烟酸铬对西门塔尔牛瘤胃液pH值和氨态氮浓度的影响

试验选用4头平均体重(500±20)kg,年龄4岁,装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究日粮添加烟酸铬(0、40、801、20 mg/d)对瘤胃液pH值及氨态氮浓度的影响。结果表明:日粮添加烟酸铬对瘤胃pH值无显著差异(P>0.05);80 mg/d组瘤胃液氨态氮浓度显著低于对照组,其他各组间无明显差异(P>0.05)。综合以上结果,烟酸铬适宜添加水平为80 mg/d。     

不同过瘤胃蛋氨酸对奶牛pH和氨态氮的影响

试验选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛,试验分4个阶段,每阶段分别饲喂日粮Ⅰ(基础日粮 保护性蛋氨酸Ⅰ 30g/d)、日粮Ⅱ(基础日粮 保护性蛋氨酸Ⅱ30 g/d)、日粮Ⅲ(基础日粮 保护性蛋氨酸Ⅲ 30 g/d)和日粮Ⅳ(基础日粮),研究棕榈油脂肪粉包被蛋氨酸对瘤胃液pH和氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度的影响.结果表明,日粮中添加保护性蛋氨酸对瘤胃pH影响不显著;对NH3-N浓度有降低趋势,但添加RPMet-Ⅰ影响不显著,添加RPMet-Ⅱ和RPMet-Ⅲ大部分时间点影响显著.     

霉菌毒素分解酶对奶公牛生长性能和瘤胃发酵的影响

为研究霉菌毒素分解酶(MCE)对奶公牛生长性能、养分消化率、瘤胃发酵、瘤胃酶活和微生物菌群的影响,本试验选择26月龄、体重(763±12.3)kg、装有瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦公牛8头,采用4×4重复拉丁方设计,4个处理组分别在试验牛饲喂基础日粮中补充0、10、15、20 g/d MCE,试验分4个阶段,每阶段包括10 d预试期和10d正试期。结果表明:与0g/d和20g/dMCE组相比,10、15g/dMCE组的平均日增重、总挥发酸浓度、乙酸摩尔百分比以及乙酸/丙酸比值提高,耗料增重比降低(P0.05),瘤胃pH降低(P0.05);与0 g/d MCE组相比,日粮添加15、20 g/d MCE提高了干物质和有机物消化率(P0.05);与0 g/d MCE组相比,日粮补充15 g/d MCE提高了中性洗涤纤维与酸性洗涤纤维的消化率,降低了瘤胃氨态氮浓度(P0.05);与0 g/d MCE组相比,10、15 g/d MCE组瘤胃内总细菌、黄色瘤胃球菌、产琥珀酸丝状杆菌和溶纤维丁酸弧菌的数量,以及瘤胃纤维二糖酶、羧甲基纤维素酶和木聚糖酶的活性均提高,瘤胃蛋白酶活性降低(P0.05)。结果提示,日粮补充15 g/d MCE能显著改善奶公牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵和养分消化率。     

日粮添加苹果酸对牛瘤胃发酵的影响

选用4头体重约500kg,年龄3岁,装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究不同添加水平苹果酸(0、70、140和210g/d)对牛瘤胃pH值、NH3-N、VFA的影响。结果表明:140g/d组和210g/d组瘤胃pH值显著低于对照组,140g/d组和210g/d组瘤胃乙酸摩尔比、乙酸/丙酸比例、氨态氮浓度和乳酸含量显著低于对照组和70g/d组(P<0.05)、140g/d组和210g/d组瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸浓度、丙酸和丁酸摩尔比显著高于对照组和70g/d组(P<0.05)。由以上结果得出,本试验条件下,苹果酸的适宜添加水平为140g/d。     

木聚糖酶和枯草芽孢杆菌对奶公牛瘤胃发酵、微生物酶活性和数量的影响

为研究枯草芽孢杆菌(XYL)和木聚糖酶(BS)对瘤胃发酵、微生物酶活性和数量的影响。将20头体重为(540±6.2)kg荷斯坦公牛按2×2因子设计随机分为4组:对照组(基础日粮)、XYL+组(基础日粮+2 g/d XYL)、BS+组(基础日粮+5 g/d BS)与XYL+BS组(基础日粮+2 g/d XYL+5 g/d BS)。结果显示:添加XYL,瘤胃pH不变;总挥发性脂肪酸浓度、乙酸摩尔比、乙酸/丙酸值增加(P<0.05);氨态氮浓度降低(P<0.05);纤维分解酶活性、总细菌和主要纤维分解菌数量提高(P<0.05)。添加BS,瘤胃p H不变;总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和丙酸摩尔比增加(P<0.05);氨态氮浓度、纤维分解酶活性与菌数量不受影响。对瘤胃α-淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性以及嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌与原虫数量,XYL与BS互作效应显著(P<0.05)。综上可知,XYL和BS均能改善瘤胃发酵,且二者共同添加对淀粉和蛋白分解菌的生长与酶活性的提高更有效。     

过瘤胃保护蛋氨酸对奶牛营养物质消化、瘤胃发酵和氮代谢的影响

试验研究日粮中添加过瘤胃保护蛋氨酸(RP-Met)对奶牛瘤胃发酵和氮代谢的影响。试验采用2×2反转试验设计。选择4头产奶量相近、体质量(610±70)kg、泌乳日龄(150±30)d且装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康经产荷斯坦泌乳牛为试验动物。随机分为2组,其中一组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;另一组为试验组,在饲喂基础日粮的同时添加RP-Met 60 g/d。试验结果表明,添加RP-Met后日粮中各种营养成分的表观消化率与对照组相比差异均不显著(P0.05),但中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率在数值上有所提高。在日粮中添加RP-Met对饲喂后2~6 d瘤胃液pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)质量浓度、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)质量浓度及各挥发酸的比例无显著影响(P0.05),但瘤胃液pH有降低的趋势(在早饲后4 h,其pH差异已接近显著水平,P=0.057);NH3-N和VFA质量浓度有升高的趋势。与对照组相比,试验组尿氮占消化氮的比例显著降低(P0.05);消化氮的沉积率显著升高(P0.05);尿氮排出量明显降低,乳氮、沉积氮和消化氮转化成乳氮的效率明显升高,血浆尿素氮和牛奶尿素氮有降低的趋势,但均未达到统计学上的显著水平(P0.05)。上述结果说明,RP-Met具有较好的瘤胃稳定性和小肠消化率,能够起到RP-Met的基本功能与作用。     

苹果酸对山羊瘤胃发酵的影响

以4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的本地山羊为试验动物,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究苹果酸(0、5、10和15g/d)对山羊瘤胃发酵的影响。结果表明,日粮中添加苹果酸显著提高了瘤胃pH和丙酸比例(P<0.05),并显著降低了NH3-N、乳酸浓度和乙丙比(A/P)(P<0.05)。添加苹果酸后8 h时,5 g/d和10 g/d处理组的乳酸浓度分别比对照组降低了31%(P<0.05)和29%(P<0.05);添加苹果酸后2 h时,10 g/d和15 g/d处理组的NH3-N浓度均比对照组降低了30%(P<0.05)。10 g/d和15 g/d处理组乙丙比日平均值分别比对照组降低了12%(P<0.05)和22%(P<0.01);但各处理组总挥发性脂肪酸浓度(TVFA)未见明显变化。结果提示,日粮添加苹果酸可以改变瘤胃发酵类型,明显提高丙酸比例,促进乳酸和NH3-N的利用。     

不同过瘤胃氨酸对奶牛pH和氨态氮的影响

试验选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛，试验分4个阶段，每阶段分别饲喂日粮Ⅰ（基础日粮＋保护性蛋氨酸Ⅰ30g/d）、日粮Ⅱ（基础日粮＋保护性蛋氨酸Ⅱ30g/d）、日粮Ⅲ（基础日粮＋保护性蛋氨酸Ⅲ30g/d）和日粮Ⅳ（基础日粮），研究棕榈油脂肪粉包被蛋氨酸对瘤胃液pH和氨态氮（NH3-N）浓度的影响。结果表明，日粮中添加保护性蛋氨酸对瘤胃pH影响不显著；对NH3-N浓度有降低趋势，但添加RPMet-Ⅰ影响不显著，添加RPMet-Ⅱ和RPMet-Ⅲ大部分时间点影响显著。     

过瘤胃脂肪对绵羊瘤胃代谢影响的研究

研究3种过瘤胃脂肪对绵羊瘤胃代谢的影响。选择4只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的小尾寒羊公羊(平均体质量42kg),采用4×4拉丁方试验设计方法,以基础日粮组为对照组,在试验组日粮中分别添加40g脂肪酸钙、植物脂肪粉和硬脂肪粉,采集瘤胃液测定氨态氮、pH和挥发性脂肪酸。结果表明:1)饲喂3种过瘤胃脂肪对绵羊瘤胃氨态氮浓度没有显著影响。2)饲喂后pH呈现先下降后上升的总体趋势,对照组pH比试验组高,但各处理对绵羊瘤胃液pH的影响不显著,以添加脂肪酸钙和植物脂肪粉效果较好。3)各组试验羊瘤胃乙酸、丙酸、丁酸的浓度及乙酸/丙酸的变化规律基本相同;对瘤胃乙酸浓度没有显著影响;添加植物脂肪粉组丙酸浓度最高,与硬脂肪粉组差异显著;硬脂肪粉组丁酸浓度比对照组和脂肪酸钙组高,差异显著;硬脂肪粉组乙酸/丙酸值显著高于其他各组。绵羊日粮中添加40g过瘤胃脂肪对瘤胃氨态氮浓度、pH和乙酸浓度没有显著影响,对丙酸浓度、丁酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸值有显著影响。     

日粮补充苹果酸对牛瘤胃发酵和养分消化代谢的影响

选用8头体重462 kg、年龄3岁、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4重复拉丁方设计,对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理组分别在基础日粮基础上添加苹果酸70,140和210 g/d,研究苹果酸对西门塔尔牛瘤胃发酵、尿嘌呤衍生物含量、日粮养分表观消化率、能量代谢及氮平衡的影响。结果表明,140和210 g/d组瘤胃pH值显著低于对照组,瘤胃乙酸摩尔比、乙酸/丙酸、氨态氮浓度和乳酸含量显著低于对照组和70 g/d组(P<0.05),瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸浓度、丙酸和丁酸摩尔比显著高于对照组和100 g/d组(P<0.05)。140 g/d组玉米秸秆干物质、有机物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维瘤胃有效降解率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);210 g/d组混合精料干物质、有机物质和粗蛋白质瘤胃有效降解率显著低于对照组、70和140 g/d组(P<0.05)。140 g/d组尿囊素和尿嘌呤衍生物含量显著高于70和210 g/d组及对照组(P<0.05);140和210 g/d组有机物质、粗脂肪、无氮浸出物、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);140 g/d组消化能、代谢能、沉积能及沉积能/消化能显著高于对照组(P<0.05);140 g/d组沉积氮显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综合各项指标,苹果酸的适宜添加水平为140 g/d。     

Effects of virginiamycin and monensin plus tylosin on ruminal protein metabolism in steers fed corn-based finishing diets with or without wet corn gluten feed

Six ruminally cannulated steers (345 +/- 20 kg initial BW) were used in a 6 x 6 Latin square to evaluate effects of diet and antibiotics on ruminal protein metabolism. Two diets and three antibiotic treatments were arranged factorially. One diet contained (DM basis) 72% dry-rolled corn, 12% soybean meal, 10% alfalfa hay, and 4% molasses (SBM), and the other contained 63% dry-rolled corn, 30% wet corn gluten feed, and 5% alfalfa hay (WCGF). Antibiotic treatments included control, virginiamycin (175 mg/d; VM), and monensin/tylosin (250 and 100 mg/d, respectively; MT). Steers were fed at 12-h intervals at a rate of 2.4% of empty BW daily. Each period included 18 d of adaptation and 3 d of ruminal fluid collections. Samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h after the morning feeding on d 19 and 20. On d 21, rumens were dosed 2 h after the morning feeding with 350 g of solubilized casein to evaluate in vivo ruminal protease and deaminase activities. Ruminal fluid samples were collected 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 h after the casein dose. On d 19 and 20, antibiotics had no effect on ruminal pH or concentrations of VFA, lactate, ammonia, ciliated protozoa, alpha-amino nitrogen (AAN), or peptide N, but VM reduced (P < 0.01) the concentration of isovalerate compared to MT and control. After casein dosing (d 21), peptide N concentration was unaffected by antibiotics, but AAN were higher (P < 0.01) for VM than MT and control. Relative to MT and control, VM reduced ruminal isovalerate (P = 0.05) and increased ruminal propionate (P < 0.01) on d 21. Ruminal pH was lower (P < 0.01) in steers fed SBM than in steers fed WCGF, but lactate concentrations were unaffected by diet. Steers fed SBM had higher (P < 0.05) ruminal concentrations of total VFA and propionate. Ammonia concentrations were lower before feeding and higher after feeding for steers fed WCGF (P < 0.01). Steers fed WCGF had higher counts of total ciliated protozoa than steers fed SBM (P < 0.05) due to greater Entodinium sp. (P < 0.05). Steers fed WCGF had higher (P < 0.01) ruminal AAN and peptide N concentrations than those fed SBM on d 19 and 20. After casein dosing, ruminal peptide N concentrations were similar, but AAN were lower (P < 0.01) for WCGF than SBM. Overall, VM appeared to depress ruminal deaminase activity, and MT had minimal effects on ruminal fermentation products. The protein in WCGF appeared to be more readily degradable than that in SBM.     

Effects of alfalfa extract, anise, capsicum, and a mixture of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on ruminal fermentation and protein degradation in beef heifers fed a high-concentrate diet

Four Holstein heifers (360 +/- 22 and 450 +/- 28 kg of BW in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively) fitted with ruminal trocars were used in 4 x 4 Latin square designs to evaluate the effects on ruminal microbial fermentation of the following: Exp. 1, no additive, alfalfa extract (30 g/d, AEX), a mixture of cinnamaldehyde (0.18 g/d) and eugenol (0.09 g/d; CIE1), and AEX and CIE1 in combination; and Exp. 2, no additive, anise oil (2 g/d), capsicum oil (1 g/d), and a mixture of cinnamaldehyde (0.6 g/d) and eugenol (0.3 g/d). Heifers were fed a 90:10 concentrate:barley straw diet (16% CP; 25% NDF) for ad libitum intake. Each period consisted of 15 d for adaptation and 6 d for sampling. On d 16 to 18, DM and water intakes were measured. On d 19 to 21 ruminal contents were sampled at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h after feeding to determine ruminal pH and the concentrations of VFA, L-lactate, large peptides, small peptides plus AA (SPep+AA), and ammonia N. On d 20 and 21, samples of ruminal fluid were collected at 0 and 3 h after feeding to determine protozoal counts. In Exp. 1, CIE1 and AEX decreased (P < 0.05) total DMI, concentrate DMI, and water intake. The increase (P < 0.05) in SPep+AA and the decrease (P < 0.05) in ammonia N when supplementing CIE1 suggest that deamination was inhibited. Treatment AEX increased (P < 0.05) the acetate to propionate ratio, which is less efficient for beef production. Treatment CIE1 increased (P < 0.05) counts of holotrichs. Effects of AEX and CIE1 were not additive for many of the measured metabolites. In Exp. 2, treatments had no effect on ruminal pH, total VFA concentration, and butyrate proportion. The capsicum oil treatment increased (P < 0.05) DMI, water intake, and SPep+AA N concentration and decreased (P < 0.05) acetate proportion, branched-chain VFA concentration, and large peptide N concentration. The cinnamaldehyde (0.6 g/d) and eugenol (0.3 g/d) treatment decreased (P < 0.05) water intake, acetate proportion, branched-chain VFA, L-lactate, and ammonia N concentrations and increased (P < 0.05) propionate proportion and SPep+AA N concentration. The anise oil treatment decreased (P < 0.05) acetate to propionate ratio, branched-chain VFA and ammonia N concentrations, and protozoal counts. The results indicate that at the doses used a mixture of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol, anise oil, and capsicum oil may be useful as modifiers of rumen fermentation in beef production systems.     

添喂赖氨酸席夫碱 铜配合物对绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响

选用4只体重约40 kg、安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的新疆美利奴羯羊按分期试验设计，分别添喂赖氨酸席夫碱-铜配合物0（第Ⅰ期）、4（第Ⅱ期）、8（第Ⅲ期）g/d·只，以研究不同水平的赖氨酸席夫碱 铜配合物对绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响。结果表明：随着添喂水平的提高，绵羊对玉米秸秆干物质的采食量增加，其中添喂量为8 g/d·只组与0 g/d·只组相比，采食量提高了12.5％（P＜0.05）。瘤胃液pH在4 g/d·只组与对照组之间无明显差异（P＞0.05），添喂8 g/d·只时在前3 h内具有明显减缓瘤胃液pH下降的作用。各组瘤胃液NH3-N含量差异不明显（P＞0.05），但8 g/d·只组的整体瘤胃液NH3-N含量有降低趋势。添喂赖氨酸席夫碱-铜配合物可降低乙酸和TVFA含量，提高丙酸和丁酸含量，使瘤胃发酵由乙酸型向丙酸型转变。本试验结果表明，添喂赖氨酸席夫碱 铜配合物对绵羊瘤胃发酵有一定的调节作用。     

酵母多糖对哺乳犊牛瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同剂量的酵母多糖对哺乳犊牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响。选用56头新生荷斯坦犊牛随机分为4组,每组14头（其中母犊6头、公犊8头）。试验Ⅰ组（对照组）饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组在基础日粮中分别添加1、2、3 g/（头·d）的酵母多糖,试验期60 d,分别在20和60日龄时每组各屠宰4头犊牛,采集瘤胃液测定挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、pH、氨态氮（NH₃-N）及微生物蛋白（MCP）产量。结果表明：①在整个生长期内,各处理组犊牛瘤胃液pH及丁酸浓度、乙酸/丙酸差异均不显著（P>0.05）;②20日龄时,试验Ⅲ组犊牛瘤胃乙酸浓度极显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.01）,试验Ⅱ组丙酸浓度显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.05）,总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度在各组间差异不显著（P>0.05）,60日龄时,试验Ⅲ组犊牛瘤胃乙酸浓度极显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.01）,各组之间丙酸浓度差异不显著（P>0.05）,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组TVFA浓度显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.05）,其中试验Ⅲ组最高;③ 20日龄时,试验Ⅲ组犊牛瘤胃NH₃-N浓度显著低于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.05）,试验Ⅱ组MCP产量显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）,60日龄时各组之间NH₃-N浓度差异不显著（P>0.05）,试验Ⅲ组MCP产量显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）。综合上述结果,在犊牛日粮中添加2 g/（头·d）的酵母多糖降低了瘤胃液NH₃-N浓度,提高了MCP产量及TVFA浓度,增强了瘤胃内氨和蛋白质的利用,有利于犊牛瘤胃发酵状态的稳定。本试验条件下酵母多糖在0~60日龄犊牛日粮中的适宜添加量为2 g/（头·d）。     

不同浓度肽对瘤胃发酵及微生物蛋白产量的影响

利用短期人工瘤胃发酵法研究奶牛瘤胃中肽浓度的变化对瘤胃发酵的影响,并探讨瘤胃适宜肽浓度值。试验按0、10、15、16g/L和20g/L氨基氮的肽浓度分为5个处理,每个处理3个重复,测定pH值、氨态氮值及微生物蛋白产量。结果表明:在各个时间点各组之间的pH均无显著差异(P>0.05)。发酵8h后,15、16g/L和20g/L3组的NH3-N值与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。对于瘤胃微生物蛋白产量(MCP),在第4h和24h时,15g/L和16g/L组与0g/L和10g/L组分别相比,差异显著(P<0.05);在2h时,16g/L组与其他各组相比较,差异均不显著(P>0.05)。本试验条件下,人工瘤胃内适宜的肽浓度为16g/L。     

瘤胃灌注不同来源淀粉对牦牛瘤胃发酵及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在探讨瘤胃灌注不同来源淀粉对牦牛瘤胃发酵及血清生化指标的影响.选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、体况良好、体重相近[( 244±15) kg]的去势牦牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,对照组按照1.2倍维持能量水平饲喂单一燕麦草(未灌注淀粉),玉米淀粉组和抗性淀粉组分别在对照组的饲喂基础上瘤胃灌注玉米淀粉和抗性淀粉900 g/d.试验分为3期,每期试验18 d(15 d预试期和3d采样期).结果表明:与对照组相比,灌注玉米淀粉和抗性淀粉显著降低瘤胃pH(P ＜0.05),极显著降低瘤胃氨态氮含量(P＜0.01),灌注4h后显著提高瘤胃微生物蛋白质和挥发性脂肪酸含量(P＜0.05).在灌注后4和6h,玉米淀粉组和抗性淀粉组血糖含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),血清胰岛素、胰高血糖素和甘油三酯含量与对照组相比差异不显著(P＞0.05),血清尿素氮含量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).结果提示,瘤胃灌注玉米淀粉和抗性淀粉,降低了牦牛瘤胃氨态氮含量,提高了微生物蛋白质和挥发性脂肪酸含量,提高了血糖含量,降低了血清尿素氮含量,说明牦牛能有效利用不同来源的淀粉.     

Effects of supplemental zinc and manganese on ruminal fermentation, forage intake, and digestion by cattle fed prairie hay and urea

One in vitro and one in vivo metabolism experiment were conducted to examine the effects of supplemental Zn on ruminal parameters, digestion, and DMI by heifers fed low-quality prairie hay supplemented with urea. In Exp. 1, prairie hay was incubated in vitro for 24 h with five different concentrations of supplemental Zn (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 ppm) and two concentrations of supplemental Mn (0 and 100 ppm), both provided as chloride salts. Added Mn increased (P < 0.02) IVDMD, but added Zn linearly decreased (P < 0.03) IVDMD. Added Zn tended to increase the amount of residual urea linearly (P < 0.06) at 120 min and quadratically (P < 0.02) at 180 min of incubation, although added Mn counteracted these effects of added Zn. Six 363-kg heifers in two simultaneous 3 x 3 Latin squares were fed prairie hay and dosed once daily via ruminal cannulas with urea (45 or 90 g/d) and with Zn chloride to provide the equivalent of an additional 30 (the dietary requirement), 250, or 470 ppm of dietary Zn. After a 7-d adaptation period, ruminal contents were sampled 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 21, and 24 h after the supplement was dosed. Supplemental Zn did not alter prairie hay DMI (mean = 4.9 kg/d) or digestibility, although 470 ppm added Zn tended to decrease (P < 0.06) intake of digestible DM, primarily due to a trend for reduced digestibility with 470 ppm supplemental Zn. Zinc x time interactions were detected for both pH (P = 0.06) and NH3 (P = 0.06). At 2 h after dosing, ruminal pH and ruminal ammonia were linearly decreased (P < 0.05; P < 0.01) by added Zn. At 5 h after feeding, ruminal pH was linearly increased (P < 0.05) by added Zn, suggesting that added Zn delayed ammonia release from urea. The molar proportion of propionate in ruminal fluid was linearly and quadratically increased (P < 0.02; P < 0.01) whereas the acetate:propionate ratio was linearly and quadratically decreased (P = 0.02; P < 0.05) by added Zn. Through retarding ammonia release from urea and increasing the proportion of propionate in ruminal VFA, Zn supplementation at a concentration of 250 ppm may decrease the likelihood of urea toxicity and increase energetic efficiency of ruminal fermentation.     

茶皂素对奶牛瘤胃发酵及瘤胃微生物区系的影响

本试验旨在研究茶皂素对奶牛瘤胃发酵及瘤胃微生物区系的影响。试验选用12头健康状况良好,体重相近的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,均饲喂基础饲粮,各组分别灌服0(对照)、20、30、40 g/d茶皂素,茶皂素与水混匀灌服,进行预试期14 d,正试期35 d的饲养试验。正试期期间每隔7 d,在晨饲前1 h用口腔采样器采集瘤胃液测定瘤胃发酵指标,用实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)法测定瘤胃微生物含量。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,茶皂素显著降低了瘤胃液p H(30、40 g/d组)、氨态氮的浓度(20、30、40 g/d组)(P0.05),但均未超过正常范围值;茶皂素显著提高了微生物蛋白(30、40 g/d组)、丙酸(20、30、40 g/d组)和丁酸浓度(20、30、40 g/d组)(P0.05),30 g/d组的微生物蛋白浓度提高了20.20%;但茶皂素对总挥发性脂肪酸和乙酸浓度的影响不显著(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,茶皂素各组的瘤胃液原虫、溶纤维丁酸弧菌含量均显著降低(P0.05),甲烷菌、白色瘤胃球菌、产琥珀酸丝状杆菌、黄色瘤胃球菌、真菌含量没有显著变化(P0.05)。综上所述,补饲茶皂素改善了奶牛瘤胃发酵模式,并显著影响了奶牛瘤胃微生物区系,30 g/d的剂量对奶牛较为适宜。