高的密码子,27个高频密码子中,13个以A结尾,14个以T结尾。系统发育分析结果显示,灵芝属真菌主要分为2个聚类组,其中紫芝、狭长孢灵芝和G.wiiroense聚为一组;喜热灵芝、白肉灵芝和铁杉灵芝聚成一支,与树舌灵芝、梅氏灵芝、四川灵芝和亮盖灵芝构成姊妹类群,共同构成另一组。【结论】灵芝属真菌的线粒体基因组在进化过程中发生明显的遗传变异,基因组长度主要与内含子插入和删除有关,蛋白编码基因密码子使用偏性强。     

Relationship between the c-myb locus and the 6q-chromosomal aberration in leukemias and lymphomas

Deletions of the long arm of chromosome 6 (6q-) are frequently found in hematopoietic neoplasms, including acute lymphoblastic leukemias, non-Hodgkin lymphomas and (less frequently) myeloid leukemias. The c-myb proto-oncogene has been mapped to region 6q21-24, which suggests that it could be involved in the 6q- aberrations. By means of in situ chromosomal hybridization on cells from six hematopoietic malignancies, it was demonstrated that the c-myb locus is not deleted, but is retained on band q22, which is consistently bordered by the chromosomal breakpoints in both interstitial and terminal 6q- deletions. The deletion breakpoints were located at some distance from the myb locus since no rearrangement of c-myb sequences was found. In one case, however, amplification of the entire c-myb locus was detectable. Furthermore, in all cases tested that carry 6q- deletions, myb messenger RNA levels were significantly higher than in normal cells or in malignant cells matched for lineage and stage of differentiation but lacking the 6q- marker. These results indicate that 6q- deletions are accompanied by structural and functional alterations of the c-myb locus and that these alterations may be involved in the pathogenesis of leukemias and lymphomas.