秸秆养肉牛饲料中施用添加剂的效果

试验用Ｌ４（２３）型正交法，比较了在饲喂以小麦秸秆为主的粗饲料条件下，常量元素（钾、镁、硫）、微量元素、促生长素３种添加剂的复合及其各自的效果。每组３头牛，每个处理６头牛。通过６０ｄ试验观察，饲料中添加微量元素可以提高增重２３．８９％，降低饲料消耗１６．１８％；添加促生长剂提高增重２１．２８％，降低饲料消耗１４．８２％。经生物统计分析，差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。添加常量元素有效果，但不明显，分别为３．４０％、１．７０％。经试验，用微量元素和促生长剂组成复合添加剂预混料的２组较不喂者可提高增重５１．９９％（Ｐ＜０．０１），单位增重饲料消耗减少２８．３３％；用促生长剂和常量元素组成预混料的３组与微量元素和常量元素预混料的４组较不喂者均能提高增重和减少单位增重饲料消耗，分别为２８．９３％、３１．６４％及１８．１３％、１９．３３％，效果明显，经济效益显著。投入产出比达７．４３－１３．１４１。从而说明以秸秆饲喂肉牛，加喂添加剂是提高饲料利用率，增加体重的重要途径     

秸秆养肉年饲料中施用添加剂的效果

试验用Ｌ４（２＾３）型正交法，比较了在饲肥小麦秸秆为主的粗饲料条件下，常量元素，微量元素，促生长素３种添加剂的复合及其各自的效果。每组３头牛，每个处理６头牛。通过６０ｄ试验观察，饲料中添加微量元素可以提高增重２３．８９％，降低饲料消耗１６．１８％；添加促生长剂财产理２１．２８％，降低饲料消耗１４．８２％。经生物统计分析，差异显著。     

冬春季不同秸秆比例和饲料添加剂对架子牛增重效果研究

[目的] 为得到不同比例青贮玉米秸饲喂牛时,促生长剂及微量元素等作饲料添加剂的作用效果以及日粮中合理确定青贮玉米秸用量,提高饲养效益。[方法]选择生长发育正常,体重、体格相近,健康无病,周岁左右的秦川小公牛12头,随机分为4组,每组3头,比较促生长剂、微量元素和维生素以及不同青贮玉米秸比例3种因素对架子牛增重效果影响。[结果]通过试验可以看出,日粮中利用60%的青贮玉米秸,添加由促生长剂和微量元素等组成的添加剂预混料喂肉牛可以获得892g日增重,较不用添加剂增加110g,即提高14.07%,每kg增重节约饲料0.8kg(8.48%);饲料中添加促生长剂比较不添加者,可提高日增重11.23%,减少饲料消耗8.76%(单位增重)。降低饲料中秸秆比例,青贮玉米秸由60%减少到40%(风干重),日增重提高31.72%达1088g,每kg增重消耗饲料7.11kg(干物质6.4kg),节约饲料1.99kg,提高饲料报酬21.87%,总体经济效益相似,但是每kg增重多耗精料0.57kg,每kg增重饲料费用并未降低。[结论]架子牛规模育肥值得大力推广。     

秸秆的微贮及哺牛试验

为充分利用当地秸秆资料，１９９５～１９９６年作者在山西吕梁地区用微贮饲料（黄干玉米秸）饲喂６０头试验牛，对照组６０头牛所喂黄干玉米秸未作任何处理，育肥９０天，精料由玉米粉５６．１％，麸皮２１．４％，棉籽饼２０％，食盐０．５％，矿物质及其它添加剂０．３％组成，两组牛精日喂量均按平均体重的１％分两次饲喂，试验结果表明：试验组日增重为０．８９３ｋｇ，对照组为０．６５ｋｇ，试验组增重提高７２．８％，两组牛     

秸秆的微贮及喂牛试验

为充分利用当地秸秆资料，１９９５～１９９６年作者在山西吕梁地区用微贮饲料（黄干玉米秸）饲喂６０头试验牛；对照组６０头牛所喂黄干玉米秸未作任何处理，育肥９０天。精料由玉米粉５６．１％、麸皮２１．４％、棉籽饼２０％、食盐０．５％、矿物质及其它添加剂０．３％组成，两组牛精料日喂量均按平均体重的１％分两次饲喂。试验结果表明：试验组日增重为０．８９３ｋｇ，对照组为０．６５ｋｇ，试验组增重提高７２．８％。两组牛的料重比分别为８．１６％和１０．４１％，即对照组比试验组多消耗精料２７．５７ｋｇ。试验组头均盈利１１７．１元，对照为１３．４元，试验组比对照牛多盈利１０．３７元。     

日粮中添加高剂量铜对肉用仔鸡生长和肝、粪铜浓度的影响

用１６４只１周龄ＡＡ肉用仔鸡进行的两次试验结果显示，在含铜８—１４ｍｇ／ｋｇ的玉米—豆饼日粮中，添加１２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ铜（ＣｕＳＯ４５Ｈ２Ｏ），提高４—７周龄平均增重７．１－１０．８％（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１），提高１—３周龄平均增重２．１－２．５％（Ｐ＞０．０５，试验Ⅱ）或６．２％（Ｐ＜０．０１，试验Ⅰ），降低１—３周龄饲料／增重６．３－１５．３％，添加１２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ铜，对胸肌含水量无影响（Ｐ＞０．０５），明显提高了肝铜含量（Ｐ＜０．０５），但幅度不太大，由对照组的１３．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ提高到２３．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ（风干基础），而正常鸡肝含铜量低，因此对食品卫生无不利影响。大量铜由粪中排出体外，试验组粪铜浓度比对照组提高９倍。     

畜禽旺营养添加剂对仔猪增重效果试验

仔猪日粮中添加畜禽旺营养添加剂（１０ｇ／头／日），进行增重试验，饲喂３０天后，头均增重和头均日增重试验组比对照组分别增加４．４８ｋｇ和０．１５ｋｇ（Ｐ〉０．０１），分别提高７１．６８％和７０．４８％，饲料报酬提高２５．８％。     

利用秸秆育肥黑白花公牛的试验报告

黑白花公牛２０头，平均体重３９４（３６６－４２８）ｋｇ，大量利用青贮与氨化麦秸并补饲混合精料进行育肥试验。分为两组，混合精料中拌入微量元素添加剂的为试验组，不添加的为对照组。经２个月肥育，平均活重达到４６６－４７７ｋｇ，平均每头牛采食风干日粮１５ｋｇ，饲料精粗比，第一月３６：６４，第二月４４：５６；试验组与对照组牛平均日增重１．３９、１．２０ｋｇ，试验牛相对提高１６．２％，每千克增重的饲料成本下降１４％。     

日粮中添加高剂量铜对肉用仔鸡生长和肝,粪铜浓度的影响

用１６４只１周龄ＡＡ肉用仔鸡进行的两次试验结果显示，在含铜８－１４ｍｇ／ｋｇ的玉米－豆饼日粮中，添加１２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ铜，提高４－７周龄平均增重７．１－１０．８＾，提高１－３周龄平均增重２．１－２．５％或６．２％，降低１－３周龄饲料／增重６．３－１５．３％，添加１２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ铜，对胸肌含水量无影响，明显提高了肝铜含量，但度不太大，由对照组的１３．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ提高到２３．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，而正常鸡肝含铜     

膨化鸡粪饲料饲喂生长肉猪试验

采用西宁市华青蛋禽公司生产的膨化鸡粪饲料饲喂生长肉猪，试验１、２、３组分别按基础饲粮的１０％、２０％和３０％添加，代替基础饲粮。经６０天试验，试验１、２、３组的平均日增重分别比只喂基础饲粮的对照组提高２３．３２％（Ｐ＜０．０１），１２．３５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）和降低６．２３％（Ｐ＞０．０５）；每千克增重分别比对照组节省混合料０．３２ｋｇ、０．２３ｋｇ和０．２８ｋｇ；每千克增重所需的饲料成本分别比对照组节支０．１３元和多支出０．１４元、０．３４元。试验证明，膨化鸡粪饲料以添加１０％为宜，可获得较好的经济效益。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -