河蟹池塘生态养殖对水环境的影响

为了评价整个河蟹养殖周期对水环境的影响,于2019年5—11月在上海宝山某水产养殖专业合作社对4个典型河蟹养殖池塘和引水水源进行了1个养殖周期内4个阶段的水质监测.结果表明:(1)水源水主要超标项目为总氮(TN),平均值高达2.79 mg/L,说明引水水质氮超标较严重;池塘水主要表现为总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸...     

Development and application of crab culture in the development of Chinese mitten crab industry of Shanghai

Chinese mitten crab is a unique aquatic product in China. As a highly nutritious, delicious, and intriguing food, it is deeply loved by consumers. Through field visits and household interviews in Chongming District of Shanghai and Suzhou of Jiangsu Province, the author collected relevant materials and made a detailed analysis of the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the development and application of crab culture in the development of Chinese mitten crab industry in Shanghai by using SWOT model. The results show that the development and application of crab culture in the development of Chinese mitten crab industry in Shanghai can adopt growth‐oriented, transformation and upgrading, diversification and defensive development strategies. It is expected to promote the sustainable development of Chinese mitten crab industry in Shanghai through the development and application of crab culture.     

大规格中华绒螯蟹亲本子代大眼幼体在微山湖地区的池塘扣蟹培育试验

为探究大规格中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)亲本子代大眼幼体在山东微山湖地区的池塘养殖效果,2019年在微山湖扣蟹基地将2种大规格河蟹亲本(规格I:雌190～210 g、雄280～300 g;规格Ⅱ:雌240～260 g、雄330～350 g)所产的大眼幼体饲养至扣蟹,并比较各组扣蟹的生长情况、养殖性...     

阳澄湖中华绒螯蟹品质分析

本文对江苏省阳澄湖产中华绒螯蟹的商业品质,按商业品级和雌、雄,测定了其各部分含量和各项营养成分。该湖所产河蟹符合江南水乡青背、白肚、金瓜、黄毛的大闸蟹形态特征,肌肉、肚脏及性腺三大可食部分共占体重的３６．７２％,壳、鳃、胃及心脏四大非可食部分共占体重的５３．２６％。另有１０．０２％为血淋巴和组织液。一、二级商品蟹的雌蟹可食部分各高出雄蟹５．２８％和６．５５％,营养成分中,雌蟹的脂肪显著高雄蟹。在实     

蟹塘生态调控技术对“淤泥-水界面”N,P交换通量的影响

调节pH值、加钙和增氧是常用的蟹塘生态调控技术,为明确其对水质和N,P养分交换的影响,通过实验室模拟并测定了水体N,P含量及"淤泥-水界面"交换通量。结果表明:3种措施对水体N,P均有显著影响,且增氧对水体N,P的调节效应显著强于加钙和调节pH。增氧96 h后水体TN和NO_3^--N含量分别是不增氧处理的1.68和7.43倍,同时增氧削减了水体NH4+-N含量至试验结束,增氧处理NH_4^+-N含量平均降低70%～75%。"淤泥-水界面"N,P交换通量表明,增氧后TN交换通量平均提高2.47～3.74 mg·m^2/h,而对TP交换通量均无显著影响,平均仅为-0.1 mg·m^2/h。     

养殖河蟹盈利六大要素

根据生产实践 ,现总结出河蟹养殖盈利六大要素 ,即 :苗种要纯正优良 ;水体生态环境要适宜生长 ;饲料符合河蟹营养要求 ;饲养管理科学规范 ;无病无伤 ,健康养殖 ;掌握良好灵活的营销策略。现分述如下 :1　放养的苗种要纯正优良所谓的纯正优良 ,包括二个概念 :即养殖河蟹的品种要纯正而蟹种质量要优良。目前我国养殖的河蟹主要来自三个水系 ,即长江水系蟹种、辽河水系蟹种、瓯江水系河蟹。实践证明 ,不同水系的河蟹 ,只有在各自水系的环境条件下才能发挥其地区优势 ,取得良好的经济效益。1 1　鉴别长江蟹、辽河蟹、瓯江蟹蟹种的方法1 1 1　…     

伊乐藻对中华绒螯蟹生长和营养品质的影响

本研究分析了有伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)组和对照组(无伊乐藻)中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)在生长、肌肉氨基酸和脂肪酸组成等方面的差异,探讨伊乐藻对中华绒螯蟹生长和营养品质的影响。结果显示,有伊乐藻组中华绒螯蟹体重、壳长和壳宽增长率与肥满度均显著高于无伊乐藻组(P0.05),但肝胰腺指数和性腺指数差异不显著(P0.05)。伊乐藻组中华绒螯蟹肌肉的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量均显著高于无伊乐藻组(P0.05);伊乐藻组的雌蟹肝胰腺中的鲜味氨基酸含量也显著高于无伊乐藻组(P0.05),而伊乐藻组和无伊乐藻组的雄蟹肝胰腺氨基酸含量差异不显著(P0.05)。伊乐藻组和无伊乐藻组的中华绒螯蟹肌肉脂肪酸组成和含量差异不显著(P0.05),但伊乐藻组中华绒螯蟹的肝胰腺饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量均显著高于无伊乐藻组(P0.05)。综上所述,伊乐藻不仅有利于中华绒螯蟹的生长,而且能改善中华绒螯蟹的营养品质。     

不同规格中华绒螯蟹亲本子一代在扣蟹阶段养殖性能的比较研究

为探究中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)亲本规格对其子代在扣蟹阶段养殖性能的影响,本试验在相同的养殖环境下将4种规格河蟹亲本(规格I:雌90~110 g、雄140~160 g;规格Ⅱ:雌115~135 g、雄160~180 g;规格Ⅲ:雌140~160 g、雄220~240 g;规格Ⅳ:雌190~210 g、雄290~310 g)所产的大眼幼体养殖至扣蟹,并比较各组扣蟹的体质量、增重率、特定生长率、成活率及最终产量差异。试验结果显示:(1)不同规格的河蟹亲本,其子一代在大眼幼体至豆蟹阶段的平均体质量、成活率以及增重倍数均无明显差异(P>0.05);(2)在豆蟹至扣蟹养殖阶段,各组幼蟹的生长速度差异大体上与其亲本规格的差异相一致,其中Ⅰ组幼蟹在8—10月期间的平均体质量均显著低于Ⅳ组(P<0.05);(3)养殖效果方面,各组扣蟹平均规格和最终产量均随着亲本规格的提高而提高,其中Ⅳ组扣蟹的最终平均体质量显著高于Ⅰ组扣蟹(P<0.05);(4)就规格分布而言,Ⅳ组扣蟹2.00~3.99 g规格的比例显著低于另外3组,而≥6.00 g规格的比例显著高于另外3组(P<0.05)。结果表明,中华绒螯蟹亲本规格对其后代的养殖性能存在影响,大规格河蟹亲本子一代在扣蟹生产阶段生长速度快、养殖效果好,因此建议在生产上选择大规格亲本的后代用于扣蟹养殖。     

The effect of stocking density of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis on rice and crab seed yields in rice-crab culture systems

Normally Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis were cultured for 2 years, 1 year is cultured from crab larvae to seeds or button sized crab in ponds, tanks or rice fields, the another year is cultured from seeds to market size in ponds, reservoirs or other waters. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of stocking density (0, 3.75, 15, 30 and 60 inds. per m², respectively) of Chinese mitten crab larvae on rice and crab seed yields in rice-crab culture systems using land-based enclosures (4 m × 7 m, with three replicates for each stocking density) at the Panjin Guanghe Fisheries Co. Ltd, in the Liaohe Delta, China. Zoobenthos biomass, production of crab and rice paddy, and economical profit among the treatments were determined. The experiment showed that zoobenthos biomass in rice-crab culture systems was relatively variant and not significantly correlated to these stocking density. The biomass of aquatic plant declined significantly with increasing stocking density. Specific growth rates (SGR) and survival rates of the crab were significantly higher at the lower stocking density (P < 0.05); in addition, the ratio of precocious crab and total crab significantly increased with the stocking density increasing (P < 0.05); There were not significant effect of presence of crab on yields of rice straw and rice paddy (P > 0.05). Net crab yield and net profit were the highest at the 15 treatment (P < 0.05), however, the net profits among 3.75, 15 and 30 treatments did not show significant difference (P > 0.05) economically. Based on the observations above, a stocking density of 3.75 to 30 inds. per m² was considered reasonable in rice-crab culture system.     

2011年黄河调水调沙期间黄河口海域大型底栖动物群落多样性

根据2011年6月中旬(前调查)、7月上旬(中调查)和7月中旬(后调查)黄河口海域3航次大型底栖生物调查资料,对该海域大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性进行了研究。结果表明,3次调查共获得大型底栖动物100种,其中多毛类和软体动物种类数占79.0%,棘皮动物仅占3.0%。调查期间黄河口海域多毛类和软体动物在生物量和栖息密度上均占有优势地位,3次调查优势种均为中小型的软体动物和小型多毛类动物。3次调查大型底栖动物生物量和栖息密度的分布在时间和空间尺度上均出现较大变化。前调查和中调查,调查海域大型底栖动物的丰富度指数(D)、多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(J')接近;而后调查与前调查、中调查相比,丰富度指数更低,而多样性指数和均匀度指数更高。群落中多毛类比例较高而棘皮动物比例较低,表明黄河口海域底栖生物群落处于较为严重的环境污染状态。多样性分级结果表明,3次调查多样性指数均为差级,后调查丰富度指数为差级,前调查、中调查丰富度指数虽为中等,但非常接近差级。与历史资料相比,棘皮动物生物量已经大幅下降。     

中华绒螯蟹“六月黄”与成蟹肝胰腺营养成分比较

对同一年度、同一饲养环境下的中华绒螯蟹"六月黄"和后期成蟹雌、雄个体肝胰腺组织的营养成分进行了测定和比较分析。结果显示,"六月黄"的肥满度与雌性成蟹间没有显著性差异(P0.05),但肝胰腺指数极显著高于成蟹(P0.01)。"六月黄"肝胰腺中水分和灰分的含量极显著高于成蟹(P0.01),而粗脂肪含量极显著低于成蟹(P0.01),两种蟹的粗蛋白质含量没有显著差异(P0.05)。在检测到的17种氨基酸中,除"六月黄"雄蟹肝胰腺中丙氨酸的含量显著低于其雌蟹及雌、雄成蟹外(P0.05),其他16种氨基酸在"六月黄"与成蟹间均不存在显著差异(P0.05)。"六月黄"和成蟹的肝胰腺中含量最高的4种脂肪酸均为C18:1n9c、C18:2n6c、C16:0和C16:1,其总和分别占"六月黄"和成蟹肝胰腺中总脂肪酸的72.13%和69.02%(雌、雄蟹平均值)。"六月黄"的饱和脂肪酸总量显著低于成蟹(P0.05),但其单不饱和脂肪酸总量(ΣMUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸总量(ΣPUFA)均显著高于成蟹(P0.05)。"六月黄"肝胰腺中Σn-6 PUFA的含量也极显著高于成蟹(P0.01),而Σn-3 PUFA含量二者不存在显著差异,因此"六月黄"的Σn-6/Σn-3 PUFA比率(1.42～1.44)低于成蟹(0.85～0.92)。结果表明,从总体上看,"六月黄"的营养价值较高,其肝胰腺的营养品质好于成蟹,"六月黄"养殖具有一定的产业发展前景。     

中华绒螯蟹种质研究进展

总结我国在中华绒螯蟹形态学、养殖性能、细胞遗传学、生化遗传学及分子遗传学方面的种质研究的主要成果 ,归纳中华绒螯蟹不同种群在形态、细胞、生化、分子等层次上的遗传差异。在形态学研究方面 ,运用形态多元分析 ,建立不同种群绒螯蟹从幼蟹到成蟹的量化判别函数 ;在生化遗传和分子遗传研究方面 ,找到中华绒螯蟹区别于其他绒螯蟹的生化遗传标记和分子遗传标记 ,以及中华绒螯蟹不同种群由南到北的分子遗传渐变标记 ;在养殖性能方面 ,阐明中华绒螯蟹不同种群在幼蟹和成蟹阶段的养殖性能 (包括蜕壳、生长、性腺发育、性成熟及生殖洄游等 )差异和特点     

中华绒螯蟹精子线粒体的检测

以中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)肌肉、鳃和精巢为对照,从线粒体标志酶SDH活性、线粒体特异性荧光探针(Rh123)以及线粒体16S rDNA PCR扩增3个途径,探讨了该蟹精子线粒体的存在状况。研究发现,肌肉和鳃SDH酶活性较高,精巢SDH酶活性显著低于肌肉和鳃,而精子SDH酶活性则无法检测到。使用Rh123检测发现,精巢中有较强的荧光,而精子中则无法观察到。通过GenBank中的中华绒螯蟹线粒体16S rDNA序列设计引物,利用PCR扩增方法,以beta-actin做内参,检测了中华绒螯蟹肌肉、鳃、精巢和精子中线粒体16S rDNA扩增情况,发现各组织或细胞beta-actin扩增片段大小、条带宽度和亮度基本一致,表明各模板DNA量基本一致;而在同一DNA浓度下,16S rDNA的扩增片段长度虽一致,但其产物量存在明显差异,精子16S rDNA产物量显著低于其他3种组织,其条带宽度和亮度很弱;16S rD-NA扩增产物经测序分析及比对证明与已有序列完全吻合。上述结果表明,中华绒螯蟹精子中存在线粒体,但其线粒体的数量极显著低于精巢和其他组织,这也是利用灵敏度较低的SDH酶活性和Rh123探针以及常规的组织学和超微结构观察法难以检测到其精子线粒体的原因。[中国水产科学,2007,14(1):139-143]     

昆山地区典型池塘虾蟹混养模式对水环境的影响

虾蟹混养是昆山地区主要的池塘养殖模式。为深入研究虾蟹混养式养殖尾水对水环境的影响,对典型养殖区锦溪镇南前村的600×667 m~2虾蟹养殖基地的水源、池水和尾水在2012—2014年养殖期间的水质指标pH、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、总氮、总磷、COD监测。结果表明:在不同季节水源、池水和尾水的pH变化较大,变动范围在7.08~9.26之间;亚硝酸盐和氨氮浓度均处于很低的水平,优于地表水环境标准Ⅲ类水质标准,养殖尾水的氨氮浓度通常较水源和池水更低;除总氮和COD在2014春季高于水源外,其余年份各季节总氮、总磷和COD均接近或低于水源水指标值。除COD外,各项水质指标均符合太湖流域池塘养殖水排放一级标准,且呈现为低于或接近养殖用水源水的水质指标,可以认为池塘虾蟹混养模式对外部水环境影响很小。尾水排放前应加强对COD的控制。     

青海可鲁克湖河蟹生态养殖初报

首次介绍了在海拔2813 m的高原湖泊进行河蟹人工移植养殖的试验情况。超长距离运输蟹种成活率达到90%以上,成蟹回捕率达到20%以上,在生态放养的条件下,年产商品蟹40~50 t,投入产出比为1∶2,年利润达到30万~40万元。对我国高原地区河蟹养殖具有一定的借鉴意义。     

3种品系中华绒螯蟹扣蟹阶段池塘养殖性能比较

为探究不同品系中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)在扣蟹阶段的池塘养殖效果,于2020年在江苏东台进行了3个品系(2龄早熟品系、“长荡湖1号”A系和“长荡湖1号”B系)大眼幼体的池塘养殖试验,比较了各品系扣蟹的平均体质量变化情况、最终养殖性能、规格分布和经济效益。结果表明:(1)虽然3个品系大眼幼体在扣蟹阶段的平均体质量并无显著差异(P＞0.05),但各品系扣蟹平均体质量与亲本规格呈一定的正相关关系,总体上为“长荡湖1号”B系＞“长荡湖1号”A系＞2龄早熟品系;(2)正常扣蟹单位面积产量和扣蟹总产量与亲本规格呈正相关关系,即随着亲本规格的增大而显著增加(P<0.05);此外,“长荡湖1号”B系饲料系数(FCR)显著高于“长荡湖1号”A系(P<0.05);(3)3个品系扣蟹的体质量主要分布于6.0~7.9 g和8.0~9.9 g的规格区间内,其中2龄早熟品系在小规格区间(＜4.0 g和4.0~5.9 g)所占的比例较高,而“长荡湖1号”B系扣蟹在大规格区间(10.0~11.9 g和＞12.0 g)所占比例较高,但组间并无显著差异(P＞0.05);(4)各品系扣蟹的最终收益及投资回报率均随着亲本规格的增大而明显提高。综合来看,相对于2龄早熟品系,“长荡湖1号”A系和“长荡湖1号”B系在扣蟹养殖阶段具有产量高、投资回报率高等特点,市场应用和产业化前景较好。     

Effects of different stocking densities on the growth performance and antioxidant capacity of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) in rice crab culture system

This study assessed the effects of stocking density (D02, 0.2 individuals/m²; D03. 0.3 individuals/m²; D04, 0.4 individuals/m²; D05, 0.5 individuals/m²; D06, 0.6 individuals/m²) on Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis; 6.25?±?0.11 g) growth performance, tissue indices, antioxidant enzyme activity (total superoxide, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde), and mRNA expression of antioxidant-related genes (SOD, CAT, GPx) in rice crab culture systems. Our results demonstrated that increasing stocking densities decreased the final weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion efficiency (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of the crabs. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) of female crabs in D04 group was higher than that of other groups. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) of the male crabs in the D04 group was significantly higher than that of the other groups(P?<?0.05). The meat yield (MY), total edible yield (TEY), and condition factor (CF) of the female and male crabs in the D04 group were higher than those of the other groups. The antioxidant enzyme activity (T-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and T-AOC) of male and female crabs in the D04 group was significantly higher than that of the other groups, and the MDA content of the D04 group was significantly lower than that of the other groups (P?<?0.05). The stocking density of 0.4 individuals/m² effectively promoted the efficient mRNA expression of SOD, CAT, and GPx genes in the hepatopancreas of male and female crabs. In summary, the optimal stocking density of E. sinensis in the rice crab culture system is 0.4 individuals/m².

     

河蟹养殖技术之三大水域围拦养蟹新技术

围拦养蟹是利用大水域水质清新、溶解氧充足、有利于河蟹生长的生态环境,通过工程措施,将某一部分水域围拦起来,并将池塘养蟹的基本原理和精养技术应用到围拦区内,使之获得河蟹高产的一种新型养殖技术.与池塘养蟹相比,大水域围拦养蟹具有养殖条件优越、水质好、溶解氧含量高、水草和螺蚬等饵料生物鲜活丰富、河蟹生长快而病害少、养殖成本低而产量高、经济效益显著等特点,是发展淡水渔业、增加渔民收入的重要途径.     

Effects of hypoxia on immune responses and carbohydrate metabolism in the Chinese mitten crab,Eriocheir sinensis

In aquaculture, hypoxia is an important stressor that can inhibit the healthy development of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. The aim of this work was to research on how hypoxia (1 mg/L) followed by reoxygenation affects the immune response and carbohydrate metabolism in the Chinese mitten crab. The activities of immune‐related enzymes including lysozyme (LZM), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and phenoloxidase (PO) and concentration changes in haemolymph glucose, trehalose and hepatic glycogen were evaluated after 8 hr of hypoxia followed by 12 hr of reoxygenation. After 8 hr of hypoxia, the activities of LZM, PO, SOD and hepatic glycogen concentration significantly decreased to the minimum when compared to the control group, but the activities of ACP and AKP, and haemolymph glucose concentration significantly increased. After 12 hr of reoxygenation, the activities of LZM, ACP, AKP and SOD recovered to the normal level except SOD in plasma, while the PO, SOD in plasma and hepatic glycogen concentration were still significantly lower than the control level. No significant change was observed in trehalose concentration during hypoxia and reoxygenation periods. These results indicated that although the activities of ACP and AKP were likely increased to facilitate the hydrolysis of foreign matter, the overall strength of the immune response was decreased as LZM, PO and SOD activities were suppressed after exposure to hypoxic conditions. The energy stores of exposed crabs were reduced due to the expenditure of energy during exposure to hypoxic stress. In general, chronic hypoxia would impair the immunocompetence and increase the energy expenditure of Chinese mitten crab, further increased the risk of pathogen infection and feed coefficient, so the negative effects of hypoxia should not be ignored.     

盐度对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹标准代谢的影响

对均重(0.12±0.01)g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)仔蟹在6个盐度(0、4、8、12、16、20)梯度下的标准代谢进行研究。各梯度的水温为(24±0.5)℃、溶解氧为(8.12±0.23)g/m L、p H为7.5±0.18。在不同时间段测量各盐度梯度代谢瓶内溶氧量、CO_2含量及NH_3-N含量,将时间与耗氧率、CO_2排出率及NH_3-N排泄率进行回归分析。研究结果表明,根据仔蟹行为及代谢瓶内氧气含量与时间(h)的回归分析将仔蟹行为可分3个阶段:自由运动阶段[DO2.33 mg/L]、生存阶段[0.33 mg/LDO2.33 mg/L]及窒息阶段[DO0.33 mg/L]。在自由运动阶段和生存阶段,盐度对仔蟹耗氧率、CO_2排出率及NH_3-N排泄率影响显著(P0.05);在窒息阶段,盐度对仔蟹的耗氧率、CO_2排出率及NH_3-N排泄率影响不显著(P0.05)。研究结果还表明中华绒螯蟹仔蟹在高溶氧环境的主要供能物质为脂肪;低溶氧环境的主要供能物质为脂肪和碳水化合物;蛋白质在能量供给中的比例随溶氧增加而逐渐增加。