草鱼选育群体不同世代遗传变异的微卫星分析

为了分析草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)选育群体不同世代的遗传变异和遗传结构, 本研究利用了已建立的一套标准微卫星标记对草鱼长江选育群体 F0、F3、F4 进行了遗传变异的评估, 并与黑龙江选育群体和珠江选育群体进行了遗传变异的比较分析。实验结果表明长江选育群体的各世代均具有高度的遗传多样性(PIC＞0.05), 且长江选育群体的遗传多样性相对于黑龙江和珠江选育群体的遗传多样性水平更高(P＜0.05)。遗传分化指数(Fst)分析结果表明, 长江选育群体 F0、F3、F4 之间遗传分化的水平较低(0     

我国沿海不同群体文蛤遗传差异RAPD分析

本文运用RAPD对辽宁、山东、江苏、福建、广东、广西等7个地理群体的文蛤进行了分析。从40条随机引物中,筛选出11个扩增效果好、条带清晰的随机引物进行扩增。结果显示,7群体内遗传多样性丰富,遗传相似度在0.7251~0.8972之间,依次排列为:辽宁营口(0.8972)>广东湛江(0.8756)>山东日照(0.8729)>山东潍坊(0.8643)>福建云霄(0.8245)>江苏启东(0.7653)>广西合浦(0.7251)。群体间遗传距离指数及用UPGMA和NJ法构建的分子系统树结果表明,山东日照与山东潍坊两群体的亲缘关系较近,广东湛江群体与其它群体亲缘关系相对较远。     

Seasonal cycle of body composition and energy of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a temperate zone lake

Abstract – Seasonal changes in protein and fat were investigated in brown trout ( Salmo trutta L.) of a stunted population from a small, temperate zone lake. The lake was ice-covered during winter (about 200 days), and hypolimnic water temperature during winter was about 4°C. During winter there was an increase in specific fat, in particular among the larger sized fish, while there was a general decrease in specific protein content among both small (<5 winters) and large (age 5 or older) trout. During winter (end of October to mid-May) an average trout gained 32 kJ of fat, but protein energy content decreased by 14 kJ, yielding a net energy increase of 18 kJ or a daily energy gain of 0.09 kJ  ·  day⁻¹. During the ice-free season (mid-May to the end of October) the trout increased mainly in protein content with daily energy gains of about 1.4 kJ  ·  day⁻¹, a value about 14 times higher than the corresponding winter value. Trout living in lakes may store considerable amounts of fat during wintertime in contrast to the depletion of fat reserves found among stream-living trout in the same area, which face lower water temperatures in the winter period. ^Note     

Genetic differentiation between and within ecotypes of pike (Esox lucius) in the Baltic Sea

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团头鲂“浦江1号” 选育后期世代群体同野生群体间遗传变异的ISSR分析

以团头鲂“浦江1号” 选育后期3个世代群体（F₇、F₈、F₉）为试验对象、其选育奠基群体（1985年淤泥湖野生群体）后代、淤泥湖野生群体（2007年）、梁子湖野生群体（2007年）为对照材料,通过ISSR标记技术分析,并通过部分样本的细胞色素b基因测序的补充验证,了解选育所产生的遗传变异及野生群体遗传结构现状。主要结果：（1）从100个ISSR引物中筛选出26个引物,扩增出清晰、可重复的条带共164条,多态性条带比例49.39%。细胞色素b基因在选育良种3个世代中只发现一种单倍型。（2）选育群体同选育奠基群体后代、野生群体间的遗传差异显著,如群体多态位点百分数,F₉（28.05%）比选育奠基群体后代（40.24%）减少了30.29%,比淤泥湖野生群体（41.46%）减少了32.34%。选育群体同淤泥湖野生群体间的遗传相似系数最小（0.935 0）,距离最大（0.067 2）,两两配对F_ST值最大（F_ST=0.305 72）;UPGMA法构建系统进化树表明,选育群体同野生群体处于两个大分支,而在野生群体大支中,选育奠基群体后代与淤泥湖原种野生群体间配对F_ST值最小（F_ST=0.050 45）。（3）选育群体F₇、F₈、F₉各世代间遗传分化虽弱（低G_ST 0.141 7值,高N_m 3.027 9值）,但多态位点百分数、位点基因平均多样性、Nei氏基因多样性、群体内Shannon多样性指数等遗传参数仍然都呈现随选育世代数的累进而降低的趋势。（4）ISSR比细胞色素b基因更适合近缘种的相关关系研究。（5）经过二十多年9代的选育,相对于野生群体,团头鲂“浦江1号”良种已产生了明显的遗传分化,性状已相当稳定,但离选育极限尚有一定距离,今后应在继续监测其遗传结构变化的基础上,进一步挖掘选育潜力,同时要避免种质混杂、近交衰退及瓶颈效应等的发生。     

Yield characteristics of the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in temperate zone aquaculture

Yield characteristics of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii are examined in both commercial and experimental ponds during the first pilot growth trial in Israel. Because of the temperate climate, production is restricted to 6 or 7 summer months. Given a minimal commercial size of 30 gm, conditions were found in which the majority of animals can be brought to this size in a single growth season. Total biomass is linearly related to density up to over 1,500 kg/ha. Density is found to be a major factor affecting the size of males and females whose growth characteristics contribute differently to yield. Males of harvestable size are restricted in their growth at higher density, resulting in lowered mean weight. Even in high densities reported in this study nearly all the potentially harvestable males achieve minimum market weight, while the rest of the male population cannot be brought to market size in even the most favorable conditions. The contribution of females to yield is precarious since female sizes are relatively uniform and their average weight may be above, close to or below market size. Conditions are described in which well over 80% of the females achieve market size, but at densities too low to secure profitable yield. The effects of late season selective harvest reveal no dramatic effect on yield. Nevertheless, selective harvest seems to enable continued growth in densely populated ponds. We conclude that combined stocking of larger animals, with early selective harvest, reducing density dependence during final growout, could prove useful in attaining commercial yields.     

Genetic differences in growth among wild populations of the yabby, Cherax destructor (Clark)

Before commencing a breeding programme on a new aquaculture species, it is prudent to identify populations or strains with superior characteristics for commercial production. Information on the comparative performance of populations allows informed decisions to be made on the starting genetic base for the programme. As a precursor to a breeding programme in the decapod species, Cherax destructor (Clark), five geographically isolated populations were evaluated for the traits weight at age, abdomen length and abdomen width over a period of 9 months. Mean weight at age was found to vary among the populations by up to 42%, whereas mean abdomen length was similar among four out of the five populations. No differences were found in abdomen width. This study emphasizes that rapid genetic gains can be made simply by starting a breeding programme based on faster growing populations.     

Genetic relationships among pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) ecomorphs in freshwater reservoirs of Portugal

Abstract – High levels of morphological differentiation have been found among pumpkinseeds (Lepomis gibbosus) occupying four habitat types in Portuguese reservoirs. To investigate the underlying mechanism behind the phenotypic differentiation among ecomorphs, we used six microsatellite markers to assess patterns of genetic differentiation among and within eight naturalised reservoir populations. Greater genetic differentiation was seen among reservoir populations than within reservoirs (F_ST > 0.041, P < 0.002). structure analysis revealed the presence of two distinct genetic groups among the set of eight reservoir populations. However, an analysis of co‐occurring forms that were identified a priori by their respective habitats was consistent with a single panmictic group, suggesting that morphological differentiation has arisen in sympatry (i.e., within a reservoir, postintroduction). The observed relationships within and among reservoir populations, combined with the timeframe of ecomorph divergence, suggest the strong likelihood of phenotypic plasticity as the underlying mechanism of diversification in the introduced pumpkinseed.     

Larval growth rates differ in response to seasonal temperature variations among clupeoid species inhabiting the Pacific coastal waters of Japan

Growth rates of round herring Etrumeus teres, Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus, and Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus larvae respond differently to seasonal temperature variations in Sagami Bay on the Pacific coast of central Japan. Larvae of these three clupeoid species were collected from small seine net catches between February 2008 and April 2009. Correlations between otolith growth increment widths and ambient temperatures were examined at five body sizes and indexed to otolith radii of 50–175 μm, which corresponded to notochord lengths of 15–24 mm. Round herring larvae showed positive correlations between growth rate and habitat temperature at all five body sizes. In contrast, Japanese sardine larvae did not show significant correlations between growth rate and ambient temperature at any of the five body sizes. Japanese anchovy larvae showed significant but weaker correlations between growth rate and temperature than round herring. Although these three species share habitats with some differences in seasonal occurrence in the bay, they showed different species-specific responses to seasonal habitat temperature variations. These differences in response to temperature variations may constitute an ecological basis for different migration patterns among the three species.     

基于线粒体控制区的粤闽三线矶鲈地理群体的遗传变异分析

对中国东南沿海福建平潭和广东汕头、闸坡3个群体38 ind三线矶鲈(Parapristipoma trilineatus)线粒体控制区的914 bp序列进行分析,发现22个变异位点,共有33个单倍型。3个群体总体的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性均较高(H=0.991 0±0.009,π=0.005 8±0.000 4),其中平潭和汕头群体分别表现出最低和最高的核苷酸多样性(π=0.004 9±0.000 5和0.006 6±0.000 9)。3个群体间的Fst值为0.056 6~0.105 3,Nm值为4.248 3~8.333 4,表明3个群体间存在较低分化,可作为1个管理单位进行保护,建议优先保护汕头群体。在简约性网络图中单倍型呈星状分布,中性检验Fu’s Fs为显著负值和核苷酸不配对分析呈现单峰分布,表明三线矶鲈在历史上经历过种群扩张事件,推测扩张年代约为晚更新世的9.81~2.45万年前。     

Interspecific variations in age and size at settlement of 8 emperor fishes (Lethrinidae) at the southern Ryukyu Islands,Japan

Molecular and otolith analyses were conducted for 173 settlement-stage larvae of emperor fishes (family Lethrinidae) collected by light traps at Ishigaki Island, southern Japan, in July and August (summer season), to (1) present diagnostic DNA markers for identification of lethrinid species and (2) compare the size and age at settlement of each species. PCR–RFLP and direct nucleotide sequencing analyses identified 8 species. Size (standard length, SL) at settlement differed significantly between species; Lethrinus ornatus (mean SL ± SD, 12.8 ± 1.5 mm), L. obsoletus (14.2 ± 0.8 mm) and L. harak (15.8 ± 1.6 mm) settled at a smaller size than L. atkinsoni (17.0 ± 1.3 mm), L. genivittatus (17.3 ± 1.0 mm), L. olivaceus (18.1 ± 0.6 mm), L. nebulosus (18.6 ± 4.2 mm), and L. sp.2 reported by Lo Galbo et al. (J Mol Evol 54:754–762, 2002) (21.7 ± 1.4 mm). Age at settlement tends to increase with settlement size; L. obsoletus (mean age ± SD, 25.6 ± 1.2 days), L. atkinsoni (26.1 ± 2.1 days) and L. ornatus (26.3 ± 2.9 days) were younger at settlement than L. nebulosus (28.4 ± 2.1 days), L. harak (29.2 ± 1.7 days), L. olivaceus (29.5 ± 1.0 days), L. genivittatus (30.5 ± 1.7 days) and L. sp.2 (31.0 ± 2.0 days). Although our study showed interspecific variation in body size and age at settlement among 8 lethrinid species, further seasonal replication is necessary to clarify the general patterns.     

Body shape variation within and among three species of darters (Perciformes: Percidae)

Abstract –  Using geometric morphometric (GM) techniques, we quantified intra and interspecific variation in female body shape using five collections each of Etheostoma caeruleum Storer, Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque, and Etheostoma stigmaeum (Jordan). Nested multivariate analysis of variance showed significant variation in body shape among populations (Wilks' Λ = 0.0687, F _144,7585.1 = 19.35, P  < 0.0001), as well as among species (Wilks' Λ = 8.7 × 10⁻⁶, F _24,2 = 28.18, P  = 0.0348). Etheostoma caeruleum displayed greater body depth relative to both E. nigrum and E. stigmaeum , whereas E. nigrum displayed a compressed arrangement of mid-body landmarks relative to both E. stigmaeum and E. caeruleum . The broader implications of these findings highlight the value of geometric morphometrics as both an exploratory and analytical approach. Conclusions drawn from comparisons among moderately differentiated darter species in future studies of body size and shape are likely robust to intraspecific variation within species, and will permit more rigorous investigations into the ecomorphology of these benthic stream fishes.     

长江流域铜鱼和圆口铜鱼的遗传多样性

利用线粒体DNA控制区序列多态性分析了长江流域铜鱼（Coreius heterodon）和圆口铜鱼（Coreius guichenoti）各4个群体的遗传结构;同时利用9对自行开发的多态性微卫星标记分析圆口铜鱼4个群体的遗传结构。结果显示,铜鱼线粒体DNA（mtDNA）D-loop序列共检出22个多态位点,28种单倍型,平均单倍型多样性指数（h）和核苷酸多样性指数（7r）分别为0．849和0．00257。圆口铜鱼线粒体DNA（mtDNA）D-loop序列共检出18个多态位点,28种单倍型,平均单倍型多样性指数和核苷酸多样性指数分别为0．902和0．00424。分子变异分析（AMOVA）结果提示,铜鱼和圆口铜鱼分别有98．80％和99．17％的遗传变异发生于群体内部,表明铜鱼和圆口铜鱼未出现种群分化。选用的9个微卫星标记在圆口铜鱼群体中共检测到48个等位基因;群体平均观测杂合度在0．631～0．753之间;平均期望杂合度为0．598-0．728：平均多态信息含量为0．548～0．670。结果表明,长江流域铜鱼遗传多样性较低,长江上游圆口铜鱼遗传多样性较高,且均未出现种群遗传分化。圆口铜鱼SSR固定指数为0．12l58,高于D．1oop固定指数,显示SSR标记对圆口铜鱼群体间遗传差异的检测更为灵敏。[中国水产科学,2008,15（3）：377-385]     

Selection of spawning habitat by several gobiid fishes in the subtidal zone of a small temperate estuary

We examined the spawning sites of several gobiid fishes in the subtidal zone of a small temperate estuary and determined the relationship of the nest abundance of each species with several environmental conditions, including water temperature, salinity, median particle size, proportion of silt and clay, current width, maximum water depth, distance from each site to the river mouth, and density of objects (boulders, cobbles, empty oyster shells, and empty clam shells) in the water. During this study, we found 115 nests belonging to the following six species: Favonigobius gymnauchen, Tridentiger obscurus, Leucopsarion petersii, Acanthogobius lactipes, Rhinogobius giurinus, and Tridentiger trigonocephalus. Stepwise multiple regression analysis, which was used to determine the best model for the nest abundance of all species, revealed that the nest abundance of each species clearly increased with an increase in the density of spawning substrates, such as cobbles and bivalve shells. These results show that the density of spawning substrates is a crucial factor affecting the selection of spawning habitats by each species.     

Growth variations within a farm of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) held near fish cages: importance for the implementation of integrated aquaculture

Fish farming releases extensive amounts of particulate organic waste that can be exploited by bivalves in integrated culture. We tested if mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis cultured at two depths (1 and 6 m) in a raft, moored 170 m from a fish farm had greater growth than bivalves held 550 m from the fish cages. Mussel growth was monitored monthly, covering the second phase of the culture, from thinning‐out to harvest (March to November 2011). We also studied if fish solid and dissolved nutrients increased the organic content of the seston and chlorophyll‐a levels near the fish cages through weekly samples. Results showed no differences in seston, chlorophyll and physiochemical characteristics of the water among rafts. Maximum growth and Condition Index (CI) occurred during spring–summer (April–August), when mussels had access to greater food quality and quantity. Mussels cultivated close to the cages showed similar shell length, weight and CI compared with mussels distant from the fish farm. Average shell length, meat dry weight and CI at harvest were 76.31 mm, 2.51 g and 23%. Bivalves cultured distant from the fish cages displayed 26% higher biomass than the other raft at the end of the experiment. Differences in biomass were explained by the significantly higher recruitment of mussel seed observed at the raft distant from the fish cages from June to November. The lack of a significant enhancement in growth of the bivalves cultured next to finfish is discussed.     

Genetic differentiation among Atlantic island populations of the brown spiny lobster Panulirus echinatus (Decapoda: Palinuridae)

1. Declines in Panulirus echinatus Smith, 1869 populations along their wide distribution in the Atlantic Ocean have spurred efforts to improve their fisheries management and conservation. In this study, the genetic structure of these populations is reported for the first time.
2. In a survey of 18 species‐specific polymorphic microsatellite markers, 152 individuals were genotyped from five Atlantic oceanic islands, covering most of the insular distribution range of the species. The analyses revealed that P. echinatus is genetically partitioned into two stocks in the Atlantic Ocean. A highly significant genetic structure was observed between north‐east and south‐west Atlantic populations based on fixation index, discriminant analysis of principal components, and structure and barrier analysis.
3. We suggest that the Equatorial Circulation System represents a biophysical barrier that effectively limits migration among Atlantic subtropical gyre systems, as has been described for other species. Other physical and ecological barriers, such as the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge itself, the distance between the eastern and western sides of the Atlantic (Mid‐Atlantic Barrier) and water mass differences, as well as other biological aspects, may also influence larval dispersal and modulate the insular distribution of this species.
4. The results show the existence of two distinct genetic stocks of P. echinatus and have implications for fisheries management in the Atlantic Ocean, including their independent management according to their individual status. The Cabo Verde and the Canarian populations (north‐east Atlantic) showed the lowest level of genetic variability in comparison with the south‐western populations. A combination of factors that have occurred or are occurring in the Canary Islands, such as overfishing and volcanic eruptions, is likely to explain the reduced abundance of this lobster species in the area.

     

同水体银鲫与普通鲫遗传多样性比较研究

通过2003年、2004年连续两年采样,用20对具有稳定扩增的银鲫微卫星引物对样品进行扩增,结果如下：2003年样品三倍体银鲫与二倍体鲫的平均杂合度分别为0．5885、0．6066;2004年样品两者的平均杂合度为0．5946、0．6091。2003年样品三倍体银鲫与二倍体鲫的遗传相似性系数为0．6331,两者的遗传距离为0．3669;2004年样品两者的遗传相似性系数为0．6173,遗传距离为0．3827。两年测定的结果显示三倍体银鲫的杂合度略低于二倍体鲫,两者的遗传距离较近,在所扩增的大部分微卫星位点上基因型相同或相似,其差异为种内差异,三倍体银鲫是鲫的一个特殊种群,在进化上,三倍体银鲫可能是从鲫分化而来的,是其在特殊的环境下的一种适应。     

Genetic population structure of the deep-sea whelk Buccinum tsubai in the Japan Sea

ABSTRACT:   The purpose of the present paper was to examine the genetic population structure of Buccinum tsubai in the Japan Sea. Mitochondrial 16SrRNA gene sequence analysis was performed with specimens from various stations in the Japan Sea. Mitochondrial lineages were clearly patterned geographically in four separate areas: the Hokkaido area, the Yamagata–Toyama area, the Yamato Bank area, and the San'in area. The main distribution depth range of B. tsubai is between 200 m and 1000 m isodepths, and the horizontal distance between the 200 m and 1000 m isodepth lines represents the specific spatial scale of the habitat (SSSH). These four areas were separated either by the complete discontinuity of the SSSH area or by its narrow spatial extension. Genetic distances between the main haplotypes of each area were calculated as Jukes–Cantor distances, the value of which ranged between 0.012 and 0.017. This value seemed to be unrelated to the geographic distance. There was no tendency for clustering according to depth. In future, the morphological characters of the four lineages of B. tsubai should be compared in detail in order to elucidate significant genetic differences among them.     

Genetic diversity and population structure of Sepiella japonica (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Decapoda) inferred by 16S rDNA variations

In order to describe the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of five populations of cuttlefish (Sepiella japonica) along with China's coasts, partial 16S rDNA (510 bp in length) was amplified from 110 individuals. The five populations of cuttlefish inhabit Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea. In total, six haplotypes were identified and formed only one clade. Among the six haplotypes, one was shared by all populations, three appeared only in a single population, two appeared in two or three populations. Pair‐wise FST were not proportional to the geographical distances. Haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were low, 0.3866 ± 0.067 and 0.00120 ± 0.00081 respectively. Among the five populations, Zhoushan population exhibited the highest genetic diversity which was suggested as the better select of germplasm resources for the reproduction and releasing of S. japonica.     

Genetic variations in survival of rohu carp (Labeo rohita, Hamilton) after Aeromonas hydrophila infection in challenge tests

A challenge test against Aeromonas hydrophila was conducted using 2062 rohu carp (Labeo rohita) fingerlings obtained from 52 dams and 87 sires (87 full-sib families) of two year-classes (2003 and 2004). Attempts to establish a cohabitant challenge model were not successful. Therefore, fish were challenged by intraperitoneal injection with A. hydrophila in two replicate tanks per year-class, and dead fish were collected hourly. The mortality reached its peak at 16–22 h after challenge and had almost completely stopped after 58 h. The test was terminated after 382 h at which the average survival was 43.9 and 48.9% in the two 2003 year-class tanks, and 77.1 and 35.8% in the two 2004 year-class tanks. Heritability estimates for survival were obtained from sire and dam threshold models (THR) and sire and dam linear repeatability models (LINR). For both types of models the heritability estimates based on data from single tanks were not consistent. For both year-classes, data from one of the two challenged tanks demonstrated significant additive genetic variation in survival during the A. hydrophila infection, whereas the heritability estimates were not significantly different from zero for the other tank. Further, genetic correlation between survivals in the two replicate tanks in each year-class was not significantly different from zero. The differential results from the replicate tanks demonstrate that additional challenge test experiments are needed before firm conclusions can be drawn about the magnitude of additive genetic variation for survival to aeromonasis in rohu carp. A cohabitant challenge model that allows the testing of important defence mechanisms in the skin and mucous membranes of the fish might have been more appropriate. To establish a valid cohabitant challenge model for rohu carp should be given high priority.