Development of a coastal environment assessment system using coral recruitment

A new method for assessing coastal environments using the reproduction potential of corals has been developed and examined in situ. Six assessment racks were deployed before the full moon of May 2006 at three sites located around a river outlet in Nagura Bay, Ishigaki Is. and at one control location in Sekisei Lagoon. Each rack was equipped with two marine blocks (MB) containing 378 holes, two cases of coral settlement devices (CSDs), each containing 120 CSDs, and a water temperature logger. Assessment was based on recruitment of Acropora due to mass spawning. After 4 months of deployment, the surface of assessment racks showed apparent biofouling depending on sites mainly by algal settlement on the surfaces. Almost all the holes of the MBs were partly occupied, mainly by turf algae. Nagura Bay was thought likely to be an “unhealthy” coral reef due to runoff from land. However, our assessment showed that there were 0.85 corals per CSD in the Bay, compared with 0.51 in Sekisei Lagoon, indicating that coral larvae supply is not the cause of the unhealthy condition of corals in the Nagura Bay.     

Development of ceramic settlement devices for coral reef restoration using <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> sexual reproduction of corals

A ceramic coral settlement device (CSD) was developed to raise juvenile corals in situ in preparation for transplantation. The CSD is designed to be deployed in the water before mass spawning of corals, allowing larvae to settle and grow on the CSD before it is fixed to the reef structure. CSDs were aggregated and fixed on 0.2-m² frames (either 648 or 720 CSDs per frame) and deployed in the Sekisei Lagoon around the full moons of April and May in 2002. Seven frames were collected in August 2002 and settled corals were counted in the laboratory. The maximum number of coral colonies settled on CSDs in one frame was 617, with 94% belonging to the genus Acropora. The aggregated CSDs successfully functioned as a coral settlement substratum, with more appropriate arrangement of CSDs on the frame, enabling greater exposure to sunlight and currents, which is expected to increase the amount of settlement.     

用补充曲线参数估算最大持续产量的方法

对于不同的补充-捕捞类型,用补充曲线参数估算最大持续渔获数(G)和最大持续渔获量(MSY或Ys)的方法是不同的。提出并讨论了2种补充-捕捞类型的评估方法：①一生只繁殖1次的连续捕捞类型,②一生繁殖多次、渔期短的季节性捕捞类型。把渔获量方程与Ricker繁殖模型和Beverton—Holt繁殖模型相结合,建立新的以渔获数表示的平衡渔获量方程。分别把Beverton-Holt渔获量方程(用于第1类型)和季节性渔业产量模型(用于第2类型)与Ricker繁殖模型和Beverton—Holt繁殖模型相结合,建立新的以重量表示的平衡渔获量方程。用这些方程式可以估算以数量表示的最大持续渔获数Cs、以重量表示的最大持续渔获量Ys,Cs所需的捕捞死亡系数(F‘s)和Ys所需的捕捞死亡系数(Fs)。计算了二种类型在同一自然死亡系数下的Cs、Ys、F‘s和Fs。结果表明：Fs不等于F‘s,同一种群的Fs可以小于F‘s,但Fs不可能大于F‘s。     

Examining common assumptions about recruitment: a meta‐analysis of recruitment dynamics for worldwide marine fisheries

Assumptions about the future productivity of a stock are necessary to calculate sustainable catches in fisheries management. Fisheries scientists often assume the number of young fish entering a population (recruitment) is related to the biomass of spawning adults and that recruitment dynamics do not change over time. Thus, managers often use a target biomass based on spawning biomass as the basis for calculating sustainable catches. However, we show recruitment and spawning biomass are not positively related over the observed range of stock sizes for 61% of 224 stocks in the RAM Legacy Stock Assessment Database. Furthermore, 85% of stocks for which spawning biomass may not drive recruitment dynamics over the observed ranges exhibit shifts in average recruitment, which is often used in proxies for target biomasses. Our results suggest that the environment more strongly influences recruitment than spawning biomass over the observed stock sizes for many stocks. Management often endeavours to maintain stock sizes within the observed ranges, so methods for setting management targets that include changes within an ecosystem may better define the status of some stocks, particularly as climate changes.     

Revealing the coral habitat effect on benthopelagic fauna diversity in the Santa Maria di Leuca cold‐water coral province using different devices and Bayesian hierarchical modelling

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牡蛎礁修复的底物筛选：新、旧牡蛎壳附苗效果比较#br#

通过2019年室内和野外附着实验,检验了牡蛎壳(新壳和旧壳)和生物膜(有生物膜和无生物膜)对牡蛎附着量的影响。室内附着实验表明,在生物膜处理下新壳上牡蛎附着量显著高于旧壳(P<0.05);而在无生物膜对照组中,新、旧壳上牡蛎附着量无显著差异(P>0.05)。野外附着实验发现,生物膜显著提升了旧壳上牡蛎附着量,但对新壳上牡蛎附着量无显著影响。通过2020年野外附着实验,检验了牡蛎壳(新壳和旧壳)和潮区(滩面以上0.6 m和1.1 m)对牡蛎和藤壶附着量的影响。牡蛎附着量在每个潮区中,15 d、45 d和70 d时新壳均显著高于旧壳(P<0.05)。藤壶附着量仅在0.6 m潮区中、15 d时新壳显著高于旧壳,而45 d和70 d时,各潮区中新、旧壳上藤壶附着量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。研究发现,总体来看新壳的附苗效果好于旧壳,这种差异涵盖了整个牡蛎繁殖、附着及补充的高峰期。因此,牡蛎礁修复中应优先选取新壳作为底物。     

Digestibility of selected feedstuffs in subadult Caspian great sturgeon,Huso huso using settlement faecal collection and stripping methods

Apparent crude protein (ADC_CP), crude fat (ADC_CF) and gross energy (ADC_GE) digestibility coefficients of several typical and novel feedstuffs were determined to be employed in the formulated diets of subadult beluga (17.70 ± 0.234 kg) diets via two faecal collection methods of settlement (SFCM) and stripping (StM). The tested feedstuffs included three fish meals, three terrestrial animal by‐products, three plant protein concentrates, nine high‐protein plant meals and three low plant protein meals. ADC_CP values varied in different fish meals ranging from 89.5% for Mexican sardine meal to 93.2% for anchovy meal with SFCM. ADC_CP values for plant protein concentrates ranged from 82.8% for wheat gluten meal to 92% for soy protein with SFCM. ADC_CP ranged from 37.2% for whole wheat to 75.6% for spirulina meal with SFCM. ADC_GE was lower in low‐protein plant meals (64.1%) in comparison to high‐protein plant meals (70.2%). Fish meals showed the highest ADC_CF values. A significant (P < 0.05) quadratic regression relation (r² = 0.92) was observed among in vivo ADC_CP of five feedstuff classes fed to beluga and in vitro ADC_CP. The differences among ADC values appear to be significantly related to the effects of feedstuffs and therefore diet and faecal collection methods.     

外来海洋物种入侵风险评估体系的构建

为了评估外来海洋物种入侵的风险,根据外来海洋物种入侵特点,在文献分析和专家咨询的基础上,采用层次分析和三角模糊数数值标度计算权重的方法,设计5个一级指标和20个二级指标,构建了外来海洋物种入侵风险评估体系。利用该评估体系对7种（类）典型海洋外来种进行了风险评估。评估结果表明,互花米草和对虾白斑病毒为极高风险等级;沙筛贝、米氏凯伦藻和帕金虫为高风险等级,罗非鱼为中风险等级;大菱鲆为低风险等级。由于传统层次分析法的“1～9标度”方法不能精确地反映人的实际思维,从而影响最终的判定结果,本评估体系借鉴了三角模糊数表示的改进方法来计算权重值,并对一级指标和二级指标的相对权重均进行了权重设计,得出的结果更加精确地反映了人的实际思维。外来海洋物种入侵风险评估体系的建立将为外来海洋物种入侵风险管理提供决策依据和参考。     

Herbivorous fishes and the potential of Caribbean marine reserves to preserve coral reef ecosystems

• 1. The development of macroalgae to the detriment of corals is now one of the major threats to coral reefs. Herbivorous fishes are partly responsible for algal regulation on coral reefs and their overexploitation favours the shift from scleractinian coral‐dominated systems towards macroalgae‐dominated systems.
• 2. Marine protected areas (MPAs) that have been established worldwide may benefit coral reefs through the maintenance of high densities of herbivorous fishes which regulate algal growth.
• 3. The paper assesses whether small MPAs in the Caribbean are able to enhance herbivorous fish stock and by controlling macroalgae help to maintain reef ecosystems. A visual census using band‐transects was undertaken around Guadeloupe island where marine reserves have been in place since 1979. The effects of MPAs on both benthic communities and herbivorous fishes are examined.
• 4. Inside MPAs, herbivorous fish biomass was almost twice as high as outside MPAs and macroalgal cover was significantly lower. Fish size class distributions revealed that large individuals occurred mainly inside MPAs and that few male individuals were found outside MPAs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

An index for the management of South African estuaries for juvenile fish recruitment from the marine environment

The release of fresh water from major impoundments to meet the requirements of estuaries has become a recognized need and methodologies to define appropriate release strategies have become an urgent priority in some parts of the world. A recruitment index for juvenile marine fish is presented, based on information relating to the preferred recruitment periods for 27 species, as well as the extent of dependency of these species on estuaries. The status of the estuary mouth (i.e. open or closed) and the longitudinal salinity differences (i.e. the difference between the salinity at the estuary head and the mouth) in the estuary are obtained from a hydrodynamic model of the estuary. The recruitment index integrates this information to provide an indication of potential recruitment (or recruitment opportunity). This index was applied in a case study of the Great Brak Estuary, South Africa, and a distinct decrease in the recruitment index was associated with a reduction in freshwater inflow. In the estuary modelled, annual run-off could be halved without an appreciable decrease in the fish recruitment index (FRI), but with a potentially sharp decline in fish recruitment thereafter. While the index represented recruitment opportunity rather than actual recruitment, it does at least provide an indication of where ecological risk is likely to increase substantially. Since the index integrates the current understanding with respect to the key processes which regulate recruitment of juvenile marine fish into estuaries, it is suggested that it has the potential to fulfil a vital role in identifying appropriate freshwater release policies for impoundments in South Africa.     

Performance and cost‐effectiveness of sexually produced Acropora granulosa juveniles compared with asexually generated coral fragments in restoring degraded reef areas

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Development of new real-time PCR methods for detection of Decapod iridescent virus 1 in shrimp

Novel Decapod Iridescent virus (DIV1) infections emerged in mainland China around 2014 and have devastated shrimp aquaculture operations in Chinese coastal provinces. In 2020, DIV1 has spread to Taiwan with devastating results to shrimp and crayfish farms, in addition to being found in wild caught Penaeus monodon from the Indian Ocean. This trend is a major cause for concern and an urgent reminder to expand the tools needed to monitor the spread of DIV1 globally. Here, we describe a set of four different real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays positioned across the genome of DIV1 to detect the virus in shrimp tissues. All four assays show a wide dynamic range and high analytical sensitivity and specificity. In addition, the newly developed assays show excellent diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in clinical Litopenaeus vannamei samples of North Asian origin. The new molecular toolset will enhance global capabilities to monitor the spread of DIV1 and ultimately be used as an early warning system for farmers and authorities to engage in appropriate risk mitigation strategies.     

Testing for correspondence between coral reef invertebrate diversity and marine park designation on the Masoala Peninsula of eastern Madagascar

• 1. Justifying the designation of protected areas often depends on the ability to select areas in good ecological conditions, with high taxonomic richness, and unique habitats or species assemblage characteristics.
• 2. The ecology of scleractinian coral and prosobranch snails were examined along the Masoala Peninsula of north‐eastern Madagascar using rapid assessment methods to evaluate the correspondence between unique invertebrate faunal characteristics and park designation.
• 3. The reefs along this peninsula are in good ecological condition and have a coral and snail fauna similar to most of the western Indian Ocean, with no indications of local endemism in these groups. There was no relationship between the taxonomic richness of snails and corals. Corals were better at distinguishing locations based on taxonomic richness while snails were better based on unique faunal characteristics.
• 4. Corals had the highest taxonomic richness on the extreme windward north and south and the lowest richness on the leeward side of the peninsula. The leeward side did, however, have an unusual habitat of corals growing on granite rock with a unique coral and snail fauna. A northern and southern assemblage characterized snail fauna on the windward side of the peninsula.
• 5. The composite findings indicate that the currently designated park areas cover two of the three areas that have either high diversity or unique faunas.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

BOD测量方法及仪器进展

生化需氧量(BOD)是一项水质监测的重要指标,本文分析介绍了现有的BOD测量方法,同时分析介绍了适用于淡水、海水的BOD分析仪器。     

Hierarchical methods and sampling design for conservation monitoring of tropical marine hard bottom communities

• 1. A 4-year study developed methods for annual monitoring of shallow-water tropical marine benthic communities to detect changes in spatial patterning and benthic diversity. Two low-relief sponge/octocoral communities were selected from natural colour photography to gain a broader perspective on spatial variability in the benthic community structure of similar community types.
• 2. Changes in benthic spatial patterning were studied using four methods: (i) substrata and lifeform coverage characterization, (ii) species inventories, (iii) belt quadrat measurements of taxa-level (algae, sponges, octocorals and stony corals) density, area coverage and size, and (iv) belt quadrat measurements of species-level density, area coverage and area per individual or colony.
• 3. A sampling hierarchy of multiple parameters was utilized to detect changes in benthic community diversity. Substrata and lifeform characterizations (at the taxa-versus species-level) were the least sensitive and serve as indicators of catastrophic change in community structure.
• 4. Changes in spatial patterning of the benthos that may be attributed to low-level, chronic anthropogenic disturbances can be best studied utilizing belt quadrat measurements. The use of multiple study sites and a sampling hierarchy was useful in minimizing Type II errors and to determine the level of monitoring necessary to segregate natural rates of change from anthropogenic impacts.

     

A new approach to prioritizing marine fish and shellfish populations for conservation

There has been increasing awareness of the vulnerability of marine organisms to population extirpation and species extinction. While very few documented cases of species extinction exist in the marine environment, it is anticipated that managers will face the dilemma of prioritizing populations of marine fish and shellfish for protection in the near future. Current prioritization procedures have been developed from salmonid models with the intent of applying them to all marine organisms, and in some cases to freshwater and terrestrial taxa. In this review we provide evidence for the relevance of such a process for marine species and further suggest five broad categories of marine organisms that have distinctive traits influencing their genetic structure. The current prioritization models have been adapted to account for each of these species groups. Emphasis is placed on ‘Classical Marine Species’ which represent the opposite end of the continuum from the salmon model, displaying high within‐population genetic variance. From this category, three cod (Gadus morhua) stocks were selected to evaluate a revised scheme developed specifically for ‘Classical Marine Species’ that includes performance measures such as (i) reduction in number of spawning populations; (ii) reduction of Ne : Nc (ratio of effective to census population size); (iii) changes in life‐history traits; (iv) critical density for spawning success; and (v) patchy vs. continuous distribution pattern. When the salmonid scheme was applied, the cod examples were allocated low values, indicating that they were not under threat. However, when the revised scheme was applied, all three cod stocks were allocated high values, indicating that the revised scheme was more reflective of the particular life‐history traits of this category of organisms.     

分隔式桁拖网分隔装置的分隔效率模型

种类选择性研究是减轻拖网渔业兼捕和抛弃问题的重要方法,利用参数化的模型实现拖网渔具选择性装置渔获性能的解析,不仅有利于装置性能的评价和比较,而且对于优化选择性装置结构、提高装置性能具有重要的意义。根据SELECT模型原理,认为渔获对象接触分隔装置的概率与个体尺寸有关,并使用S型曲线（Logistic曲线）表示接触概率曲线,结合分隔装置的选择曲线,为评价桁拖网分隔装置的分隔效率建立了模型。模型对分隔式桁拖网渔具（60 mm分隔网片）捕获的哈氏仿对虾和短吻舌鳎的渔获数据进行拟合,结果表明,该模型能较好地分析分隔网片的分隔效率。通过对模型的分析,认为模型具有较好的应用性,且模型可根据实际情况进行适当简化;将捕捞对象的接触概率独立于选择性装置选择性能的做法,对于研究网具内捕捞对象行为特性具有一定的参考意义。     

AFLP分子标记技术的发展及其在海洋生物中的应用

AFLP分子标记技术是一种建立在PCR技术和RFLP标记基础上的新的DNA指纹技术,具有多态性丰富、结果稳定可靠、重复性好、所需DNA量少,且可以在不需预先知道基因序列的情况下进行研究等特点,现已被广泛应用于遗传图谱构建、遗传多样性分析、系统进化及分类学、遗传育种和种质鉴定以及基因定位等方面。本文简要介绍AFLP分子标记技术的原理、特点、发展及其在海洋生物中的应用现状及前景展望。